1. The document discusses several key figures and events of Westward Expansion in the United States, including Andrew Jackson, Brigham Young, the California Gold Rush, dry farming, Exodusters, John Charles Fremont, James Gadsden, the Homestead Act, the Indian Removal Act, John Fitch, Stephen Kearny, Lewis and Clark, Manifest Destiny, the New Orleans Louisiana Purchase, the Oregon Trail, panning for gold, the Quincy Adams, and Robert Fulton. 2. Major topics covered include Indian removal, Mormon migration, the population boom during the Gold Rush, pioneering agricultural practices, African American migration following the Civil War, western exploration, territorial acquisitions

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3. WESTWARD EXPANSION MAP
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4. Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson – 7th president of the United
States(1829-1839) He was a staunch champion of
states' rights against federalism, and his
administration was marked by expansion in Texas,
wars with the Indians and his rejection of the Bank
of the United States. He took Lincoln’s place after
his murder. Andrew Jackson passed the law called
“The Indian Removal Act” in his second year of
presidency. This act set forth the handling of Indian
affairs. In fact the Cherokee were forced off their
lands on the “trail of tears” and to their death in
1838.
Born: 15 March 1767
Birthplace: Waxhaw, South Carolina
Died: 8 June 1845
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5. Brigham Young
Brigham Young- (Best Known As Early Mormon leader)
In 1835 three years after he joined the Mormon church,
he was called to the Quorum of the Apostles as
successor to Joseph Smith, he led the migration west.
He led the great Mormon migration of 1846-48 and
oversaw the church's establishment and growth in Utah.
An early convert to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-
Day Saints (also known as the Mormons),Young was
named president of the church after the 1844 murder of
its founder, Joseph Smith. In 1846 to the Rocky
Mountains and he found Salt Lake City. Young led the
Mormons west and personally chose the site of the
church's new colony, which became Salt Lake City.
Born: 1 June 1801
Birthplace: Whitingham, Vermont
Died: 29 August 1877 Created By: Avis
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6. California Gold Rush
In January 1848, James Wilson Marshall discovered
gold while constructing a saw mill. It was in the
American River Northeast of present-day Sacramento
It was reported to the San Francisco newspaper but
nobody believed the account. But they had proof so on
May 1848 30,000 people headed to California. Ships
that docked in San Francisco Bay at the height of the
fever risked losing their entire crews to the goldfields.
Although 80 percent of the "forty-niners" were from the
United States and all states were represented, this
migration also was a global event, drawing gold
seekers from California Indian bands, East Asia, Chile,
Mexico, and western Europe. For the United States it
This event was called the was the largest mass migration to date, flooding the
“California Gold Rush.” previously lightly traveled trails to the West Coast as
more than 1 percent of the nation's population moved
to California in just a few years.
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7. Dry Farming
Dry Farming- was an agricultural method that
allowed crops to be cultivated on the prairie.
Which typically received low levels of rainfall
and endured very hot summers and harsh
winters. Growers who practiced dry farming
cultivated some fields while allowing others to
lie fallow. Dry-farming techniques evolved
where settlements during the early part of the
1850s, for example, Americans in California
A type of farming practice began to raise crops such as winter Wheat,
whose principal growing season coincided with
the winter rainfall season.
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8. Exodusters
Exodusters- was a name given to African
Americans who fled the Southern United States
for Kansas in 1879 and 1880. After the end of
Reconstruction, racial oppression and rumors of
the reinstitution of slavery led many freedmen to
seek a new place to live. African Americans
homesteaders who moved westward during the
last decades of the nineteenth century to settle
on the Great Plains. In the South of 1877, the
twelve-years period of reconstruction (1865 -
1877), civil rights for African Americans began to
BLACK LAW CODES in 1895: erode. Southern states legislatures adopted
A law restricting the freedom laws, so called “Black Codes” restricted rights
of former slaves and were for African Americans this was the cause for the
designed to assure white civil War.
supremacy.
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9. Fremont, John Charles
John Charles Fremont- (Best Known As: The
man who mapped the West ) he was one of most
famous explorers of the American West and a
towering figure in the history of California's 19th
century gold rush. He graduated at Charleston
College in 1830. His father was a Frenchman, and
his mother a Virginian. He was an instructor in
mathematics for the U.S. Navy from 1833-1835.
In the late 1830s and early 1840s he explored and
surveyed much of the American west, in particular
the Oregon Trail. He eventually settled in
California and grew wealthy during the gold rush
of 1848. Nationally famous as an explorer, soldier
Born: 21 January 1813 and politician
Birthplace: Savannah, Georgia
Died: 13 July 1890
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10. Gadsden, James
James Gadsden- U.S. soldier and diplomat. He was
appointed an officer in the U.S. Army in 1812. He
established military posts in Florida in 1820 and
supervised the forced removal of Seminole Indians to
reservations in southern Florida in 1823. In 1832 he
negotiated a treaty for the removal of the Seminoles
to the West, and he served in the war that followed
the refusal of some Seminoles to leave Florida. He
had a meeting in Mexico City on December 30, 1853
as the U.S. minister to Mexico with the General
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, president of Mexico,
Born: May 15, 1788, and he signed the “Gadsden Purchase.” This
Charleston, S.C., purchase and treaty settled the dispute over the exact
Died: Dec. 26, 1858 location of the Mexican border west of El Paso,
Charleston, S.C Texas; giving the U.S. claim to approximately 29,000
miles of land.
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11. Homestead Act
The Homestead Act- is one of three
United States federal laws that gave an applicant
freehold title to an area called a "Homestead" –
typically 160 acres (65 hectares or one-fourth
section) of undeveloped federal land west of the
Mississippi River. The law required three steps:
file an application, improve the land, and file for
deed of title. Anyone who had never taken up
arms against the U.S. government, including
freed slaves, could file an application to claim a
federal land grant. The occupant also had to be
The original Homestead Act 21 or older, had to live on the land for five years
was signed into law by and show evidence of having made
President Abraham Lincoln improvements.
on May 20, 1862
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12. Indian Removal Act
The Indian Removal Act was strongly
supported in the South, where states were
eager to gain access to lands inhabited by
the FiveCivilized Tribes. In particular,
Georgia, the largest state at that time, was
involved in a contentious jurisdictional
dispute with the Cherokee nation.
President Jackson hoped removal would
resolve the Georgia crisis..
The Indian Removal Act was also very controversial. While Native American
removal was, in theory, supposed to be voluntary, in practice great pressure was
put on Native American leaders to sign removal treaties. Most observers, whether
they were in favor of the Indian removal policy or not, realized that the passage of
the act meant the inevitable removal of most Indians from the states. Some Native
American leaders who had previously resisted removal now began to reconsider
their positions, especially after Jackson's landslide re-election in 1832. Affected
tribes include the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole.
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13. John Fitch
An American mechanic and inventor, was the first
to build and operate a steam boat successfully.
In July 1788 Fitch successfully launched a new
and larger boat, which made many trips between
Philadelphia and Burlington, N.J., carrying as
many as 30 passengers at a time. In 1790 he put
another boat into service that made regularly
scheduled runs across the Delaware River.
Despite this success, however, steamboat travel
was not accepted by the public. This, combined
John Fitch (1743-1798) with constant mechanical troubles and uncertain
financial backing, resulted in the failure of Fitch's
enterprise.
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14. Kearny, Stephen
U.S. Army officer. He served in the War of 1812
and later on the western frontier. At the outbreak
of the Mexican War, he was ordered to seize
New Mexico and California. Using diplomacy to
persuade Mexican troops to withdraw, he
marched unopposed to Santa Fe, where in 1846
he proclaimed a civil government for the province.
Heading to California, he was informed that the
conquest had already been completed by
Robert F. Stockton and John C. Frémont. He
arrived to discover that Mexican rebels had
Born: Aug. 30, 1794, retaken most of the province. He then joined
Newark, N.J., U.S. forces with Stockton to defeat the rebels in 1847.
Died: Oct. 31, 1848, After initial opposition from Frémont, who had
St. Louis, Mo. persuaded Stockton to appoint him governor,
Kearny pacified the rest of California and
established a stable civil government. He was
Created By: Avis then sent to Mexico, where he died of yellow fever.
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15. Lewis and Clark
First overland expedition to the U.S. Pacific coast and
back, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark.
Initiated by Pres. Thomas Jefferson, the expedition
set out to find an overland route to the Pacific,
documenting its exploration through the new
Louisiana Purchase. In 1803, Thomas Jefferson
commissioned Capt. Meriwether Lewis and Lt.
William Clark to explore what is now the northwest
United States. The Louisiana Purchase later the same
year altered the character of the planned expedition
from an exploration of French territory to a first
Lewis and Clark glimpse of lands that, in the view of many
Expedition contemporaries, were essential to maintaining the
(1804-1806) agrarian, republican character of the nation.
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16. Manifest Destiny
Referred to a growing conviction that the
United States was preordained by God to
expand throughout North America. This
conviction of a destined glorious future for the
United States had roots in colonial times. Many
colonial leaders adopted time-honored
expansion imagery from the Bible, portraying
northern European Protestant colonists as the
new Israelites and North America as the new
Promised Land to justify conquering new lands
and dominating other cultures. Motivated by
The stories of Native
ideas of manifest destiny, the new English-
American and Mexican
speaking settlers rebelled in 1835 in an
resistance to Anglo-Saxon
attempt to form an independent state. A series
occupation are well known.
of reactions led to the annexation of Texas in
1845 and war between Mexico and the United
States in 1846.
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17. New Orleans Louisiana
Purchase
A territory of the western United States
extending from the Mississippi River to the
Rocky Mountains between the Gulf of Mexico
and the Canadian border. It was purchased
from France on April 30, 1803, for $15 million
and officially explored by the Lewis and Clark
expedition (1804-1806). In 1762 France had
ceded Louisiana west of the Mississippi River
to Spain, but Spain returned it to French control
in 1800. Alarmed by this potential increase in
French power, Pres. Thomas Jefferson
The purchase doubled threatened to form an alliance with Britain.
the area of the U.S. Napoleon then sold the U.S. the entire
Louisiana Territory, although its boundaries
remained unclear; its northwestern and
southwestern limits were not established until
1818 – 19.
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18. Oregon Trail
A historical overland route to the western United
States extending from various cities on the
Missouri River to the Oregon Country and later
Oregon Territory. The trail was opened in 1842,
and by 1845 more than 3,000 migrants had
made the arduous journey. After the coming of
the railroad, the trail fell into disuse and was
Of all western trails, it was in finally abandoned in the 1870s. Major U.S. route
use for the longest to the Northwest in the19th century. It stretched
period, surviving competition about 2,000 mi (3,200 km), from Independence,
from the railroad by serving as a Mo., to the Columbia River region of Oregon.
trail for eastward cattle and First used by fur traders and missionaries, it was
sheep drives. heavily used in the 1840s by travelers to
Oregon, including settlers of the "great
migration," led by Marcus Whitman.
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19. Panning for Gold
In almost all cultures around the world throughout
history, gold has been valued and sought as a
precious metal: gold as a mineral, gold as a
commodity, gold as a precious object. The search
for gold led the masses to migrate westward and
pan for gold. The nuggets found in the American
River near Sacramento by James Marshall in 1848
spurned the rush of some half-million people in
search of instant wealth. They encountered
successive waves of explorers, would-be colonizers,
California’s beauty and its and immigrants, including Spanish missionaries,
immense bounty of Mexican and Californio rancheros, Russian hunters,
natural resources. Each and American trappers, traders and farmers. Who
saw a different kind of was a Californian? And what did California mean to
"gold" to be reaped from them?
this land.
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20. Quincy, John Adams
(1817 – 25), he was instrumental in acquiring Florida
from Spain and in drafting the Monroe Doctrine. Adams's
presidency was unsuccessful; when he ran for
reelection, Jackson defeated him. In 1830 he was elected
to the House, where he served until his death. He was
outspoken in his opposition to slavery; in 1839 he
proposed a constitutional amendment forbidding slavery
In any new state admitted to the Union. Following Andrew
Jackson's victory in 1828, Adams was elected to the
House of Representatives, where he opposed
nullification, the imposition of a gag rule, and annexation
of Texas. In 1841, abolitionists persuaded him to defend
He was the only the right to freedom of fifty‐three Africans before the
Federalist senator Supreme Court in United States v. The Amistad (1841).
from New England to
vote for the Louisiana
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21. Robert Fulton
In 1801 he was commissioned by Robert R. Livingston to
build a steamboat, and in 1807 Fulton's Clermont made
the 150-mi (240-km) journey up the Hudson River from
New York City to Albany in 32 hours, cutting 64 hours off
the usual sailing time. It became the first commercially
successful steamboat in the U.S. Fulton also made
important contributions in portrait painting, canal
engineering, and naval warfare. Born in Pennsylvania,
he lived most of his adult life in Europe. His first naval
project was the submarine Nautilus, manually driven
underwater and tested successfully in French waters in
The steamboat used 1800. He later designed several other steamboats,
for troop transport in including the world's first steam warship (1812). He was
the War of 1812, and a member of the commission that recommended building
the construction of the the Erie Canal.
first steam warship in
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First.

22. Santa Fe Trail
A trade route to the southwest United States
extending about 1,287 km (800 mi) westward
from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe,
New Mexico. First traversed in 1821, it was
the primary wagon and stage route to the
Southwest until the coming of the railroad in
1880. Historic wagon trail from
Independence, Mo., to Santa Fe, N.M.,
U.S. An important commercial route from
1821 to 1880, it was opened by
William Becknell and used by merchant
A 780-mile (1255-km) wagon route wagon caravans. When the Santa Fe
from western Missouri to Santa Fe, railroad was completed in 1880, use of the
New Mexico, that opened in 1821 trail ceased.
and was frequently used, mainly
for trade
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23. Transcontinental Railroad
The world's First Transcontinental Railroad was
built between 1863 and 1869 to join the eastern
and western halves of the United States.
Transcontinental railroads helped open up
unpopulated interior regions of continents to
exploration and settlement that would not
otherwise have been feasible. In many cases
they also formed the backbones of cross-
country passenger and freight transportation
Networks.. its construction was considered to be
one of the greatest American technological feats
The railroad resulted in the end of the 19th century. Known as the "Pacific
of most of the far slower and Railroad" when it opened, this served as a vital
more hazardous stagecoach link for trade, commerce, and travel and opened
lines and wagon trains, and it up vast regions of the North American heartland
led to a great decline of traffic for settlement.
on the Oregon and California Trail
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24. Union Pacific Railroad
When East met West, Union Pacific Railroad
was there. The principal operating subsidiary
of Union Pacific was chartered by Congress
in 1862 to build part of the first
transcontinental rail line. Today, it is one of
North America's largest railroads, providing
freight transportation over 32,000 route miles
of track across the western two-thirds of the
US. It links every major West Coast and Gulf
Coast port and provides service to the east
through major gateways in Chicago, St. Louis,
Memphis, and New Orleans. Union Pacific
In 1865 construction of the Railroad is the nation's largest hauler of
Union Pacific begun. from chemicals and one of the largest intermodal
Omaha westward Central Pacific, carriers. It also serves all six major gateways
to NW of Ogden, Utah, thus to Mexico and connects with Canada's rail
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25. Vigilante
Colonial era in America - Formally-defined
vigilantism arose in the early American colonies.
Established the mid-18th century, for instance,
the Regulator movement of American colonial
times was composed of citizen volunteers of the
frontier who opposed official misconduct and
extrajudicially punished banditry. 19th century -
A lynching carried out by the San Francisco
Committee of Vigilance of 1856. Later in the
United States, vigilante groups arose in poorly
governed frontier areas where criminals preyed
Thomas Dimsdale’s The
upon the citizenry with impunity For generations,
Vigilantes of Montana,
the figures have been associated with the
praised and defended the
vaunted vigilantes who cleaned up the gold
hangmen’s work and
camps in 1864 and earned a place in history as
heralded them as founding
great heroes.
fathers, a portrait that endures
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26. Wounded Knee
Hamlet and creek in southwestern South
Dakota, the site of two conflicts between the
Sioux Indians and the U.S. government. In
1890 the Sioux had been inspired by the
Ghost Dance movement to take up arms and
reclaim their heritage, but federal military
intervention quelled the rebellion. On
December 29 a young brave became
involved in a scuffle while surrendering, and
a trooper was killed. Soldiers fired at the
Indians, killing more than 200 men, women,
Events claims that during the and children. Thirty soldiers also died. The
process of disarming the Lakota, so-called Battle of Wounded Knee is
a deaf tribesman named regarded as the final episode in the
Black Coyote was reluctant to conquest of the North American Indian.
give up his rifle claiming he
had paid a lot for it.
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27. Pony eXpress
The Pony Express was a fast mail service
crossing the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains,
and the High Sierra from St. Joseph, Missouri,
to Sacramento, California, from April 3, 1860 to
October 1861. It became the west's most direct
means of east-west communication before the
telegraph and was vital for tying California closely
with the Union just before the American Civil War.
Although a financial failure, the Pony Express
In 1860 there were about 157 successfully filled the communication gap before
Pony Express stations that were the completion of the telegraph, provided
about 10 miles (16 km) apart westerners with speedier access to family and
along the Pony Express route. This friends in the East, improved contact between
was roughly the distance a horse western military outposts, proved the Central
could travel at a gallop before Route was passable year round, and paved the
tiring. At each station stop the way for permanent transportation systems along
express rider would change horses its route.
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28. York (black slave on the
Lewis & Clark Expedition)
An African American slave best known for his
participation with the Lewis and Clark Expedition. As
William Clark's slave, he performed hard manual labor
without pay, but participated as a full member of the
expedition. Like many other expedition members, his
ultimate fate is unclear. There is evidence that after the
expedition's return, Clark had difficulty compelling York
to resume his former status, and York may have later
escaped or been freed, but nothing is entirely clear on
this. York was William Clark's servant from boyhood,
and was left to William in his father's will. The journals
record that the assignments given him attest to his skill
The native nations in scouting, hunting and field medicine, but included
treated York with respect, manual labor in extreme weather conditions. York used
and he “played a key role a firearm to hunt game such as buffalo, as well as for
in diplomatic relations" "protection."
because of his
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29. Zebulon Pike
As a United States (US) Army captain in 1806-1807, he
led the Pike Expedition to explore and document the
southern portion of the Louisiana Purchase and to find
the headwaters of the Red River, during which he
recorded the discovery of what later was called
Pikes Peak. Captured by the Spanish while wintering in
present-day Colorado after his party got confused in its
travels, Pike and his men were taken to Chihuahua,
present-day Mexico and questioned by the governor.
They were released later in 1807 at the border of
Louisiana. As a prisoner, Pike was treated very well by
the Spaniards. However, they confiscated most of his
After the outbreak of the papers. (He managed to conceal some notes in his
War of 1812 he was men's rifle barrels.) Finally, after a year's absence, he
promoted to brigadier was returned to the United States at Natchitoches, La.,
general (1813) by a Spanish escort.
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