Histo Quiz 1 - material not in the Bond Review

1. Cell Ultrastructure<br /> <br />Cells are the fundamental units of life. <br />Cells grow, convert energy from one form to another, sense and respond to their environment, and reproduce themselves. <br />Cell has general functions (synthesize proteins, transform energy, move vesicles and substances throughout the cell, and duplicate genetic material), however cells also specialize by emphasize a specific structural component. <br />Cells are enclosed in a plasma membrane that separates the inside of the cell from the environment. <br />Understand and identify the components of the cytoplasm.<br />Cell contents outside the nucleus<br />Organelles<br />Non membrane bound inclusions<br />Cytoskeleton<br />Understand that the nucleus is the largest cellular organelle.<br />Plasma membrane<br />Function<br />Maintain structural integrity<br />Provide physical barrier<br />Control substance movement<br />Regulate cell-cell interaction<br />Cell recognition<br />basic structure<br />phospholipid bilayer <br />Phosphate head is stained via osmium tetroxide<br />None stained region will appear translucent on electron micrograph<br />Hydrophobic<br />Transmembrane proteins<br />Be able to identify and understand the functions of membrane bound organelles in electron micrographs:<br />Students need to recognize the following nuclear structures in micrographs and understand their biological importance: <br />Nuclear envelope (nuclear membrane). <br />Continuous with RER<br />Supported by nuclear lamina that is made out of intermediate filaments<br />Nuclear pores. <br />Very highly regulated <br />Appear as a tiny break in the nuclear membrane<br /> <br />tiny black circle rings circles. <br /> <br />Karyoplasm (nucleoplasm).<br />Chromatin <br />Heterochromatin-dark areas usually long the edge of the nucleus<br /> <br />Euchromatin-Near empty white space inside the nucleus<br />Nucleolus-production site of ribosome, round and closer to the center of the karyoplasm<br /> <br />Mitochondrial<br />Biological Importance<br />Cristae.<br />Folds formed by the inner membrane to increase surface area<br />Outer and inner membranes.<br />Inner membrane<br />Contains ATP synthase (10 nm between each) and cytochromes that is part of electron transport chain.<br />Less permeable <br />Out membrane<br />Controls the movement of substance into the mitochondria with many transport protein. It is more permeable<br />Intramembrane space (intracristal space).<br />High [H]<br />Matrix (intercristal space). <br />Site of the kreb cycle<br />ID Feature<br />Membrane<br />Cristae (not always continuous)<br /> <br /> <br />Students need to recognize the following endoplasmic reticulum structures in micrographs and understand their biological importance. <br />Smooth<br />Lipid synthesis <br />ID Feature<br />No membrane around, look like just lose irregular vesicles<br />Continuous with RER<br /> <br /> <br />Screen clipping taken: 8/21/2011 12:16 PM<br />Rough<br />Ribosomes<br />Extrinsic protein synthesis <br />Id Features-ribosome <br />Students need to recognize the Golgi apparatus and its associated structures in micrographs and understand their biological importance. <br />Transfer (or shuttle) vesicles.<br />RER side<br />Small<br />Clear<br /> <br />Forming (cis) and maturing (trans) faces.<br />Secretory vesicles (condensing vacuoles). <br />Plasma membrane side<br />Large<br />Dark<br /> <br />Serves to make post-translational modification and package, concentrate and store proteins. <br />Students need to recognize endosomes and its associated structures in micrographs and understand their biological importance.<br />Gets extracellular contents<br />Clathrin coated pits<br />Transport vesicles<br />Look for endocytosis<br />Students need to recognize lysosomes in micrographs and understand their biological importance.<br />Transport of proteins into lysosomes<br />Synthesize in RER, packaged in Golgi<br />Function of lysosomes<br />Contain acid hydrolase (hydrolytic enzyme) that digest a variety of substance. <br />Ph properties <br />Ph at 5.0<br />Lyso-bisphosphatidic acid that resist low ph.<br />Heterophagic vacuoles-contains extracellular material<br />Autophatic vacuoles-contain intracellular material<br />Looks pretty much just like lysosome<br />peroxisomes (microbodies)<br />Function<br />Contain catalase that is involved in the hydrolysis of hydrogen peroxide<br />ID<br />Smaller than mitochondria but larger than vesicles<br />Some times contain dark nucleoid<br /> <br /> <br />Be able to identify and understand the functions of non-membranous organelles in micrographs and understand their biological importance.<br />Ribosomes-make protein-small black dots<br />Cytoskeleton<br />Microtubules<br />Structure<br />Hollow cylinders made of tublin<br />25nm diameter<br />+/- ends<br />Generated from organizing center-centrolsome-gamma tubulin<br />Function<br />Act as track for intracellular transportation/cell division<br />Part of cilia and flagella<br />ID features<br />Lines in the cytoplasm (fairly straight)<br />In cilia and flagella: 9+2-9 sets of doublet microtube surrounds two microtubes in the center<br /> <br /> <br />MTOC-9 sets of triplet microtubes with no center<br /> <br /> <br />Microfilaments<br />Structure<br />7nm Diameter<br />Highly Concentrated in cell cortex<br />Function-<br />Shape of the cell<br />Movement of cell surface (lamellipodium in neurophils)<br />Muscle contraction<br />ID-<br />Thin lines in the microvilli<br />Intermediate filaments<br />Structure<br />10nm<br />Rope like<br />Function<br />Mechanical strength<br />Cell junctions<br />Nuclear Lamins<br />ID Feature<br />Not straight<br />Dark plaque near the membrane<br /> <br />Inclusions<br />Glycogen<br />Lipid droplets<br />Pigment granules <br /> <br />Answer the following questions based on the information in the textbook. <br />What are the sites of synthesis of extrinsic proteins and intrinsic proteins?<br />How do lysosomes function?<br />Denatures the proteins with low ph then cut them hydrolytic enzymes<br />What is the source of lysosome proteins?<br />Produced in the RER, Modified and Sorted in the Golgi before sending to lysosome<br />How do cells increase surface area on the membrane?<br />By making various folds<br />Clinical Correlations <br />Lysosomal Storage Diseases<br />Abnormalities in Cytoskeletal Proteins<br />Also look up Epidermolysis Bullosa – Which proteins contribute to this disease? <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />