Though politicians and members of their constituencies argue immigration policy from seemingly infinite perspectives and sides, one point stands clear and definite: decisions as to who can enter the United States and who can eventually gain citizenship status generally depends of issues of “race,” for U.S. immigration systems reflect and serve as the country’s official “racial” policies.

1. Dr. Warren J. Blumenfeld
warrenblumenfeld@gmail.com

2.  Dr. Warren J. Blumenfeld is available
to come to your campus or community
organization.
 Contact:
warrenblumenfeld@gmail.com

4. Emigration
to leave one's own country to settle
permanently in another

5. Immigration
to come to another country to live permanently

7. Assimilation
 Total: The minority culture gradually loses all
of the markers that set it apart as a separate
culture.
 Cultural Markers: language, customs & traditions,
food, sense of heritage.
 Partial: The minority culture looses most of
its cultural markers while maintaining some, a
type of acculturalization.

8. Acculturalization
 When many cultural markers of the minority
culture are maintained for members to
recognize themselves as a distinct culture, this
is acculturation instead of assimilation.
 More likely during voluntary migrations or
peaceful coexistence, rather than result of
conquests or forced coexistence that typically
characterize assimilation.

9. Melting Pot
 Where different people or different cultures
come together and merge and mix creating
one big culture.

10. Salad Bowl
 Different people living together in harmony
while maintaining their distinctive cultural
markers.

12. PATRIARCHY
“What is patriarchy? A
society is patriarchal to
the degree that it
promotes male privilege
by being male
dominated, male
identified, and male
centered. It is also
organized around an
obsession with control
and involves as one of
its aspects the
oppression of women.”
Johnson, Allan G. (1997). The
gender knot: Unraveling our
patriarchal legacy,
Philadelphia: Temple
University Press, p. 5.

13. WHITE
SUPREMACY
Anti-Defamation League
White supremacy is a term
used to characterize various
belief systems (on a
continuum) central to which
are one or more of the
following key tenets:
1) whites
should have
dominance
over people of
other
backgrounds,
especially
where they
may co-exist;
2) whites
should live
by
themselve
s in a
whites-
only
society;
3) white
people
have their
own
"culture"
that is
superior to
other
cultures;
4) white
people are
genetically
superior to
other
people.

14. “Settler colonialism is a
form of colonialism, which
seeks to replace the original
population of the colonized
territory with a new society of
settlers. As with all forms of
colonialism, it is based on
exogenous domination,
typically organized or
supported by an imperial
authority.”
Wikipedia
Settler
Colonialism

15. 1. Counter-Storytelling as
Counter-Narrative, Counter-
Hegemony
2. The permanence of racism;
racism is “normal”
3. Whiteness as property; the
property functions of whiteness
4. Interest Conversion: white
people will support civil rights
when they see what is in it for
them as white people
5. Critique of Liberalism: Whites
are the primary beneficiaries of
civil rights legislation; the
failure of incrementalism; the
elimination of racism requires
large-scale sweeping change
efforts.
Critical Race
Theory (CRT)
Derrick Bell, Patricia
Williams, Richard Delgado,
Kimberlé Williams
Crenshaw, Camara Phyllis
Jones, Mari Matsuda, and
others

16. OLDER
FORMS OF
RACISM
Valerie Batts
Slavery
“Jim Crow” laws
Lynchings
Cross Burnings
• Segregated Educational,
• Employment,
• Business,
• Governmental Institutions,
• and More
De Jure (by law)

17. While some of the
Older Forms of
Racism still exist
today on a De
Facto basis (in fact
while not in law),
Batts lists Newer
Forms of Racism

18. NEWER
FORMS OF
RACISM
Valerie Batts
Dysfunctional
Rescuing
Blaming the Victims
Avoidance of Contact
Denial of Cultural
Differences
Denial of Political Significance
of Differences

19. DYSFUNCTIONAL
RESCUING
Where white people
“help” people of color
in a condescending
way believing they
can’t help themselves.

20. BLAMING
THE VICTIMS
of systematic
oppression for the
oppression itself.

21. AVOIDANCE
OF CONTACT
Where white people self
segregate in their
personal and
professional lives from
people of color, and
where white people
show little interest in
learning about the
cultures of communities
of color.

22. DENIAL OF
CULTURAL
DIFFERENCES
The notion of “color
blindness,” which
minimizes the cultural
and behavioral
difference among
people, which simply
mask discomfort with
racialized differences.

23. DENIAL OF
POLITICAL
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
DIFFERENCES
Where white people
deny the profound
impact regarding the
social, political, and
economic realities of
the lives of people of
color.
(Meritocracy: You
should be able to
succeed on your own
merit regardless of
your background.)

24. Deculturalization &
Cultural Genocide
 Cultural Genocide:
 The process of destroying a people’s culture and
replacing it with a new culture. This works through
the process of deculturalization.
 Deculturalization:
 The attempt to destroy other cultures through
forced acquiescence and assimilation to majority
rules and standards.
Joel Spring

25. “Into the West”:
Carlisle Indian School
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfRHqWCz3Zw

26. To “OTHER”
 Other and Othering
 “Othering” is something
people do –- an action, a
verb, not an adjective or
noun.
 “Otherness”: not static, intrinsic,
immutable characteristics or traits.
 “Other: From Noun to Verb,” Nathaniel Mackey,
1992. Representations, 32, pp. 51-70. Nathaniel Mackey

27. To “Minoritize”
 An action, a verb, not an adjective or noun.
 The process of objectifying, subordinating,
marginalizing, dominating, controlling,
disenfranchising, violating “the Other”
 Through the elements of
 Defining
 Stereotyping
 Scapegoating
 Tokenizing

28. Cultural Pluralism
 Horace Kallen
 Jewish immigrant and sociologist
 Polish & Latvian heritage
 Coined “Cultural Pluralism” to
challenge image of so-called
“melting pot,” which he considered
to be inherently undemocratic
 Kallen envisioned U.S. in image of a
great symphony orchestra, not
sounding in unison (the “melting
pot”), but one where all the
disparate cultures play in harmony
& retain their unique & distinctive
tones and timbres Horace Kallen

31. ASSUMPTIONS
 “Race” socially constructed.
 The concept of “race” arose concurrently with
advent of European exploration as justification for
conquest and domination of the globe beginning in
15th century C.E.
 “Race” is historical, “scientific,” & biological myth. It
is an idea.
 Geneticists tell us there is often more variability
within a given so-called “race” than between
“races.”
 No essential genetic markers linked specifically to
“race.”

32. ASSUMPTIONS
 Though biologists and social scientists proven that
“race” socially constructed (produced,
manufactured),
 People face very real consequences in societies
that maintain racist policies and practices on:
 Individual,
 Interpersonal,
 Institutional, &
 Larger Societal Levels.

34. Social Construction of “Race”

35. CARL LINNAEUS
(1707-1778)
 Born Carl Linné
 Swedish Botanist, Physician,
and Zoologist.
 “Father of Modern Taxonomy”
 Book: Systema Naturae
 “Linnaean Taxonomy”: System of
Scientific Hierarchical
Classification.
 Kingdoms; Classes; Orders;
Genera (Genus); Species.

36. CARL LINNAEUS
 Also “The Father of Scientific
Racism.”
 Five levels of Homo sapiens,
 Based initially on place of origin,
 Then skin color and bodily fluids:
 Europeanus (blood, optimistic)
 Asiaticus (black bile, melancholy,
sad)
 Americanus (yellow bile, angry)
 Monstrosus
 Africanus (phlem, sluggish)

37. CARL LINNAEUS
 Europeanus: sanguine, pale, muscular, swift,
clever, inventive, governed by laws.
 Asiaticus: melancholic, yellow, inflexible,
severe, avaricious, dark-eyed, governed by
opinions.
 Americanus (Native Americans): choleric,
copper-colored, straightforward, eager,
combative, governed by customs.
 Monstrosus (dwarfs of the Alps, the
Patagonian giant, the monorchid Hottentot):
agile, fainthearted.
 Africanus: phlegmatic, black, slow, relaxed,
negligent, governed by impulse.

38. POST-LINNAEUS TAXONOMY
 Later European scientists separated Homo
sapiens in six different categories:
1. Caucasoid: Europe, North Africa, Southwest
Asia
2. Mongoloid: East Asia, Siberia, the Americas
3. Polynesians:
4. Native Americans:
5. Australoid: indigenous Australians
6. Negroid: Central and Southern Africa
(Ramon)

39.  Late 19th Century
 Jews & Homosexuals
 Scientific Community
 Distinct “Racial” Types
Social Construction of “Race”

40. Immigration as
“Racial” Policy &
Cultural Genocide
in Historical
Perspective

42. COLONIALISM
 Exploitation
 Violence
 Kidnapping
 Genocide
Christopher Columbus & Crew

43. “Puritans”
 Left England to practice
“Purer” form of
Christianity
 Divinely chosen to form
“a biblical
commonwealth”
 No separation of
“church & state”
(religion & government)
 Intolerant of other
religious beliefs
 Killed Quakers,
Catholics, others

44. VIRGINIA COLONY: 1705
“Act Concerning Servants & Slaves”
“[N]o negroes, mulattos
or Indians, Jew, Moor,
Mahometan [Muslims], or
other infidel, or such as
are declared slaves by
this act, shall,
notwithstanding, purchase
any christian (sic) white
servant….”

45. SLAVERY
 Scriptural justifications used
to support slavery
 Many slave ships had on
board a Christian minister to
help oversee and bless the
passage.
 Slave ship names included:
“Jesus,” “Grace of God,”
“Angel,” “Liberty,” &
“Justice.”
http://propagandapress.org/2006/09/20/the-first-slave-ship-to-land-in-
america-was-called-jesus/
http://www.pleasecomeflying.com/2007/10/lucille-clifton-slaveship.html

46. Ephesians 6:5-6
Slaves, obey your earthly
masters with fear and
trembling, in singleness of
heart, as you obey Christ; not
only while being watched, and
in order to please them, but as
slaves of Christ, doing the will
of God from the heart.

47. Luke 12:47
That servant who knows his
master's will and does not get
ready or does not do what his
master wants will be beaten
with many blows.

48. Jefferson Davis
“[Slavery] was established by
decree of Almighty God...it is
sanctioned in the Bible, in
both Testaments, from
Genesis to Revelation...it has
existed in all ages, has been
found among the people of
the highest civilization, and in
nations of the highest
proficiency in the arts.”

49. Dred Scott Decision
Supreme Court, Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857),
on U.S. labor and constitutional law. Decided that
"a negro, whose ancestors were imported into
[the U.S.], and sold as slaves,” whether enslaved
or free, could not be an American citizen and
therefore, could not sue in federal court; and the
federal government had no power to regulate
slavery in federal territories acquired after the
creation of the United States.

50. Dred Scott Decision
Dred Scott, an enslaved man of "the negro
African race" had been taken by his slave
masters to free states and territories. He tried to
sue for his freedom. In 7–2 decision written by
Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, the Supreme Court
denied Scott's request, and Scott remained
enslaved.

51. “MANIFEST DESTINY”

52. Hitler said he was inspired by the
U.S. Indian reservation system.

53. “MANIFEST DESTINY”
 Belief Providence destined U.S. expand Atlantic
to Pacific (“sea to shining sea”) by “Anglo-Saxon
race.”
 Justified stealing Indigenous peoples’ territories
 Justified war with Mexico

54. “MANIFEST DESTINY”
“The doctrine of ‘manifest destiny’ embraced
a belief in American Anglo-Saxon
superiority…. ‘This continent,’ a
congressman declared, ‘was intended by
Providence as a vast theatre on which to
work out the grand experiment of Republican
government, under the auspices of the
Anglo-Saxon race’.”
Ronald Takaki, 1993, p. 176

55. “RACE,” IMMIGRATION,
& CITIZENSHIP
14th Amendment, U.S. Constitution
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the
United States, and subject to the jurisdiction
thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the
State wherein they reside. No State shall make or
enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges
or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor
shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law; nor deny to
any person within its jurisdiction the equal
protection of the laws.

56. The American Party
Known as the “Know Nothing” Movement
 Reaction to immigrants into the United
States in mid-1850s
 Movement to “purify” the country by
limiting or ending Irish Catholic
immigrants and others, and ending their
naturalization
 A “Nativist” & anti-Irish Catholic
Movement.
 Established by general fears that the
U.S. will be dominated by German and
Irish Catholics
 Fears the Pope will control the U.S.
 Membership in this movement majority
European-heritage Protestant men
“Citizen Know Nothing”

57. EUGENICS MOVEMENT
 “Eugenics” movement in science
 1883, coined in England,
 Sir Francis Galton,
 Cousin of Charles Darwin
 Greek word: “well born,”
“of good origins, breeding”
 “Science” of improving
qualities of a “race” by
controlling human breeding
Sir Francis
Galton

58. “RACE,” IMMIGRATION, & CITIZENSHIP
 1790, Naturalization Act
 Excluded “nonwhites” from citizenship
 Enslaved Africans
 Asians
 Native Americans (“domestic foreigners”)
○ 1924, Native Americans rights of citizenship
○ Asians continued denied naturalized citizenship

59. Native American Indian Off-Site
Christian Boarding Schools
Between 1879 and 1905, white Christian teachers operated
25 Indian boarding schools for the U.S. government
throughout the U.S. As Pratt related to a Baptist audience
regarding his theory of education: “[We must immerse]
Indians in our civilization, and when we get them under, [hold]
them there until they are thoroughly soaked.” And, “We must
kill the Indian in him to save the man.”
Lieutenant Richard Henry
Pratt, Founder and
Superintendent of Carlisle
Indian School, in Military
Uniform and With Sword
1879.

60. Captain Richard Henry Pratt
on Education of Native Americans, 1862
“It is a great mistake to think that the
Indian is born an inevitable savage….Left
in the surroundings of savagery, he grows
to possess a savage language,
superstition, and life. We, left in the
surroundings of civilization, grow to
possess a civilized language, life, and
purpose….Transfer the savage-born infant
to the surroundings of civilization, and he
will grow to possess a civilized language
and habit….Kill the Indian in him, and save
the man....”
“Father of the
Movement in
Getting Indians
Out From Their
Old Life into
Citizenship”

61. Native American Indian Off-Site
Christian Boarding Schools
Indian children were stripped of their culture: males’ hair was
cut short, they were all forced to wear Western-style clothing,
they had to take a Western name, they were prohibited from
conversing in their native languages and English was
compulsory, all their cultural and spiritual symbols were
destroyed, and Christianity was imposed.

62. Page Law
 In 1875
 Congress passed the Page Law, which
served to reduce immigration of women
from Asia.

63. “RACE,” IMMIGRATION, & CITIZENSHIP
 1882, Chinese Exclusion Act
 Also illegal for Chinese to marry
Whites or Blacks
 1907, “Gentleman’s
Agreement” Policy
 Restrict immigration from Japan
 1917, Immigration Act
 further prohibited immigration
from Asian countries, “Barred
Zone.”
 China, India, Siam, Burma,
Asiatic Russian, Polynesian
Islands, Afghanistan.

64. CHINESE EXCLUSIONIST
SENTIMENTS
 Editor of newspaper in
Butte, Montana:
“The Chinaman’s
life is not our life, his
religion is not our
religion….He
belongs not in Butte”
“Pacific Chivalry:
Encouragement to Chinese
Immigration,”
Harper’s Weekly (1869).

65. Immigration Act of 1882
 First comprehensive
immigration law to deal
with federal oversight and
categories of exclusion.
 The law gave power over
immigration enforcement
to the Secretary of the
Treasury, who was
already responsible for
overseeing customs in
U.S. ports.

66. Immigration Act of 1882
 Categories deemed “undesirable,” the act
prohibited the entry of “any convict, lunatic,
idiot, or any person unable to take care of
himself or herself without becoming a public
charge.”

67. Takao Ozawa v United States
 Takao Ozawa, Japanese man, filed for citizenship
under Naturalization Act of 1906
 Which allowed white persons & persons of African
descent or African nativity to naturalize.
 Asians termed “unassimilateable race” & not entitled
to citizenship.
 Ozawa attempted to have Japanese classified
"white.“
 Claimed his skin is “white.”
 1922, Supreme Court
 Denied natualized citizenship status.

68. 1896, Plessy v. Ferguson
 June 7, 1892, East Louisiana Railroad
 Homer Plessy, 1/8 black, 7/8 white
 Forced off “Whites Only” RR Car
 Onto “Colored” RR Car
 Supreme Court
 Sustained racial segregation
& “Jim Crow” laws
 Precedent: “Separate but Equal”

69. Jim Crow Laws
 Any of the laws that enforced racial segregation
in the South between the end of Reconstruction
in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights
movement in the 1950s.
 “Jim Crow”: name of a minstrel routine (actually
Jump Jim Crow) performed beginning in 1828 by
its author, Thomas Dartmouth (“Daddy”) Rice
and then by some imitators.
 An epithet for African Americans and a
designation of forced segregation.

70. Segregation
 Enforced separation of different racial or
other groups in a country, community, or
establishment.

71. Integration
 Mixing things or
people together that
were formerly
separated.

72. Blacks Lynched A Jew Lynched

73. President Theodore Roosevelt
1907
But this is predicated upon the man's becoming in
very fact an American and nothing but an American.
If he tries to keep segregated with men of his own
origin and separated from the rest of America, then
he isn't doing his part as an American. There can be
no divided allegiance here. . . We have room for but
one language here, and that is the English
language, for we intend to see that the crucible turns
our people out as Americans, of American
nationality, and not as dwellers in a polyglot
boarding-house; and we have room for but one soul
loyalty, and that is loyalty to the American people.

74. Madison Grant
1865-1937
 U.S. Lawyer, Eugenicist
 Co-founder of Galton Society for
Study of Origin & Evolution of
Man, 1918.
 Grant Influential on Immigration
Restrictions & Anti-Miscegenation
Policies.
 Book: The Passing of the Great
Race (1916) detailing so-called
“racial” history of Europe -- a work
of “scientific racism.”

75. Madison Grant
1865-1937
 “Racialization” of European
“Races”
 European “Racial” Hierarchy:
“Nordics” (Northwestern Europe—
superior)
“Alpines” (Central Europe—
somewhat inferior)
“Mediterraneans” (Southern
and Eastern Europe—inferior)
Jews (most inferior)

76. 1924 IMMIGRATION ACT
 1924, Johnson-Reed Immigration Act: a.k.a.
“National Origins Quota Act,” or “National
Quota Act”
 Restrictive quotas: Eastern & Southern Europe
 Viewed as Europe’s lower “races”
 Jews (“Hebrew race”), Poles, Italians,
Greeks, Slavs (J-PIGS)
 Prohibitions of “aliens ineligible
to citizenship”
(Asians from 1790 Naturalization Act)
 Increased numbers
 Great Britain, Germany

77. HERBERT HOOVER
 President Hoover promised a cut of immigration
by 90%.
 What became known as the “Mexican
Repatriation” efforts of late 1920s-1930s.
 Wave of illegal and unconstitutional raids and
deportations of as many as 1.8 million
Mexicans

78. 1930s UNITED STATES
 Great Depression
 High Unemployment
 Homes and farms lost

79. W.W.II
 Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941
 Segregated military units

80. UNITED STATES
 1939, Congress refused to pass
Wagner-Rogers Bill
 Would have permitted 20,000 children, primarily
Jewish, entry from Eastern Europe over existing
quotas.
“20,000 charming children would, all too
soon, grow into 20,000 ugly adults.”
Laura Delano Houghteling, F.D.R. first cousin & wife of U.S.
Commissioner of Immigration

81. ALLIES NOT INTERVENING
Immediately preceding and during the War,
many countries, including Britain and the
United States, often turned their backs on
Jewish refugees who attempted to flee the Nazi
oppressors.

82. ALLIES NOT INTERVENING
In a 1938 research poll one year before the actual
outbreak of war of U.S. college students by the
organization Student Opinion Survey of America,
70% of those polled answered “No” to the question:
“Should Jews from Central Europe be allowed to
come into the United States in great numbers?”

83. THE CASE OF THE ST. LOUIS
May 1939
Some German Jews were able to leave Germany for Cuba
on the ship, “St. Louis.” When the ship arrived in Havana
harbor, the Cuban government refused to honor the
passengers’ landing permits. U.S. authorities, on order of
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, denied the ship’s
passengers temporary haven in the U.S. The ship’s captain
had no other option than to return to Europe, where many of
the passengers were eventually murdered.

84. U.S. White Supremacist Flyer

85. JAPANESE AMERICAN INTERNMENT CAMPS
 110,000 Japanese Americans
 Uprooted from homes
 Transported to Internment Camps
 Interior U.S.
 1988 Civil Liberties Act
 $20,000 survivor reparations

86. JAPANESE AMERICAN INTERNMENT CAMPS
Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944),
landmark United States Supreme Court decision ruled
6-3 constitutional, Executive Order 9066 “as a matter
of military urgency,” ordering Japanese Americans into
internment camps during World War II regardless of
citizenship.
Fred Korematsu

87. MAGNUSON ACT
Though the Magnuson Act of 1943 gave
Chinese immigrants a path toward
citizenship and the right to vote, until 1952,
federal policy disqualified immigrants from
most other Asian countries citizenship
status and voting rights.

88. Have we learned anything?
 Following 9/11/02 attacks
 31% of U.S.-Americans
agreed with statement:
 “Muslims in the U.S.
should be incarcerated
like we incarcerated
Japanese Americans
during WWII.”

89. 1940S URBAN RIOTS
 Realization that German & Italian
prisoners of war were treated better than
People of Color in U.S.
 People of Color fighting in military but
treated poorly

90. AFTER W.W.II
 Gender Roles rehardened
 Women made to relinquished jobs
 Mandated nuclear families
 Racial segregation & “Jim Crow”
continued

91. ANTI-MISCEGENATION LAWS
 Many states: outlawed
interracial sexual relations
 Outlawed interracial marriage
 Example: Virginia’s 1924
Act to Preserve Racial
Integrity
 Mildred Deloris & Richard
Loving
 Married in D.C.
 Residents of Virginia
 Arrested in Virginia

92. Judge Leon M. Bazile
“Act to Preserve Racial Integrity, 1924,”
Ruling, Virginia, July 1958,
Richard Perry Loving & Mildred Delores Jeeter
“Almighty God created the races
white, black, yellow, Malay and red,
and He placed them on separate
continents. And but for the
interference with His arrangement
there would be no cause for such
marriages. The fact that He
separated the races shows that He
did not intend for the races to mix.”

93. 1967, Loving v. Virginia
 Supreme Court Decision
 Struck down anti-miscegenation laws in
remaining 16 states

94. 1950s - 1960s
 Tumultuous social change
 Challenge underlying assumptions
 Authority
 Power relationships

95. CIVIL RIGHTS
 1954, Brown v. Board of Education
(Topeka, Kansas)
 Supreme Court
 Unconstitutional: “Separate but Equal” in
public education
Linda Brown & mother Linda Brown attending integrated school

96. “OPERATION WETBACK”
Summer 1954
 U.S. immigration law enforcement campaign
 Mass deportation of Mexican nationals (1.1 million).
 Drafted by U.S. Attorney General Herbert Brownell, Jr.,
and approved by Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower
Eisenhower Brownell

97. CIVIL RIGHTS
 1955, refusal to give up seat to white person
 Montgomery, Alabama
 Municipal bus boycott
Rosa Parks

98. CIVIL RIGHTS
Lunch counter sit-in to end segregation

99. CIVIL RIGHTS
“Freedom Rides”

100. CIVIL RIGHTS
1963, National March on Washington
Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

101. CIVIL RIGHTS
 Movement to improve working
conditions, wages
 Farm Workers
César Chávez
Founder, National Farm Workers Association

102. FREE SPEECH
& YOUTH MOVEMENT
 1964-1965, Student Protest
 University of California,
Berkeley
 Students insisted university
lift ban of on-campus
political activities
 Grant students' right of free speech
& academic freedom

103. STOP VIETNAM WAR

104. SECOND WAVE
OF WOMEN’S MOVEMENT
 Feminism
 Equality between the
Sexes
 Equal Pay for Equal
Work
 Eliminate Violence
against Women
 End Patriarchy

105. LGBT LIBERATION MOVEMENT
 End Oppression
 “Coming Out”
 Expand Sexual &
Gender Expression
 Challenge Capitalist
Inequities

106. ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT
 Earth Day
 Proposed: U.S. Senator Gaylord Nelson
 First, April 22, 1970
 Environmental teach-in

107. DISABILITY RIGHTS MOVEMENT

108. 1952 MCCARRAN WALTERS ACT
 Overturned 1924
Restrictive
Immigration Act
Sen. Pat McCarran (L),
Rep. Francis Walter (R),
authors, Federal
Immigration & Nationality
Act of 1952, passed over
Pres. Truman’s veto.

109. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT 1964
 A momentous Civil Rights and Labor Law
outlawing discrimination based on race, color,
religion, sex, national origin, and later sexual
orientation

110. VOTING RIGHTS ACT 1965
 Landmark federal legislation in the United
States prohibiting racial discrimination in voting.
 Section 2 prohibits any jurisdiction from
implementing a "voting qualification or
prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or
procedure ... in a manner which results in a
denial or abridgement of the right ... to vote on
account of race," color, or language minority
status

111. VOTING RIGHTS ACT 1965
 Section 5 and most other special provisions apply to
jurisdictions encompassed by the "coverage formula"
prescribed in Section 4(b). The coverage formula was
originally designed to encompass jurisdictions that engaged
in egregious voting discrimination in 1965, and Congress
updated the formula in 1970 and 1975.
 The Supreme Court, in Shelby County v. Holder (2013),
severely weakened the Act by ruling the coverage formula
as unconstitutional writing that it was no longer needed.
 The court did not strike down Section 5, but without a
coverage formula, Section 5 is unenforceable

112. IMMIGRATION & NATIONALITY ACT 1965
 Framed as amendment to 1952
McCarran-Walter Act.
 Abolished National Origins
Formula from
 National Origins Act of 1924
 Increased immigration from
Asian & Latin American
countries & religious
backgrounds
 Allowed 170,000 immigrants
from Eastern Hemisphere,
20,000 per each country
 120,000 from Western
Hemisphere
 300,000 total visas allowed
Signed into law by
President Lyndon B. Johnson

113. 2010, Arizona: HB 2281
 Signed into law by Governor Jan Brewer
 Targets public school districts’ ethnic studies
programs
 Arizona School Superintendent, Tom Horne,
primary supporter of the bill
 The law is necessary because, in particular,
Tucson, Arizona’s Mexican American, African
American, and Native American studies
courses teach students that they are
oppressed, encourages resentment toward
white people, and promotes “ethnic chauvinism”
and “ethnic solidarity” instead of treating people
as individuals

114. 2010, Arizona: SB 1070
 Mandates police officers stop and question
people about immigration status if they
suspect they may be in this country illegally,
 Criminalizes undocumented workers who do
not possess an “alien registration document,”
 Allows U.S. citizens to file suits against
government agencies that do not enforce the
law,
 Criminalizes employers who transport or hire
undocumented workers

115. 2010, Arizona: SB 1070
 “…law enforcement official or agency…may
not consider race, color or national origin in
implementing the requirements of this
subsection except to the extent permitted by
the United States or Arizona constitution.”
 But…how can this NOT be a major
consideration?

116. Janet Murguia
 President CEO of civil rights organization,
National Council of La Raza,
“By signing it, this bill, Governor Brewer has
thrown the door wide open for racial profiling.”

117. “RACIAL PROFILING”
 “Racial profiling occurs when
race is used by law enforcement
or private security officials, to
any degree, as a basis for
criminal suspicion in non-
suspect specific investigations.”
 Racial profiling constitutes a
form of discrimination, based on
race, ethnicity, religion,
nationality, and other identities
“undermines the basic human
rights and freedoms to which
every person is entitled.”
Amnesty International

118. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT & RACIAL PROFILING
 1975, U.S. Supreme Court case regarding the
Border Patrol's power to stop vehicles near the
U.S.-Mexico border & question occupants about
citizenship & immigration status
 United States v. Brignoni-Ponce: the
"likelihood that any given person of Mexican
ancestry is an alien is high enough to make
Mexican appearance a relevant factor."
 1982, Arizona Supreme Court: State v.
Graciano “enforcement of immigration laws
often involves a relevant consideration of ethnic
factors.”
Chin

119. Donald Trump
“I will build a border wall and Mexico will pay
for it!”

120. Donald Trump
During Presidential Campaign, 2016: “Donald J.
Trump is calling for a total and complete
shutdown of Muslims entering the United States
until our country's representatives can figure out
what is going on!"

121. Donald Trump
After 2 of Trump’s travel bans from majority Muslim
countries were struck down in the courts, June 26,
2018, Supreme Court approved Trump’s September
2017 travel ban into the U.S. from 5 majority Muslim
countries: Somalia, Iran, Libya, Yemen, & Syria, plus
North Korea and senior government officials from
Venezuela.

122. Chief Justice John Roberts
Trump, President of the United States, et al. v. Hawaii, et al.
By a narrow 5-4 decision, the court ruled that
"The [Trump] Proclamation is squarely within
the scope of Presidential authority," on national
security grounds.

123. Justice Sonia Sotomayor
In a blistering dissent, "The majority here completely
sets aside the President's charged statements about
Muslims as irrelevant. That holding erodes the
foundational principles of religious tolerance that the
court elsewhere has so emphatically protected, and it
tells members of minority religions in our country 'that
they are outsiders, not full members of the political
community.'"

124. President Donald Trump
In an Oval Office meeting, Jan. 11, 2018, Trump became frustrated with
legislators when they proposed restoring protections for immigrants
from Haiti, El Salvador, and African countries as part of a bipartisan
immigration plan.
“Why are we having all these people from
shithole countries come here?”
Trump said, referring to African countries and Haiti. He then suggested
that the United States should instead bring more people from countries
like Norway.

125. Attorney General Jeff Sessions
Attorney General Jefferson Beauregard Sessions, quoted scripture to
justify the Trump administration’s choice to follow a government policy
(not law) – never before enacted – to physically separate thousands of
children of undocumented migrants seeking sanctuary as they flee
oppression in their native countries into detention centers.
“Orderly and lawful processes are good in themselves.
Consistent and fair application of the law is in itself a good
and moral thing, and that protects the weak and protects the
lawful.” Romans 13

126. Attorney General Jeff Sessions

127. President Donald Trump
Due to massive public outrage, Trump signed
an Executive Order, June 20, 2018,
overturning his policy of separating children
from their families if found trying to come into
U.S. undocumented.

130. [Not]
THE
END