This document provides an overview of the methodology used in market reports on B2C e-commerce. It discusses how the reports are based on secondary market research from various reliable sources. Cross-referencing of data is conducted to ensure validity. Charts include data sources and definitions. The reports cover the past 12 months and include sections on market trends, sales, users, products, payments and delivery for major countries in the Middle East. Standard elements include an executive summary, methodology, definitions and country-specific chapters.

2. 2

3. 3

4. 4
GENERAL METHODOLOGY OF MARKET REPORTS
Secondary Market Research
 The reports are compiled based on secondary market research. Secondary research is information gathered from previously published sources. Our reports are
based on information and data acquired from national and international statistical offices, industry and trade associations, business reports, business and
company databases, journals, company registries, news portals and many other reliable sources. By using various sources we ensure maximum objectivity for
reported data. As a result, companies gain a precise and unbiased impression of the market situation.
 Cross referencing of data is conducted in order to ensure validity and reliability.
 The source of information and its release date are provided on every chart. It is possible that the information contained in one chart is derived from several
sources. If this is the case, all sources are mentioned on the chart.
 The reports include mainly data from the last 12 months prior to the date of report publication. Exact publication dates are mentioned in every chart.
Definitions
 The reports take into account a broad definition of B2C E-Commerce, which might include mobile commerce. As definitions may vary among sources, exact
definition used by the source (if available) is included at the bottom of the chart.
Chart Types
 Our reports include text charts, pie charts, bar charts, rankings, line graphs and tables. Every chart contains an Action Title, which summarizes the main
idea/finding of the chart and a Subtitle, which provides necessary information about the country, the topic, units or measures of currency, and the applicable time
period(s) to which the data refers. With respect to rankings, it is possible that the summation of all categories amounts to more than 100%. In this case, multiple
answers were possible, which is noted at the bottom of the chart.
Report Structure
 Reports are comprised of the following elements, in the following order: Cover page, preface, legal notice, methodology, definitions, table of contents,
management summary (summarizing main information contained in each section of report) and report content (divided into sections and chapters). When
available, we also include forecasts in our report content. These forecasts are not our own; they are published by reliable sources. Within Global and Regional
reports, we include all major developed and emerging markets, ranked in order of importance by using evaluative criteria such as sales figures.
Notes and Currency Values
 If available, additional information about the data collection, for example the time of survey and number of people surveyed, is provided in the form of a note. In
some cases, the note (also) contains additional information needed to fully understand the contents of the respective data.
 When providing information about amounts of money, local currencies are most often used. When referencing currency values in the Action Title, the EUR
values are also provided in brackets. The conversions are made using the average currency exchange rate for the respective time period. Should the currency
figure be in the future, the average exchange rate of the past 12 months is used.

5. 5
METHODOLOGY OF THE CURRENT REPORT
Report Coverage
 This report covers the the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on B2C E-Commerce market and payment methods in the Middle East. The following
countries were included: Bahrain, Kuwait, Israel, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE. A broad definition of retail E-Commerce used
by some original sources cited in this report might include both B2C and C2C E-Commerce.
Report Structure
 The report starts with an overview of the regional E-Commerce market and country comparisons in terms of criteria relevant to B2C E-Commerce, such as
shares and Internet penetration. The rest of the report is divided into country chapters, presented in the descending order of retail E-Commerce sales.
 Each country description starts with the “Trends” section that includes an overview of market trends, such as devices used to access the Internet and online
shopping, where available.
 Next, The section “Sales & Shares” covers the development of retail B2C E-Commerce sales and E-Commerce’s share of total retail sales.
 In the “Users & Shoppers” section, information about Internet penetration and online shoppers is included, where available.
 Afterwards, the section “Products” shows the leading product categories purchased online. For some of the covered countries this information was not available.
 The next section, “Payment”, covers the payment methods most used by online shoppers, where available.
 Furthermore, the “Delivery” section covers information related to delivery in B2C E-Commerce. This information was not available for each of the covered
countries.
 Finally, the “Players” section includes information about the leading B2C E-Commerce companies, including rankings of top online shopping platforms by
website visits, where available. For the top two countries, also a text chart with a qualitative overview of competition was included.

6. 6
DEFINITIONS
 COVID-19 / CORONAVIRUS
An infectious disease triggered by an intense acute respiratory sickness. COVID-19 was first identified at the end of
2019 in Wuhan, China, and spread worldwide, becoming known as the coronavirus pandemic.
 B2C E-COMMERCE
the sale of products (and services) through electronic transactions via the Internet from businesses to consumers
(B2C). A broader definition of retail E-Commerce applied by some sources also includes consumer-to-consumer
(C2C) sales.
 E-COMMERCE SALES
the total sales generated either on the E-Commerce market in a certain country or region, or the total sales
generated through E-Commerce by a player on the market.
 M-COMMERCE
M-Commerce, also called “Mobile Commerce”, means the sale of products (and services) through electronic
transactions via mobile devices, such as mobile phones, tablets and smartphones.
 CROSS-BORDER B2C E-
COMMERCE
the sale of goods (and services) directly to consumers in other countries, with orders delivered from the country
where the foreign shop is based or from a central logistics facility, i.e. across the country’s borders. Both B2C and
C2C transactions might be included in the definition of retail cross-border E-Commerce.
 INTERNET USERS the total number of inhabitants in a certain country that regularly access the Internet.
 ONLINE SHOPPERS the total number of inhabitants in a certain country or region that participates in B2C E-Commerce.
 E-COMMERCE MARKETPLACE
platforms where third-party merchants (B2C) or individuals (C2C) can sell their digital or physical products online
whereas the marketplace operator acts as an intermediary.
 CONTACTLESS PAYMENT
Near Field Communication is a set of standards to create radio communication by bringing devices close together
or having them touch each other. In that way, contactless data exchange and contactless payment transactions
using an NFC-enabled smartphone or other mobile device can take place. Similarly, contactless payments can be
made by credit and debit cards enabled with the contactless technology.
The following expressions and definitions are used in this market report*:
Note: *the definitions used by the original sources might differ from the ones stated on this chart; the exact definition used by each source, where available, is included on the respective
charts

7. 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS (1 OF 5)
1. Management Summary
2. Regional
• B2C E-Commerce Share of Total Retail Sales, in %, by Selected Countries Worldwide, 2019
• Internet Penetration, in % of Adults, by Selected Countries in MENA, 2019
• Breakdown of Total E-Commerce Sales by Cross-Border and Domestic, in %, 2016 & 2019
• Cross-Border E-Commerce Imports to Saudi Arabia and the UAE, in USD billion, 2016 & 2019
• Share of SMBs in the GCC Exporting Products, in %, and Share of SMBs Selling Online, in %, 2019
• Online Shopper Penetration, in % of Internet Users, And Internet Users, in % of Population and in million, By Selected Countries, March-
April 2020
• Share of Online Shoppers Buying More Online Compared to Pre-COVID-19, by Selected Countries, in % , March-April 2020
• Overview of Selected Leading FinTech Startups in the Payments Sector in MENA, incl. Company Name, Solution, Funding, Country and
Year Established, September 2019
• Overview of Selected Leading Cross-Border E-Commerce Players Used by Online Shoppers, January 2020
3. Saudi Arabia
• B2C E-Commerce Market Overview and International Comparisons, July 2020
• COVID-19 Impact on B2C E-Commerce, July 2020
• Year-on-Year Increase in The Number of Orders Placed Online, in %, April 2019 & April 2020
• Mobile Share of Internet Traffic, in %, July 2020
• Top 10 Mobile Shopping Apps in the Apple App Store and Google Play Store, by Rank, July 2020
• B2C E-Commerce Share of Total Retail Sales, in %, 2019e
• Annual B2C E-Commerce Sales Estimate By Pre-Lockdown, During Lockdown and By the End of 2020, in USD billion, June 2020
• Online Shopper Penetration, in % of Internet Users, 2019
• Share of Adults Who Started Using New Digital Shopping Methods During COVID-19, in %, June 2020
• Product Categories Purchased Online, in % of Online Shoppers, 2019
• Share of Online Shoppers Purchasing Selected Product Categories Online, by Before COVID-19 and After COVID-19, in %, June 2020
• Share of Consumers Planning to Buy Selected Product Categories Online During Ramadan Post-COVID-19 Compared With Pre-COVID-
19 Outbreak, in %, May 2020
• Selected Digital Activities Conducted More Often Or Tried For the First Time Since the COVID-19 Outbreak, in % of Adults, June 2020

8. 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS (2 OF 5)
3. Saudi Arabia (Cont.)
• Attitudes to Contactless Payments During COVID-19 Outbreak, in %, April 2020
• Payment Methods Used in E-Commerce, in % of Online Shoppers, by Saudi and Non-Saudi and by Gender, 2019
• Delivery Methods, Time and Charges Offered by the Two Selected Leading E-Commerce Websites, July 2020
• B2C E-Commerce Players Overview, July 2020
• Top Online Shopping Websites, incl. Total Number of Visits, in millions, Saudi Arabia’s Share of Total Visits, in %, Average Visit Duration,
Pages Per Visit and Bounce Rate, June 2020
4. UAE
• B2C E-Commerce Market Overview and International Comparisons, July 2020
• Growth in Orders Placed on International Websites in January, March & April 2020, in % of The Number of Orders in October 2020
• Annual B2C E-Commerce Sales Estimate By Pre-Lockdown, During Lockdown and By the End of 2020, in USD billion, June 2020
• B2C E-Commerce Share of Total Retail Sales, in %, 2019e
• Share of Consumers Changing Their Shopping Habits During COVID-19 Outbreak, in %, April 2020
• Share of Adults Who Started Using Digital Shopping Methods During COVID-19, in %, June 2020
• Share of Online Shoppers Purchasing Selected Product Categories Online, by Before COVID-19 and After COVID-19, in %, June 2020
• Product Categories Purchased Online During COVID-19, in % of Online Shoppers, April 2020
• Share of Internet Users Who Have Food or Groceries Delivered to Their Homes More Frequently Due to COVID-19 Outbreak, in %, March
2020
• Share of Consumer Paying By Cash or Using Digital Payment Methods When Shopping at Stores During COVID-19 Outbreak, in %, June
2020
• Breakdown of Consumer Using Digital Payments More Than Paying in Cash When Shopping in Store During COVID-19 Outbreak, in %,
June 2020
• Attitudes to Contactless Payments During COVID-19 Outbreak, in %, April 2020
• Delivery Methods, Time and Charges for the Top 2 E-Commerce Websites, July 2020
• B2C E-Commerce Players Overview, July 2020
• Number of Licenses Issued to Different Sectors, incl. E-Commerce, May 2020

9. 9
TABLE OF CONTENTS (3 OF 5)
5. Israel
• Share of Devices Used to Complete Online Purchases, By PC/Laptop and Mobile, in % of Internet Users, December 2019
• B2C E-Commerce Market Overview and COVID-19’s Impact, July 2020
• Share of Consumers Who Go Online to Shop, in %, July 2020
• Share of Consumers Who Make Payments and Shop Online Via Websites, in %, July 2020
• Share of Consumers Using Digital Banking Services, in %, July 2020
• Breakdown of E-Commerce Transactions by Payment Methods, in %, August 2019
• Share of Respondents Who Are Using Less Cash Since Adopting Mobile Payment Apps, in %, 2019
• Products and Services Paid for via Mobile Apps, in % of Consumers, 2018 & 2019
• Preferred Shopping Sites for Online Shoppers, in %, November 2019
6. Iran
• Breakdown of Internet Traffic by Device, in %, July 2020
• B2C E-Commerce Sales, in USD billion, 2019e & 2023f
• Year-on-Year Growth In The Sales of E-Commerce Transactions, in USD billion, August 2020
• Share of E-Businesses Focused on Sales of Goods and Services Sector, in %, August 2020
7. Qatar
• E-Commerce Penetration, in % of Consumers, 2018 & 2019
• B2C E-Commerce Market, in USD billion, 2017 & 2020f
• Consumers Who Are Willing To Use E-Commerce, in %, October 2019
• Consumers Who U se E-Commerce to Save Time, in %, October 2019
8. Kuwait
• Breakdown of Internet Traffic by Device, in %, July 2020
• Value of E-Commerce Sales, in USD billion, and Population Shopping Online, in %, March 2020
• B2C E-Commerce Sales, in USD billion, 2017 & 2020f
• B2C E-Commerce Share of Total Retail Sales, in %, 2019e
• Top Online Shopping Websites, incl. Total Number of Visits, in millions, Kuwait’s Share of Total Visits, in %, Average Visit Duration, Pages
Per Visit and Bounce Rate, July 2020

10. 10
TABLE OF CONTENTS (4 OF 5)
9. Lebanon
• Breakdown of Internet Traffic by Device, in %, July 2020
• B2C E-Commerce Market Overview and COVID-19’s Impact, June 2020
• B2C E-Commerce Sales, in USD billion, 2017 & 2020f
• Share of Internet Users Who Had Food or Groceries Delivered to Their Homes More Frequently Due to COVID-19 Outbreak, in %, March
2020
• Top 10 Mobile Shopping Apps in the Apple App Store and Google Play Store, by Rank, August 2020
10. Jordan
• Breakdown of Internet Traffic by Device, in %, July 2020
• Internet Penetration, in % of Adults, December 2017 & 2019
• B2C E-Commerce Market Overview and COVID-19’s Impact, July 2020
• B2C E-Commerce Sales, in USD billion, 2017 & 2020f
• Share Of Internet Users Purchasing More Products Online That They Would Normally Buy In-Store Compared To One Month Before As A
Result Of The Pandemic, in %, March-April 2020
• Mobile Payment Transaction Value, in JOD million, and Number of Transactions, in thousands, January 2019 - December 2019
• Breakdown of Mobile Payment Transactions by Type, by Number and Value, in %, December 2019
• Top 10 Mobile Shopping Apps in the Apple App Store and Google Play Store, by Rank, August 2020
11. Bahrain
• Breakdown of Internet Traffic by Device, in %, July 2020
• B2C E-Commerce Market Overview and International Comparisons, July 2020
• B2C E-Commerce Sales, in USD billion, 2017 & 2020f
• Online retail Sales, in % of Total Retail Sales, November 2019
• Top 10 Mobile Shopping Apps in the Apple App Store and Google Play Store, by Rank, August 2020

11. 11
TABLE OF CONTENTS (5 OF 5)
12. Oman
• Breakdown of Internet Traffic by Device, in %, July 2020
• B2C E-Commerce Sales, in USD billion, 2017 & 2020f
• E-Commerce Sales, in % of Total Retail Sales, November 2019
• Share of Online Shoppers Paying Online For Their E-Commerce Purchases, in %, 2019
• Top 10 Mobile Shopping Apps in the Apple App Store and Google Play Store, by Rank, September 2020

12. 12
1. Management Summary 12 – 17
2. Regional 18 – 27
3. Saudi Arabia 28 – 46
4. UAE 47 – 63
5. Israel 64 – 73
6. Iran 74 – 78
7. Qatar 79 – 83
8. Kuwait 84 – 89
9. Lebanon 90 – 95
10. Jordan 96 – 104
11. Bahrain 105 – 110
12. Oman 111 – 116

13. 13
31%
34%
35%
37%
40%
58%
62%
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Furniture & Decor
Kitchen Utensils
Non-edible Grocery
Fresh Grocery
Packaged Grocery & Grains
Electronics
Clothing & Footwear
in % of Online Shoppers
62% of online shoppers surveyed in the UAE in April 2020 bought
“Clothing & Footwear”, during the COVID-19 outbreak.
UAE: Product Categories Purchased Online During COVID-19, in % of Online Shoppers, April 2020
Survey: based on the survey conducted between 15-25 April 2020; the number of respondents was not revealed
Source: RedSeer, May 2020
Sales & Shares DeliveryProductsUsers & Shoppers PlayersPaymentTrends

14. 14
Have Food/Groceries
Delivered to Their Homes
More Frequently Due to
COVID-19 Outbreak
25%
Others
75%
25% of Internet users in Lebanon surveyed in March 2020 ordered food
or groceries delivery more often due to the coronavirus outbreak.
Lebanon: Share of Internet Users Who Had Food or Groceries Delivered to Their Homes More Frequently
Due to COVID-19 Outbreak, in %, March 2020
Survey: based on a survey of 1,000 Internet users in Saudi Arabia, UAE and Egypt, and 500 in Jordan, Lebanon and Morocco, conducted from March 20th
to 23rd
, 2020; question
asked: “What about each of the following, would you say you are doing each of the following more frequently or less frequently compared to one month ago? – Have food
or groceries delivered to your home (% saying more frequently)”
Source: Ipsos cited by AMEinfo, March 2020
Sales & Shares DeliveryProductsUsers & Shoppers PlayersPaymentTrends

15. 15