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1. Peripheral Nervous System
ये हम है
ये हमारा Nervous
System है
और ये हमारी Pawri
(पार्टी) हो रही है

2. Nervous System
• A highly complex part of an animal which is made up of nerves and
highly specialized cells called as neurons that transmit signals
between different parts of the body

3. • Neuron : Structural and functional unit of nervous system.
Neurons are specialized cells that transmit chemical and electrical
signals to facilitate communication between the brain and the body.
• Classification of neurons :
a) Sensory Neuron
b) Motor Neuron
c) Interneuron
Nervous System

4. a) Sensory Neuron : Sensory neurons are neurons responsible for
converting external stimuli from the environment into corresponding
internal stimuli. They are activated by sensory input, and send
projections to other elements of the nervous system, ultimately
conveying sensory information to the brain or spinal cord.
Nervous System
Sensory Neurons
Stimuli
Brain

5. b) Motor Neuron : Motor neurons are neurons located in the central
nervous system, and they project their axons outside of the CNS to
directly or indirectly control muscles. The interface between a motor
neuron and muscle fiber is a specialized synapse called the
neuromuscular junction
Nervous System
Motor Neurons
Brain
Motor impulse

6. c) Interneuron : Interneurons are neither sensory nor motor; rather,
they act as the “middle men” that form connections between the
other two types. Located in the CNS, they operate locally, meaning
their axons connect only with nearby sensory or motor neurons.
Interneurons can save time and therefore prevent injury by sending
messages to the spinal cord and back instead of all the way to the
brain.
Nervous System

7. Types of neurons

8. Ligand gated ion
channel

10. Sodium channel Potassium Channel
CalciumChannel
Chloride channel

11. Location of ion channel : Dendrites
Acts as a sensor for impulses

13. Na+ K+ Cl-
Ca++

14. Sodium channel Potassium Channel
Action Potential : Transfer
of information across the
length of axon
Chloride channel
Hyperpolarization of neuron
Calcium Channel
Helps in neurotransmission

17. Peripheral Nervous System
• The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous
system to environmental stimuli to gather sensory input and
create motor output.

18. • The peripheral nervous system (PNS) provides the connection between internal or
external stimuli and the central nervous system to allow the body to respond to its
environment.
• The PNS is made up of different kinds of neurons, or nerve cells, which
communicate with each other through electric signaling and neurotransmitters.
• The PNS can be broken down into two systems: the autonomic nervous system,
which regulates involuntary actions such as breathing and digestion, and the somatic
nervous system, which governs voluntary action and body reflexes.
• The autonomic nervous system has two complementary parts: the sympathetic
nervous system, which activates the “fight-or-flight-or-freeze” stress response, and
the parasympathetic nervous system, which reacts with the “rest-and-digest”
response after stress.
• The somatic nervous system coordinates voluntary physical action. It is also
responsible for our reflexes, which do not require brain input.
Peripheral Nervous System

19. Autonomic Nervous System
• The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary and
unconscious actions, such as internal-organ function,
breathing, digestion, and heartbeat.
• This system consists of two complementary parts:
• The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
• Both divisions work without conscious effort and have similar
nerve pathways, but they generally have opposite effects on
target tissues.

20. • The sympathetic nervous system activates the “fight or flight”
response under sudden or stressful circumstances, such as taking
an exam or seeing an examiner during class test.
• It increases physical arousal levels, raising the heart and
breathing rates and dilating the pupils, as it prepares the body to
run or confront danger. These are not the only two options;
“fight or flight” is perhaps better phrased as “fight or flight or
freeze,” where in the third option the body stiffens and action
cannot be taken.
• This is an autonomic response that occurs in animals and
humans; it is a survival mechanism thought to be related to
playing dead when attacked by a predator.
Autonomic Nervous System
(Sympathetic System)

21. Khatam Bye Bye …Ta
Ta…Goodbye
Freeze response

22. Autonomic Nervous System
(Sympathetic System)
Hypothalamus
Coordinate with
Brain/Spinal Cord
Stimulate Preganglionic Neuron/Fiber
Release Neurotransmitter – I at Autonomic Ganglion Stimulate
Postganglionic Neuron/Fiber
Release Neurotransmitter – II at Neuron Effector Junction
It stimulate various receptors of respective organs
Produce various autonomic action

25. Anatomy of sympathetic nervous system (Adrenergic System)
Superior control by posterior and lateral part of hypothalamus
Preganglionic fibers originate from Thoracic 1 to Lumber 3 segments
Activate Preganglionic neuron/fiber (Short)
Release neurotransmitter-I (Ach) in Autonomic Ganglion(Junction-I)
(Stimulate (NN) or (M1) receptor)
Activate postganglionic neuron/fiber (Long)
(Stimulate (α1), (α 2), (β1), (β2) or (β3) receptor
Release) neurotransmitter-II (Adr) in Neuron Effector Junction (Junction-II)
Produce various action

26. (Nn and M1)
Tissue
α1
α2
β1
β2
β3
Pre-Synaptic neurons
Post-Synaptic neurons

27. Posterior and lateral part of the hypothalamus have the superior control on sympathetic nervous
system
Preganglionic neuron/fiber of sympathetic nervous systems originate from the thoracic 1 to
lumber 3 segment of spinal cord. Preganglionic fiber of sympathetic nervous systems are usually
short post ganglionic fiber which is longer than the preganglionic fiber. Here, autonomic
ganglion –Junction-I consist neurotransmitter-I that is acetylcholine. Which helps to stimulate
various receptors like Nicotinic Neuronal (NN) or Muscarinic (M1) in autonomic
ganglion/junction. Stimulation of NN and M1 receptors activate the of post ganglionic
neurons/fibers.
Post ganglionic neuron/fiber end into the neuron effector junction near the various
organ/tissue/cell. Neuron effector junction (Junction-II) consist neurotransmitter II that is
noradrenalin (NA) means sympathetic systems consist neurotransmitter-I is acetylcholine
(Ach) in autonomic ganglion (Junction-I) and neurotransmitter – II that is adrenalin in
neuron effector junction (Junction-II).
These neurotransmitter (Noradrenalin - NA) stimulate the various α and β receptors like α1,
α2, β1, β2 and β3
Stimulation of various sympathetic receptors gives various kind of autonomic functions. To
know these functions it is essential to identify the location of various receptors

28. Diagrammatic Representation of Sympathetic
transmission

30. Adrenergic Receptors
1.Alpha adrenergic receptor
2.Beta adrenergic receptors
(Gq) (Gi)
(Gs)

31. Alpha-1 Receptor
• α1 receptors: These are G-protein coupled receptors, it activate
phospholipase C and stimulate Inositol Triphosphate (IP3) and
Diacylglycerol (DAG) and increase intracellular calcium level and
produce below autonomic functions according to their location.
Location Function
Blood vessels Produce vasoconstriction
Iris It contract radial muscles and dilate the pupil known as mydriasis
GI tract Contract the GI sphincter and relax the the GI muscle
Urinary bladder Contract the trigon and relax the urinary bladder
Glands Increase the secretion of glands
Uterus It produce contraction in uterus

32. Alpha-2 Receptor
• α2 receptors: These receptors decrease the cAMPlevel and alter the
Ca+ channel conduction
Location Function
Presynaptic nerve ending It reduce release of noradrenaline
Blood vessels Produce constriction of blood vessels(mechanism is unknown)
CNS
Reduction in central sympathetic flow due to decrease of Noradrenalin
level
Pancreas Reduce insulin level so increase blood sugar level
Platelets Aggregate platelets
GI muscle Relaxation of GI muscle

33. Beta Receptors
• These are G-protein coupled receptors, it act by activation of adenylyl cyclase
which increase cyclic AMP (cAMP) level and produce below autonomic
functions according to their location.
• β1 receptors
Location Function
Heart Increase force of contraction (Positive Inotropic) Increase heart
rate (Positive Chronotropic)
Kidney
Release of renin, so renin activate angiotensinogen I which convert in
angiotensinogen II by the help of angiotensinogen converting enzyme (ACE) and
activate the aldosterone. Which retain the Na+ and water and increase the blood volume
as well as angiotensinogen act on AT-I and AT-II receptor and contract the blood
vessels.

34. Beta Receptors
• β2 receptors (Gs): Synthesizes special protein which causes
relaxation
Location Function
Blood vessels Dilation of blood vessels
Lungs Dilation of bronchial smooth muscles and lungs
GI muscle Relaxation of GI muscle
Bladder Relaxation of urinary bladder
Liver Produce glycogenolysis means conversion of glycogen to glucose and
increase blood sugar level
Pancreas Increase glucagon secretion which increase blood sugar level
Adipose tissue Lipolysis (Break down of fats)
Uterus Produce relaxation of uterus

35. β3 receptors
Located in fat cells, Helps in lipolysis
Adipose tissue
कस एकदम गोलिगत…….
ि िा िी िािा ि िा िी िािा

36. Autonomic Nervous System
(Parasympathetic System)
कभी कभी
लगता है अपुन ही भगवान है अहम् ब्रह्मास्मि
The parasympathetic nervous system activates a “rest and digest” or “feed and breed” response
after these stressful events, which conserves energy and replenishes the system. It reduces bodily
arousal, slowing the heartbeat and breathing rate. Together, these two systems maintain
homeostasis of body

37. • Anatomy of Parasympathetic Nervous System (Cholinergic Nervous System)
Superior control by anterior and middle part of hypothalamus
Preganglionic neuron/fiber (Long)
Release neurotransmitter-I (Ach) in Autonomic Ganglion/Junction (Junction-I)
(Stimulate (NN) or (M1) receptor)
Activate postganglionic neuron/fiber (Short)
Stimulate (M1), (M2), (M3) or (NN) receptor
Release neurotransmitter-II (Ach) in Neuron Effector Junction (Junction-II)
Produce various action after that Ach is destruct by Acetylcholine Esterase (AchE)
Autonomic Nervous System
(Parasympathetic System)

38. Autonomic Nervous System
(Parasympathetic System)
 Anterior and middle part of the hypothalamus have the superior control on parasympathetic
nervous system.
 It coordinate with the midbrain and spinal cord. Preganglionic fiber of the parasympathetic
nervous system originate from the midbrain and sacral part of the spinal cord. Mainly cranial
nerve III, VIII, IX, X and gray matter of sacral part of spinal cord emerge out or rise to
preganglionic fiber.
 Preganglionic fibers travel some distance and end in to the junction-I that is autonomic
ganglion from which post ganglionic fibers emerge out. Here, neurotransmitter-I that is
acetylcholine is released. Which helps to stimulate various receptors like Nicotinic
Neuronal (NN) or Muscarinic (M1) in autonomic ganglion/junction.
Stimulation of NN and M1 receptors activate the of post ganglionic neurons/fibers.
 Post ganglionic neuron/fiber end into the neuron effector junction near the various
organ/tissue/cell.
 Neuron effector junction (Junction-II) consist neurotransmitter II that is acetylcholine.

39. Autonomic Nervous System
(Parasympathetic System)
1. Parasympathetic systems contains same neurotransmitter that is acetylcholine
(Ach) in both the junctions.
2. These neurotransmitter (Ach) stimulate the various muscarinic and nicotinic
receptors like M1, M2, M3 and Nn.
3. Here the nicotinic muscular receptor (Nm) is not included because it is the
part of somatic nervous systems.
4. Stimulation of various parasympathetic receptors gives various kind of autonomic
functions.
5. To know these functions it is essential to identify the location of various receptors

40. Parasympathetic Receptors
Also known as Cholinergic receptors
• A. Muscarinic Receptors
• B. Nicotinic Receptors(Nn/Nm)

41. Muscarinic receptor
M1 Receptor (Gq): These are G-protein coupled receptors, it activate
phospholipase C and stimulate Inositol Triphosphate (IP3) and Diacylglycerol
(DAG) and increase intracellular calcium level and produce below autonomic
functions according to their location.
Location Function
Autonomic
ganglion/junction
Activation of post ganglionic neuron/fiber
Neuron 1
Neuron 2
M1
Ach

42. Muscarinic receptor
M2 Receptor (Gi): These are G-protein coupled receptors, it act by reducing
cyclic AMP (cAMP) level and produce below autonomic functions according to
their location..
Heart
1. Decrease force of contraction (Negative Ionotropic)
2. Decrease heart rate (Negative Chronotropic)
3. Decrease conduction (Negative dromotropic)

43. Muscarinic receptor
M3 receptors (Gq): These are G-protein coupled receptors, it activate
phospholipase C and stimulate Inositol Triphosphate (IP3) and Diacylglycerol
(DAG) and increase intracellular calcium level and produce below autonomic
functions according to their location.
Location Function
GI smooth muscle Contraction of GI smooth muscle
Bronchial smooth muscle Contraction of bronchial smooth muscle (Lungs contraction)
Urinary tract
Contract detrusor – urinary bladder muscle and produce
micturition.
Salivary secretion Increase secretion of saliva
Lacrimal secretion Increase secretion of tear/lachrymal fluid
Gastric secretion Increase secretion of HCl in GI tract
Eye Produce meiosis (Contraction of pupils)

44. Parasympathetic Receptors
• A. Muscarinic Receptors
• B. Nicotinic Receptors(Nn/Nm)

45. Nicotinic receptor
NN receptors: These are the intrinsic ion channel receptors, it act by opening
various ion channels like Na+, K+ and Ca+ and produce below autonomic functions
according to their location.
Location Function
Autonomic ganglion/junction (Junction – I) Activation of post ganglionic neuron/fiber
NN Receptors

46. Overall ANS

47. Peripheral Nervous System
• The peripheral nervous system refers to parts of the nervous
system outside the brain and spinal cord.
• It includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of
spinal nerves

48. When Olfactory nerve is activated
इक्तीिा करना तेरे खुशबुको तेरे
आणेसे मेरा लदि ओर लदमाग तेजीसे
चिने िगता है
बवाल चीज है बे साला
ससस्टम सहल जाता है”

49. Cranial nerves are direct extensions of the
brain.
• Only Nerve I (olfactory) originates from the cerebrum, the
remaining 11 pairs originate from the brain stem.
• Nerve I (Olfactory)- for the sense of smell (sensory).

50. When Optic nerve is activated
तुझे देखा तो ये जाना सनम प्यार होता है
दीवाना सनम तुझे देखा तो ये जाना सनम
Yee Wrong number
hai……..Iska bhi katega

51. Cranial nerves are direct extensions of the
brain.
• Nerve II (Optic)- for the sense of vision (sensory).
Jai Hind Dostooo

52. Cranial nerves are direct extensions of the
brain.
• Nerve III (Occulomotor)- for controlling muscles and accessory for
controlling muscles and accessory structures of the eyes (motor).
• Nerve IV (Trochlear)- for controlling muscles of the eyes (motor).
• Nerve VI (Abducens)- for controlling muscles that move the eye
(motor)

53. Cranial nerves V
• Nerve V (Trigeminal)- for controlling muscles of the eyes, upper and
lower jaws and tear glands (mixed).

54. Cranial nerves VII
• Nerve VII (Facial) – for the sense of taste and controlling facial
muscles, tear glands and salivary glands (mixed).

55. Cranial nerves VIII
• Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear/Auditory)- for the senses of hearing
and equilibrium (sensory).

56. Cranial nerves IX
• Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal)- for controlling muscles in the pharynx
and to control salivary glands (mixed).

57. Cranial nerves X
• Nerve X (Vagus)- for controlling muscles used in speech, for
controlling muscles used in speech, swallowing, and the digestive
tract, and controls cardiac and smooth muscles (mixed).

58. Cranial nerves XI
• Nerve XI (Accessory)- for controlling muscles of soft palate, pharynx
and larynx (motor).

59. Cranial nerves XII
• Nerve XII (Hypoglossal) for controlling muscles that move the tongue
(motor).

60. Overview of Cranial Nerves
• Nerve I (Olfactory)- for the sense of smell (sensory).
• Nerve II (Optic)- for the sense of vision (sensory).
• Nerve III (Occulomotor)- for controlling muscles and accessory for controlling
muscles and accessory structures of the eyes (motor).
• Nerve IV (Trochlear)- for controlling muscles of the eyes (motor).
• Nerve V (Trigeminal)- for controlling muscles of the eyes, upper and lower jaws and
tear glands (mixed).
• Nerve VI (Abducens)- for controlling muscles that move the eye (motor)

61. • Nerve VII (Facial) – for the sense of taste and controlling facial muscles, tear
glands and salivary glands (mixed).
• Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear/Auditory)- for the senses of hearing and equilibrium
(sensory).
• Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal)- for controlling muscles in the pharynx and to
control salivary glands (mixed).
• Nerve X (Vagus)- for controlling muscles used in speech, for controlling muscles
used in speech, swallowing, and the digestive tract, and controls cardiac and smooth
muscles (mixed).
• Nerve XI (Accessory)- for controlling muscles of soft palate, pharynx and larynx
(primarily motor).
• Nerve XII (Hypoglossal) for controlling muscles that move the tongue ( primarily
motor).

62. Spinal Nerves

63. Spinal Nerves
• There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves including:
• Eight cervical spinal nerves on each side of the spine called C1 to C8
• Twelve thoracic spinal nerves in each side of the body called T1 to T12
• Five lumbar spinal nerves on each side calleed L1 to L5
• Five sacral spinal nerves in each side called S1 to S5
• One coccygeal nerve on each side, Co1

64. • Cervical spinal nerves : The cervical spinal nerves innervate the muscles and
provide sensation for the head, neck, and diaphragm, as well as the upper limbs and
back.
• Thoracic spinal nerves : They are involved in the functions of organs and glands
in the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen.
• Lumbar spinal nerves : Provides sensation to the groin and genital regions and
may contribute to the movement of the hip muscles, front part of the thigh and inner
side of the lower leg.
• Sacral spinal nerves : They are responsible for part of the sensory perception and
the movements of the lower extremities of the human body.
• Coccygeal nerve : Distributed in skin that send signals to the brain through the
spinal nerves. These signals give rise to sensations involving temperature, pressure,
and pain

66. THE END………………………………..

67. Nervous System Disorders

68. Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals acting as signaling molecules
that enable transmission of signals across a synapse from one neuron to
another neuron, to a muscle cell, or to a gland cell.
Excitatory
Neurotransmitters
Inhibitory
Neurotransmitters
Inhibitory + Excitatory
Neurotransmitters

69. Excitatory Neurotransmitters
Glutamate Aspartate
Learning and Memory
NMDA-Glutamate receptor
Na,K,Ca

70. Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
1. GABA (gamma-Aminobutyric acid)
1. Glycine

71. 1. Adrenaline
2. Acetylcholine
3. Dopamine
4. Serotonin
5. Histamine
Inhibitory + Excitatory
Neurotransmitters

72. 1. Adrenaline
2. Acetylcholine
3. Dopamine
4. Serotonin
5. Histamine
Inhibitory + Excitatory
Neurotransmitters
Gs
Gq
Gi

73. Neurotransmitters and Mood Regulation
Happy ….Happy
Happiness

74. Neurotransmitters and Mood Regulation
Stay away brooo, Leave
me alone
Anger

75. Neurotransmitters and Mood Regulation
Let’s Dance
Fun and Enjoyment

76. Neurotransmitters and Mood Regulation
Why i am crying for no
reason
Feeling sad

77. Neurotransmitters and Mood Regulation
Feeling Lonely
Feeling sad

78. Neurotransmitters and Mood Regulation
Love

79. Neurotransmitters and Mood Regulation

80. Neurotransmitters Regulates your mood
What do you think, is
it true ?

81. Neurotransmitters
Balanced All is well

82. Neurotransmitters
Imbalanced Mental Disorders

83. Mental Disorders
Depression Anxiety
Alzheimer’s
disease
Parkinson's
disease
Mai pagal nahi hu bas thodi
tabiyat kharab hai

84. Can you define these disorders ?
Schizophrenia
Manic
Disorder
Confusion hee confusion hai solution
kuchh pata nahi

85. What is depression ?
Mental state which is
characterized by persistent
sadness and a lack of interest or
pleasure in previously rewarding
or enjoyable activities

86. WHO report about
Depression
● Depression is a common illness worldwide, with
more than 264 million people affected (246,000,000
i.e 2460 Lakhs)
● 8 Lakh people die due to suicide every year
i.e 1 death every 40 second
● Suicide is the second leading cause of death in 15-
29-year-olds.

87. WHO report about
India on suicide
1. 800000 people die due to suicide every year
(i.e 1 death every 40 second)
1. 1,35000 people are resident of india (17%)
1. According to WHO data, the age standardized suicide rate
in India is 16.4 per 100,000 for women (6th highest in the
world) and 25.8 for men (ranking 22nd)
Statistics

88. ● Depressed mood
● Loss of interest and enjoyment
● Reduced energy leading to diminished activities
● Many people with depression also suffer from anxiety symptoms
● Disturbed sleep and appetite
● may have feelings of guilt or low self-worth
● poor concentration.
Symptoms

89. What is Anxiety ?
The American Psychological
Association (APA) defines
anxiety as “an emotion
characterized by feelings of
tension, worried thoughts and
physical changes like increased
blood pressure.”

90. Symptoms
● Restlessness
● Uncontrollable feelings of worry
● Increased irritability
● Concentration difficulties
● Sleep difficulties, such as problems in falling or staying asleep

91. What is Alzheimer's Disease?
Alzheimer’s disease is an
irreversible, progressive brain
disorder that slowly destroys
memory and thinking skills
and, eventually, the ability to
carry out the simplest tasks

92. Early stage:
1. Forgetfulness
2. Losing track of the time
3. Becoming lost in familiar places.
Middle stage:
1. Becoming forgetful of recent events and people's names
2. Becoming lost at home
3. Having increasing difficulty with communication
4. Needing help with personal care
5. Experiencing behaviour changes, including wandering and repeated questioning.
Late stage:
1. Becoming unaware of the time and place
2. Having difficulty recognizing relatives and friends
3. Having an increasing need for assisted self-care
4. Having difficulty walking
5. Experiencing behaviour changes that may escalate and include aggression.
Symptoms

93. India has the second highest number of
individuals suffering from dementia, at an
estimated 4.1 million(41 Lakhs) The figure is
expected to double by 2035, as per the
‘Dementia India’ report published by the
Alzheimer’s and Related Disorders Society of
India
Dementia India report
on Dementia
Statistics

94. What is Parkinson’s Disease ?
Parkinson's disease (PD) belongs
to a group of conditions called
motor system disorders, which
cause unintended or
uncontrollable movements of the
body.

95. Symptoms
The four primary symptoms of PD are:
● Tremor : shaking that has a characteristic rhythmic back and forth motion
● Rigidity : muscle stiffness or a resistance to movement, where muscles remain constantly tense and
contracted
● Bradykinesia : slowing of spontaneous and automatic movement that can make it difficult to perform
simple tasks or rapidly perform routine movements
● Postural instability : impaired balance and changes in posture that can increase the risk of falls.
Other symptoms may include difficulty swallowing, chewing, or speaking; emotional changes;
urinary problems or constipation; dementia or other cognitive problems; fatigue; and problems
sleeping.

96. Dopamine Epinephrine
Norepinephrine Serotonin
Kuchh toh gadbad
hai dayaa

97. Dopamine
Functions :
1. Reward ( Motivation )
2. Pleasure
3. Motor functions
4. Compulsion

98. Dopamine deficiency
Parkinson disease
1. Low motivation
2. Lack of interest
3. Low energy
4. An inability to focus moving or
speaking more slowly than usual
5. Feeling fatigued
6. Feeling demotivated
7. Feeling inexplicably sad or
tearful mood swings
8. Feeling hopeless
9. Having low self-esteem

99. Dopamine Hypersecretion
Addiction
1. Alcohol consumption
1. Tea / Coffee consumption
1. Nicotine Consumption
1. Sexual Desire

100. Dopamine Hypersecretion
Mania
( Bipolar Disorder )
A mental health condition that
causes extreme mood swings that
include emotional highs (mania or
hypomania) and lows (depression).

101. Dopamine Hypersecretion
Hallucinations

102. Dopamine Hypersecretion
Hallucinations
There are five types of hallucinations, including:
1 Auditory: Hearing voices or sounds that no one else
can (most common type of hallucination)
2 Visual: Seeing people, colors, shapes, or items that
aren't real (second most common type of hallucination)
3 Tactile: Feeling sensations (like bugs crawling under
your skin) or as if you're being touched when you're not
4 Olfactory: Smelling something that has no physical
source (less common than visual and auditory
hallucinations)
5 Gustatory: Having a taste in your mouth that has no
source (rarest type of hallucination)

103. Dopamine Hypersecretion
Schizophrenia
( Discussed separately )

104. Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
Storage site : Adrenergic neurons, Adrenal Gland
Together with adrenaline, norepinephrine increases heart rate and blood pumping from the
heart, Pupil Dilation. It also increases blood pressure and helps break down fat,Proteins and
increase blood sugar levels to provide more energy to the body.
In the brain, norepinephrine plays a role in the sleep-wake cycle, helping you in increasing
attention and focusing on performing a task , memory storage.
It is also important for emotions

105. Norepinephrine / Epinephrine Hypersecretion
Anxiety, Excess Sweating, Palpitations

106. What is Schizophrenia ?
Schizophrenia is complex, chronic, mental health disorder characterized by an
array of symptoms, including
1. Delusions( fixed, false beliefs that conflict with reality)
2. Hallucinations (Sensations that appear real but are created by your mind)
3. Disorganised speech or behaviour
4. Impaired cognitive ability
5. Impaired working memory
Psychoses

107. Schizophrenia ( Psychoses )

108. Theories
Abnormalities in neurotransmission have provided the basis
for theories on the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
1. Most of these theories center on either an excess or a
deficiency of neurotransmitters, including dopamine,
serotonin, and glutamate.
1. Other theories implicate aspartate, glycine, and gamma-
aminobutyric acid (GABA) as part of the neurochemical
imbalance of schizophrenia