The internet as the network infrastructure

1. THE INTERNET AS THE
NETWORK
INFRASTRUCTURE13

2. What are the advantages of the Internet?
•Information, knowledge, and learning. ...
•Connectivity, communication, and
sharing. ...
•Address, mapping, and contact
information. ...
•Banking, bills, and shopping. ...
•Selling and making money. ...
•Collaboration, work from home, and
access to a global workforce.
•Donations and funding. ...
•Entertainment.

3. THE INTERNET AS THE NETWORK
INFRASTRUCTURE
The Internet
The internet is a large system of inter-connected
networks.
The federal networking council(FNC) defines the
internet as:
it is logically linked together by a globally unique
address space based on the internet protocol(IP).
It is able to support communications using TCP/IP
suite.
Internet allows:
 communication.
Participation in simulations and games.

7. INTERNET GROWTH
• Increment in internet
usage.

9. SIXSTAGESOF INTERNET GROWTH
1. Experimental networking:
• It covers early years from 1965 under
Department of Defense ARPA and the province
of a relatively small technical community.
• This group developed not only the technology but the
cooperative mechanism that made if possible to
scale and allow further innovation to occur.
2. Discipline-specific research:
• It covers years from 1980-1985, grew out of the more
general ARPANET and began to build international
on-line communities. CSNET, of instance, linked
computer science researchers from all over the
world.

10. SIXSTAGESOF INTERNET GROWTH (CONTD..)
3. General research networking:
• It covers the year from 1985-1991 and called the
NSFNET program.
• NSFNET program was established chiefly to allow
exchange of information and access to remote
resources within the research and education
community.
4. Privatization and commercialization:
• It covers year 1991-present.
• It involves removing government subsidies to
regional networks and dismantling the barriers
imposed by restrictive acceptable usage policies.
• Supports commercial transactions and connections for
commercial organizations.

11. 5. Restricted public data networks for research and
education:
• It is high performance computing and
communications(HPCC) programs linked to the
fundamental research on computer science and
engineering, the prerequisite to the development of
future computing, communications and information
systems.
• HPCC is an R&D program wherein each new set of
technologies forms the foundation for the next.
• HPCC have five basic interrelated objectives:
 To develop, provide and support advance research and
educational networking services and capabilities for
connecting researchers, educators and students in
universities and high schools.
SIXSTAGESOF INTERNET GROWTH (CONTD..)

12. To generate fundamental knowledge that can lay the
foundation for future advances in high performance
computing and communications.
To enhance innovation, technology transfer, productivity
and industrial competitiveness through academic
industrial partnership.
To make computing and communication
infrastructure available to large society.
6.National information infrastructure:
• It is known as the I-way.
• The objective is to extend networking
everywhere(ubiquitous) and enable new
consumer applications.
SIXSTAGESOF INTERNET GROWTH (CONTD..)

14. NSFNET(National Science Foundation
Net)
• NSFNET was a programevolving projects sponsored by
the national science foundation(NSF) beginning in 1985
to promote advanced research and education
networking in the United states.
• Open network NSFNET becomes internet backbone
initially connecting five supercomputer Centre's using
TCP//IP in 1986.
-IBM provided the hardware and software for the packet-
switching.
-MCI provided the transmission circuits for the
backbone.
• T1(1.5 mbps) nodes introduced in 1988 and T3
nodes(45mbps) introduced on backbone in 1989.

15. NSFNET architecture and components

17. NSFNET backbone
• The NSFNET backbone is a primary means of
interconnection
between the regional networks.
• The NSFNET backbone includes switching nodes
located at six supercomputer sites: San Diego
Supercomputer Center(SDSC), National Center for
Supercomputer Applications(NCSA) at the University of
Illinois, Cornell National Supercomputer Facility(CNSF),
Pittsburgh Supercomputer Center(PSC), John von
Neumann Center(JVNC) and the National Center for
Atmospheric Research (NCAR).
• Each backbone node is connected to an onsite
Ethernet , which serves as the attachment point for
supercomputers and other local hosts.

18. NSFNET backbone(contd..)
• The backbone uses the DARPA internet architecture,
which is based on the IP and TCP protocols. Most of
the regional and campus networks they connect also
use these protocols.
• There are several thousand service hosts and
gateways connected to the internet as well as many
more personal computers and workstations.

20. Midlevel regional network
• Are often referred to as regional network, are one
element
of the three-tier NSFNET architecture.
• They provide a bridge between local organization,
such as campuses and libraries.
• The service are of mid-level network tends to vary
from sub state, statewide, and multistate coverage.

21. State and campus networks
• It link into regional networks.
• It provides local connectivity and access to wider are
services for state governments, schools, higher
education, and research institutes.
• This networks include university and college
campuses, research laboratories, private
companies, and educational sites such as school
districts.
• These are the most important components of the
network hierarchy, as the investment in these
infrastructures far
exceeds that of the government’s investments in the

23. National Research and
Educational Network (NREN)

26. INTERNET GOVERNANCE
-Sandesh

27. INTERNET GOVERNANCE
Determines how the internet is managed and used now
and in
the future
The development and application by governments, the
private sector and civil society, in their respective roles,
of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making
procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution
and use of the internet
Outcomes may affect all stakeholders

29. INTERNET GOVERNANCE(contd…)

30. GOVERNANCE HEIRARCHY

31. THE INTERNET SOCIETY
(ISOC)
WHAT IS INTERNET SOCIETY?
The Internet Society is a global cause-driven organization,
dedicated to ensuring that the Internet stays open, transparent
and defined by user
WHAT INTERNET SOCIETY DO?
The Internet Society engages in a wide spectrum of Internet
issues, including policy, governance, technology and
development.
It also ensure that Internet continues to grow and evolve as a
platform for innovation, economic development, and social
progress for people around the world

32. THE INTERNET SOCIETY (ISOC) contd…
BRIEF HISTORY
Was formed in 1992 by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn
Mission—to promote the open development, evolution,
and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people
throughout the world
Has its headquarters in Reston, Virginia, United States
Has a membership base of more than 140 organizations and
more than 80,000 individual members.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
Works at intersection of policy, standards, and development

34. INTERNET ARCHITECTURE
BOARD
 Has the responsibility for the technical management and
direction of the internet
 Is responsible for the overall architectural consideration in the
internet, technical direction, establishing standards and
settlement of conflicts in the standard process
 IAB meets regularly to discuss Internet Standards
 Also keeps track of various network address(IP) and
develops rules for assigning IP addresses
 Even works out for the current problem of IP(IPV4)
(addresses it using IPV6)

35. INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE
 The protocol engineering and development arm of internet
 IAB is supported by IETF
 Is a large international community of network designers,
operators, vendors and researchers
 Concerned with the evolution of the internet architecture and
the smooth operation of the internet
 Is open to any interested individual and meets regularly to
discuss operational and technical problems of the internet

36. IETF Working Groups
 Actual technical work of IETF is done in its working groups
 Organized by topic into several areas
 Most workgroup have finite lifetime and area dispersed after
the
initial goal is achieved
 Currently divided into 8 functional areas:
 Applications
 Internet
 Network Management
 Operational requirements
 Routing
 Security
 Transport
 User services