2. Following are the upper respiratory system
disorders.
1. sinusitis
2. pharyngitis
3. tonsillitis
3. Define sinuses
Types of sinuses
Physiology of sinuses
Define sinusitis
Causes of sinusitis
Sign and symptoms
Diagnosis
Medical management
Nursing management
4. The sinuses are air-filled spaces in the skull.
They are located behind the forehead, nasal
bones, cheeks, and eyes. There are frontal
sinus, ethmoid sinus, maxillary sinus and
sphenoid sinus.
5. Sinuses secrete mucus, the mucus is drained
into nose through its lateral wall through
opening called ostium.
To make skull lighter
Warm up and humidify the inspired air
Add resonance to voice.
6. 1. frontal sinus air-filled cavities located just
behind your eyes in the brow region.
2. ethmoid sinus They are located between
the eyes, on either side of the septum.
3. maxillary sinus lies within the body of the
maxillary bone.
4. sphenoid sinus The sphenoidal sinuses are
situated back of the nose in the sphenoidal
bone
7. Sinusitis is an inflammation of the tissues in
your sinuses. Bacterial infections, viral
infections and allergies can irritate them,
causing them to get blocked and filled with
fluid. This can cause pressure and pain in
your face, nasal congestion (a stuffy nose)
and other symptoms.
8. Bacteria Streptococcus pneumonia
Virus influenza viruses
Allergens
Small growths in the lining of the nose
called nasal polyp.
A deviated septum, which is a shift in the
nasal cavity
9. Common symptoms of sinusitis include:
A stuffy or blocked nose
A thick white, yellow, or green discharge from
the nose
Pain in the teeth
Pain or pressure in the face. This often feels
worse when a person bends forward.
Fever, headache
fatigue
10. Allergy test
Blood test
X-ray
MRI and CT scan of over all skull.
11. Antibiotics
Anti viral
Pain killer
Fever reliever
Decongestants in the form of nasal spray
Anti allergic
Surgery for removing nasal polyp.
12. Encourage for water intake to help loosen
secretions.
Elevate the head when lying down to relieve
the stuffy feeling.
Administer medications just like antibiotic,
antiviral and painkiller.
Educate the patient to avoid cold environment
Avoid smoking
Warm compresses apply in the sinus area
13. Pharynx is the muscle lined space that
connects the nose and mouth to the larynx
and esophagus (eating tube)
commonly known as sore throat is an
inflammation of the pharynx, resulting in a
sore throat
14. There are numerous viral and bacterial agents
that can cause pharyngitis. They include:
measles
adenovirus, which is one of the causes of
the common cold
chickenpox
whooping cough called pertussis
group A streptococcus
Viruses are the most common cause of sore
throats. Pharyngitis is most commonly caused by
viral infections such as the common
cold, influenza
15. sneezing
runny nose
headache
cough
fatigue
body aches
chills
fever
16. Physical exam. To examine some symptoms
just like swelling lymph nodes, redness and
skin rashes.
Throat culture
If the patient suspects sore throat , they will
likely take a throat culture. This involves
using a cotton swab to take a sample of the
secretions from patient throat. This test
perform to find out streptococcus.
Blood tests
17. drinking plenty of fluids to
prevent dehydration
eating warm broth
using a humidifier
resting until you feel better
Pain killer
Fever reliever
Antibiotics
antivirals
18. Maintaining proper hygiene can prevent many
cases of pharyngitis.
To prevent pharyngitis:
avoid sharing food, drinks, and eating utensils
avoid individuals who are sick
wash your hands often, especially before eating
and after coughing or sneezing
use alcohol-based hand sanitizers when soap
and water aren’t available
avoid smoking and inhaling secondhand smoke
19. Educate Rest, oral fluids, and salt-water
gargling (for soothing effect) are the main
supportive measures in patients with viral
pharyngitis.
Administer Analgesics and antipyretics may
be used for relief of pain or pyrexia
In sever situation administer iv fluid and
antibiotics.
Tepid sponging to reduce temperature.
20. The tonsils are lymph nodes in the back of
the mouth and top of the throat. They help to
filter out bacteria and other germs to prevent
infection in the body. A bacterial or viral
infection can cause tonsillitis.
21. Tonsillitis is inflammation (swelling) of the
tonsils. The infection may also be seen in
other parts of the throat. One such infection
is called pharyngitis.
22. Acute tonsillitis. These symptoms usually last
3 or 4 days but can last up to 2 weeks.
Recurrent tonsillitis. This is when you get
tonsillitis several times in a year.
Chronic tonsillitis. This is when you have a
long-term tonsil infection.
24. The main symptoms of tonsillitis are inflamed and
swollen tonsils, sometimes severe enough to make it
hard to breathe through your mouth. Other
symptoms include:
Throat pain or tenderness
Fever
Red tonsils
A white or yellow coating on your tonsils
Painful blisters or ulcers on your throat
Headache
Ear pain
Trouble swallowing
Fever and chills
Bad breath
27. A collection of pus around your tonsil
(peritonsillar abscess)
Middle ear infection
Breathing problems or breathing that stops
and starts while you sleep (obstructive sleep
apnea)
Tonsillar cellulitis, or infection that spreads
and deeply penetrates nearby tissues
28. Tonsillitis Treatments
If your tests find bacteria, you’ll
get antibiotics
Antivirals
Antipyretic
Pain killer
29. Get lots of rest
Eat smooth foods, such as ice cream
Gargle with warm salt water
Suck on lozenges with benzocaine or other
medications to numb your throat
Take over-the-counter pain relievers such as
acetaminophen or ibuprofen
30. Tonsils are an important part of your immune
system, But if the tonsillitis keeps coming
back or won’t go away, or if swollen tonsils
make it hard for you to breathe or eat, you
might need to have your tonsils taken out.
This surgery is called tonsillectomy.
31. doctor uses a sharp tool called a scalpel to
take out your tonsils. But other options are
available, including lasers, radio waves,
ultrasonic energy, or electrocautery to
remove enlarged tonsils
32. Educate about surgery procedure
Sign inform consent
NPO
Hydrate the patient
Pass iv line
Check hemoglobin level
33. Administer medication specially antibiotics
Check surgery site for any bleeding
Pain management
Check respiratory pattern
Break NPO start cold oral fluid just like juice
etc.
Maintain proper hygiene of surgical site for
prevention of infection