This document discusses various design tools and production/control tools used in manufacturing. It describes tools such as design for manufacture, concurrent engineering, computer aided design, quality function deployment, failure mode and effects analysis, and rapid prototyping that help with the design process. Production/control tools covered include linear programming, PERT/CPM, sequencing, inventory management, work study, and Gantt charts which are used for production planning, scheduling, and control. The goal of these tools is to optimize designs for ease of manufacturing and improve productivity, costs, and timelines in production.

1. DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES
DESIGN TOOLS & PRODUCTION AND
CONTROL TOOLS
Submitted by - Yashika Gupta

2. B. DESIGN TOOLS
• Design tools are objects, media, or computer programs, which can be
used to design.
• They may influence the process of production, expression and
perception of design ideas and therefore need to be applied skillfully.
• A products design needs to take into account how the item will
perform its intended functionality in an efficient, safe and reliable
manner.

3. 1) DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURE
• Design for manufacturability (also sometimes known as design for
manufacturing or DFM) is the general engineering practice of designing
products in such a way that they are easy to manufacture. The concept
exists in almost all engineering disciplines, but the implementation
differs widely depending on the manufacturing technology.
• Design for Manufacturing (DFM) is the process of designing parts,
components or products for ease of manufacturing with an end goal of
making a better product at a lower cost. This is done by simplifying,
optimizing and refining the product design.

4. 2) CONCURRENT ENGINEERING
• Concurrent engineering, also known as simultaneous engineering, is a method of
designing and developing products, in which the different stages run simultaneously,
rather than consecutively. It decreases product development time and also the time to
market, leading to improved productivity and reduced costs.
WHY DO COMPANIES ADOPT CONCURRENT ENGINEERING METHODS?
Introducing concurrent engineering can lead to:
• Competitive Advantage- reduction in time to market means that businesses gain an
edge over their competitors.
• Enhanced Productivity- earlier discoveries of design problems means potential issues
can be corrected soon, rather than at a later stage in the development process.
• Decrease Design and Development Time- make products which match their
customer’s needs, in less time and at a reduced cost

5. 3) COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD)
• Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computers (or workstations)
to create, modify, evaluate, or to find out the optimum design.
• It helps in making a 2D or 3D graphical picture of product under
Consideration.
• Advantage of CAD is that it can be saved, transferred and communicated
and discussed in a group over an interactive platform. Further, it helps
in generating errorless designs and protects them for future use.

6. 4) QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT
(QFD)
• QFD also called matrix product planning, decision matrices, customer-driven
engineering.
• Every organization has customers. Some have only internal customers, some have only
external customers, and some have both. When an organization aims to satisfy
customers with their product design, at that point QFD works as an essential tool.
• QFD is a method to transform qualitative user demand into quantitative
parameters, to deploy the functions forming quality, and to deploy methods for
achieving the design quality into subsystem and component parts, and ultimately to
specific elements of the manufacturing process.
• Mainly QFD is a method to convert customers needs in to a specific product or
service where voice of the customer is valued and heard at each stage of product
development.

7. 5) FAILURE MODE AND EFFECTS
ANALYSIS (FMEA)
• Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is a step-by-step approach for identifying all
possible failures in a design, a manufacturing or assembly process, or a product or service. It
is a common process analysis tool.
• "Failure modes" means the ways, or modes, in which something might fail. Failures are any
errors or defects, especially ones that affect the customer, and can be potential or actual.
• "Effects analysis" refers to studying the consequences of those failures.
• Failures are prioritized according to how serious their consequences are, how frequently they
occur, and how easily they can be detected. The purpose of the FMEA is to take actions to
eliminate or reduce failures, starting with the highest-priority ones.
• Failure modes and effects analysis also documents current knowledge and actions about the
risks of failures, for use in continuous improvement. FMEA is used during design to prevent
failures. Later it’s used for control, before and during ongoing operation of the process.
Ideally, FMEA begins during the earliest conceptual stages of design and continues
throughout the life of the product or service.

8. 6) RAPID PROTOTYPING (RP)
• Rapid Prototyping is a common name for a group of techniques that are
used to convert computer design into physical model with the help of
“Additive layer manufacturing” better known as 3D printing.
• RP helps in reducing the cost and production time by facilitating early
changes in the product when it is still in the designing phase.

9. C. PRODUCTION AND CONTROL TOOLS
• There are numerous tools available to be used for production planning
and control purposes. The number of tools is ever increasing, and so are
the levels of sophistication as well as complexity. For the specific
manufacturing firm, the task of selecting the most appropriate set of
tools is not trivial. However, in recent years, the understanding of the
relationship between tools and manufacturing environments for which
they are suitable has increased. The purpose of this paper is to provide
an overview of production planning and control tools available today, as
well as new trends, issues and ideas.

10. 1). LINEAR PROGRAMMING
• Linear programming helps in determining optimal production schedule
• The objective of the model is to plan production in such a manner that
production schedules is carried out with minimum possible inventory
and setup cost.
• This enable the organization to meet demand while maximizing profits
and minimizing costs. It also helps in determining the most profitable
product mix to be produced in the factory.

11. 2) PROJECT/ PROGRAM EVALUATION
REVIEW AND CRITICAL PATH METHOD (
PERT & CPM)
• PERT & CPM are the techniques used for planning, scheduling and controlling large
and complex projects.
• Many production activities are viewed and executed in the form of projects such as
dam construction, ship building, missile programs, satellite launch, design and
development & launching of product, repair, maintenance of refineries and research
and development.
• All the activities forming the part of projects are identified and their interrelationship is
presented in the form of network diagram.
• PERT provides the answer to the project manager regarding the phenomenon “ what is
the probability of completing the project within a schedule time?” thus it ensures the
timely completion of a project
• CPM focuses on cost as well as quality of the project as well quality of the project as
well. The effort is made to complete the project even before scheduled completion
through cost-time trade off.

12. 3) SEQUENCING
• A sequencing refers to the order of performing various tasks/jobs.
• Sequencing problems are generally faced by a manufacturer unit
receiving no. of different customers orders which are to be processed
through different machines; repair and maintenance department within
the factory dealing with the large no. of equipment’s and machines;
garage dealing with repair and services etc. In all these situations it is
essential to find the proper sequence/ order in which various jobs are to
be accomplished.
• The purpose of determining the sequence is to complete all the tasks/
jobs within the least possible time and cost.

13. 4) INVENTORY MANAGEMENT
• Inventory management refers to the process of ordering, storing, and
using a company's inventory. These include the management of raw
materials, components, and finished products, as well as warehousing
and processing such items.
• The production manager has to monitor the stock of material, work in
progress and finished goods in order to ensure smooth functioning of
production process.
• JIT and Production Run Model are the tools under inventory
management which helps in overall production process.

14. 5) WORK STUDY
• Work study is a collection of methods, tools and practices used to analyze what and how the
work will be executed to ensure that all the factors of production are utilized in an organized
manner.
• Work study is the investigation, by means of a consistent system of the work done in an
organization in order to attain the best utilization of resources i.e. Materials, Machines, Men
and Money. All the technologies and management systems are related with productivity.
Work study is one of the basic techniques of improving productivity.
• Work study can be provided into two parts:
• a) Method study: it is a systematic analysis of the movements of the important factors of
production such as men, material, machines in an organization. It helps in identifying the
best method od doing a job by eliminating unnecessary activities involved in it
• b) Work measurement: work measurement is a part of work study and is an important
technique to determine time for doing a job. It is a collection of methods, tools and
techniques used to analyze the time in which work is executed.

15. 6) GANTT- CHART
• Gantt chart is a chart in which a series of horizontal lines shows the
amount of work done or production completed in certain periods of
time in relation to the amount planned for those periods.
• A Gantt chart is a graphical depiction of a project schedule. It's is a type
of bar chart that shows the start and finish dates of several elements of a
project that include resources, milestones, tasks, and dependencies.

16. THANK YOU