Mechanical engineers and society

By
S.VEERAKUMAR
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
veerakumar.me@srit.org
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Engineering – Definition – Engineering
Education – Graduate Attributes – Engineering
functions – Role and Responsibilities of
Engineers – Professional Societies and their
codes of ethics – Constraints in Engineering.
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Engineering – Definition – Engineering
Education
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The term engineering is derived from the Latin ingenium,
meaning "cleverness" and ingeniare, meaning "to contrive,
devise"
 At the most fundamental level, engineers apply their
knowledge of mathematics, science, and materials—as well as
their skills in communications and business—to develop new
and better technologies.
 Rather than experiment solely through trial and error,
engineers are educated to use mathematics, scientific
principles, and computer simulations as tools to create faster,
more accurate, and more economical designs.

» Engineering is the application of science and
math to solve problems. Engineers figure out
how things work and find practical uses for
scientific discoveries.
» Scientists and inventors often get the credit
for innovations that advance the human
condition, but it is engineers who are
instrumental in making those innovations
available to the world.
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» Engineering is the creative application of
science, mathematical methods, and empirical
evidence to the innovation, design,
construction, operation and maintenance of
structures, machines, materials, devices,
systems, processes, and organizations.
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“Engineering is the science, skill, and
profession of acquiring and applying scientific, economic,
social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and also
build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and
processes.”
DEFINITION
Graphical Representation of Engineering

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Engineering is the branch of science and
technology concerned with the design, building,
and use of engines, machines, and structures.
DEFINITION

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Mechatronics is the synergistic integration of sensors, actuators,
signal conditioning, power electronics, decision and control
algorithms, and computer hardware and software to manage
complexity, uncertainty, and communication in engineered systems.
MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
Graphical Representation of Mechatronics Engineering

DIFFERENT FIELDS OF ENGINEERING
Aerospace
Agricultural
Biomedical
Chemical
Civil
Computer
Electrical
Environmental

DIFFERENT FIELDS OF ENGINEERING
Industrial / Manufacturing
Mechanical
Materials
Mining
Nuclear
Ocean
Transportation

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•Mechanical engineering involves design, manufacturing,
inspection and maintenance of machinery, equipment and
components as well as control systems and instruments for
monitoring their status and performance. This includes
vehicles, construction and farm machinery, industrial
installations and a wide variety of tools and devices.
•Electrical engineering involves design, testing,
manufacturing, construction, control, monitoring and
inspection of electrical and electronic devices, machinery
and systems. These systems vary in scale from microscopic
circuits to national power generation and transmission
systems.
•Civil engineering involves design, construction, maintenance
and inspection of large infrastructure projects such as highways,
railroads, bridges, tunnels, dams and airports.

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•Aerospace engineering involves design, manufacturing and
testing of aircraft and spacecraft as well as parts and components
such as airframes, power plants, control and guidance systems,
electrical and electronic systems, and communication and
navigation systems.
•Nuclear engineering involves design, manufacturing,
construction, operation and testing of equipment, systems and
processes involving the production, control and detection of
nuclear radiation. These systems include particle accelerators
and nuclear reactors for electric power plants and ships,
radioisotope production and research. Nuclear engineering also
includes monitoring and protecting humans from the potentially
harmful effects of radiation.
•Structural engineering involves design, construction and
inspection of load-bearing structures such large commercial
buildings, bridges and industrial infrastructure.

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•Biomedical engineering is the practice of designing
systems, equipment and devices for use in the practice
of medicine. It also involves working closely with
medical practitioners, including doctors, nurses,
technicians, therapists and researchers, in order to
determine, understand and meet their requirements for
systems, equipment and devices.
•Chemical engineering is the practice of designing
equipment, systems and processes for refining raw
materials and for mixing, compounding and processing
chemicals to make valuable products.
•Computer engineering is the practice of designing
computer hardware components, computer systems,
networks and computer software.

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•Industrial engineering is the practice of designing and
optimizing facilities, equipment, systems and processes
for manufacturing, material processing, and any
number of other work environments.
•Environmental engineering is the practice of
preventing, reducing and eliminating sources of
pollution that affect air, water and land. It also involves
detecting and measuring pollution levels, determining
sources of pollution, cleaning up and rehabilitating
polluted sites and ensuring compliance with local, state
and federal regulations.

WHAT IS AN ENGINEER?
An Engineer is someone who build structures,
produce parts, assemble products, and solve
problems.

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What does an engineer do?
 Engineers design, evaluate, develop, test, modify,
install, inspect and maintain a wide variety of
products and systems.
 They also recommend and specify materials and
processes, supervise manufacturing and construction,
conduct failure analysis, provide consulting services
and teach engineering courses in colleges and
universities.

WHAT DO ENGINEERS DO
Design and develop new products
Use principles of science
Run tests
Create and build things
Use the design process to help solve problems

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ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS

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ASK: What is the problem? How have others
approached it? What are your constraints?
IMAGINE: What are some solutions? Brainstorm ideas.
Choose the best one.
PLAN: Draw a diagram. Make lists of materials you will
need.
CREATE: Follow your plan and create something. Test it
out!
IMPROVE: What works? What doesn't? What could
work better? Modify your design to make it better. Test
it out!

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ENGINEERING EDUCATION
Engineering education is the activity of teaching knowledge
and principles to the professional practice of engineering.
It includes the initial education (Bachelor and or Masters
degree) for journey of becoming an engineer, and any
advanced education and specializations that follow.
Engineering education is typically accompanied by additional
post graduate examinations and supervised training as the
requirements for a professional engineering license.

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ENGINEERING EDUCATION
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)
education in primary and secondary schools often serves as
the foundation for engineering education at the university
level.
In the United States, engineering education is a part of the
STEM initiative in public schools.
Service-learning in engineering education is gaining
popularity within the variety of disciplinary focuses within
engineering education including mechanical engineering,
industrial engineering, computer engineering, electrical
engineering, and other engineering education.

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ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN INDIA
 India is one of the largest producers of engineers in the
world.
 In India, there are numerous engineering colleges imparting
undergraduate and graduate courses in engineering, applied
engineering and sciences.
 In total more than 5,000 universities and colleges offer
engineering courses in India.

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ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN INDIA
 Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT-23 in India)
 National Institutes of Technology (NIT-31 in India)
 Indian Institutes of Engineering Science and Technology
(IIEST’s)
 Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT)
 The Institution of Engineers (IE)

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The first IIT was set up in Kharagpur in 1951, and soon later
in Bombay (1958), Madras (1959), Kanpur (1959) and Delhi
(1963).
An IIT was then established in Guwahati in 1994.
The University of Roorkee was converted to IIT Roorkee in
2001.
Eight new IITs were set up in Gandhinagar, Jodhpur,
Hyderabad, Indore, Patna, Bhubaneswar, Ropar, and Mandi
in 2008-09.
Around the same time the Institute of Technology, Banaras
Hindu University was given IIT status.
Another six new IITs in Tirupati, Palakkad, Dharwad, Bhilai,
Goa and Jammu, approved through a 2016 bill amendment
were established in 2015-16, along with the conversion of
ISM Dhanbad to IIT.
IIT’s in India

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IIT’s in India

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NIT’s in India

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NIT’s in India

Graduate Attributes
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Graduate attributes are the qualities, skills and
understandings a university community agrees its
students should develop during their time with the
institution.
(or)
 Graduate Attributes can be defined as qualities,
attitudes and dispositions that graduates should
possess, in full or part, when they have completed
their course of study.
GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES

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12 GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES

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1. A knowledge base for engineering: Demonstrated
competence in university level mathematics, natural
sciences, engineering fundamentals, and specialized
engineering knowledge appropriate to the program.
2. Problem analysis: An ability to use appropriate
knowledge and skills to identify, formulate, analyse,
and solve complex engineering problems in order to
reach substantiated conclusions

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3. Investigation: An ability to conduct investigations of
complex problems by methods that include appropriate
experiments, analysis and interpretation of data and
synthesis of information in order to reach valid
conclusions.
4. Design: An ability to design solutions for complex,
open-ended engineering problems and to design
systems, components or processes that meet specified
needs with appropriate attention to health and safety
risks, applicable standards, and economic,
environmental, cultural and societal considerations.

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5. Use of engineering tools: An ability to create, select,
apply, adapt, and extend appropriate techniques,
resources, and modern engineering tools to a range of
engineering activities, from simple to complex, with an
understanding of the associated limitations.
6. Individual and teamwork: An ability to work
effectively as a member and leader in teams, preferably
in a multi-disciplinary setting.

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7. Communication skills: An ability to communicate
complex engineering concepts within the profession and
with society at large. Such ability includes reading,
writing, speaking and listening, and the ability to
comprehend and write effective reports and design
documentation, and to give and effectively respond to
clear instructions.
8. Professionalism: An understanding of the roles and
responsibilities of the professional engineer in society,
especially the primary role of protection of the public
and the public interest.

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9. Impact of engineering on society and the
environment: An ability to analyse social and
environmental aspects of engineering activities. Such
ability includes an understanding of the interactions that
engineering has with the economic, social, health,
safety, legal, and cultural aspects of society, the
uncertainties in the prediction of such interactions; and
the concepts of sustainable design and development
and environmental stewardship.
10. (Ethics) Ethics and equity: An ability to apply
professional ethics, accountability, and equity.

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11. Economics and project management: An ability to
appropriately incorporate economics and business
practices including project, risk, and change
management into the practice of engineering and to
understand their limitations.
12. Life-long learning: An ability to identify and to
address their own educational needs in a changing
world in ways sufficient to maintain their competence
and to allow them to contribute to the advancement of
knowledge

Engineering Functions
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 The branches indicate what the engineer works with;
the functions describe what he does.
 In order of decreasing emphasis on science, the
major functions of all engineering branches are the
following:
ENGINEERING FUNCTIONS

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Research
Development
Design
Construction
Production
Operation
Management and other functions

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1. Research: The research engineer seeks new
principles and processes by employing mathematical
and scientific concepts, experimental techniques,
and inductive reasoning.
2. Development: The development engineer applies the
results of research to useful purposes. Ingenious and
creative application of new knowledge may result in
a working model of a new electronics circuit, a
chemical process, an industrial machine.

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3. Design: In designing a structure or a product, the
engineer selects methods, specifies materials, and
determines shapes to satisfy technical requirements
and to meet performance specification.
4. Construction: The construction engineer is
responsible for preparing the site, determining
procedures that will economically and safely yield the
desired quality, directing the placement of materials,
and organizing the personnel and equipment.

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5. Production: Plant layout and equipment selection,
with consideration of human and economic factors, is
the responsibility of the production engineer. He
chooses processes and tools, integrates the flow of
materials and components, and provides for testing
and inspection.
6. Operation: The operating engineer controls
machines, plants, and organizations providing power,
transportation, and communication. He determines
procedures and supervises personnel to obtain
reliable and economic operation of complex
equipment.

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7. Management and other functions:
In some countries (U.S.A.,Japan, etc) and industries,
engineers analyze customer requirements,
recommend units to satisfy needs economically, and
resolve related problems. In some industries, too,
engineers decide how assets are to be used.

Role and Responsibilities of Engineers
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 Engineers work in a variety of fields to
analyse, develop and evaluate large-scale,
complex systems.
 This can mean and improve and maintaining
current systems or creating brand new
projects.
 Engineers will design and draft blueprints, visit
systems in the field and manage projects.
What are the duties and responsibilities of an engineer?

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 Safety and welfare of the public and of clients
 Professional Ethics
 Environmental Responsibilities
 Quality
 Communications
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF AN ENGINEER

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DUTIES OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
Analyze problems to see how mechanical and
thermal devices might help solve the problem
Design or redesign mechanical and thermal devices
using analysis and computer-aided design
Develop and test prototypes of devices they design
Analyze the test results and change the design as
needed
Oversee the manufacturing process for the device

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DUTIES OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
 Mechanical engineers design and oversee the manufacturing of
many products ranging from medical devices to new batteries.
 Mechanical engineers design power-producing machines such as
electric generators, internal combustion engines, and steam and
gas turbines as well as power-using machines, such as
refrigeration and air-conditioning systems.
 Mechanical engineers design other machines inside buildings,
such as elevators and escalators. They also design material-
handling systems, such as conveyor systems and automated
transfer stations.
 Like other engineers, mechanical engineers use computers
extensively. Computers help mechanical engineers create and
analyze designs, run simulations and test how a machine is likely
to work, and generate specifications for parts.

Professional Societies and their codes of ethics
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» A professional association (also called a
professional body, professional
organization, or professional society)
seeks to further a particular profession,
the interests of individuals engaged in
that profession and the public interest.
What does professional societies mean?

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A professional society has two roles:
1. One is the setting of standards,
2. The members should be compliance
with those standards.
PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES

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Consortium-கூட்டமைப்பு

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The mission of the professional societies
is primarily educational and
informational.
Their influence flows from their
continuing and highly visible functions:
 to publish professional journals
 to develop professional
excellence
 to raise public awareness, and
 to make awards.
MISSION OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES

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Through their work, they help to define and
set standards for their professional fields
and to promote high standards of quality
through awards and other forms of
recognition.
The oldest professional societies are the
American Society of Civil Engineers (1852),
American Chemical Society (1876),
American Mathematical Society (1888), and
American Physical Society (1899)
MISSION OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES

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» Professionalism
» Networking
» Career Opportunities
» Grants
» Training
» Socializing
What Are the Benefits of Belonging to a Professional Organization?

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» Aeronautical Society of India
» Society of Automotive Engineers (SAEINDIA)
» Computer Society of India
» The Institution of Engineers (India)
» Institution of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineers
» Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers
» Indian Institution of Industrial Engineering
» Society of EMC Engineers (India)
» Indian Society for Technical Education
» Indian Science Congress Association
PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES IN INDIA

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» This Code of Professional Ethics (hereinafter
called the "Code") lays down the standards of
integrity, professionalism and confidentiality
which all members of the Association shall be
bound to respect in their work.
(OR)
 A code of ethics is a guide of principles
designed to help professionals conduct business
honestly and with integrity
What are the codes of professional ethics?

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» Code of practice (professional ethics) A code of
practice is adopted by a profession or by a
governmental or non-governmental
organization to regulate that profession.
» In a membership context, failure to comply with
a code of practice can result in expulsion from
the professional organization.
What are the codes of professional ethics?

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» Integrity.
» Objectivity.
» Professional Competence and Due Care.
» Confidentiality.
» Professional Behaviour.
What are the five codes of ethics?

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» Integrity:
A professional accountant should be
straightforward and honest in all professional and
business relationships
Objectivity:
A professional accountant should not
allow bias, conflict of interest or undue influence of
others.

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» Professional Competence and Due Care:
» A professional accountant has a continuing duty to
maintain professional knowledge and skill at the
level required to ensure that a client or employer
receives competent professional services based on
current developments in practice, legislation and
techniques.
» A professional accountant should act diligently
and in accordance with applicable technical and
professional standards when providing
professional services.

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» Confidentiality:
» A professional accountant should respect the
confidentiality of information acquired as a result
of professional and business relationships and
should not disclose any such information to third
parties without proper and specific authority
unless there is a legal or professional right or duty
to disclose.
» Professional Behaviour:
» A professional accountant should comply with the
relevant laws and regulations and should avoid
any action that discredits the profession.

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» The most important rules for a Corporate
Member in a Professional sphere to follow, in
India or abroad, is the code of practice for the
society of which he is a member.
(i) A Corporate Member should observe the
principles of honesty, justice, and courtesy in his
profession. His personal conduct should uphold
his Professional reputation, he should avoid
adverse Questions affecting brother
associations/Professionals, and he should uphold
the dignity and honour of the Society.
Code of Ethics for Members of Indian Society of Engineers

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» (ii) A Corporate Member will co-operate with
others in his profession by fair interchange of
information and experience and endeavour to
protect the profession from misrepresentation
and misunderstanding, and will not divulge any
confidential findings or actions of an
engineering commission or committee, as a
Member without obtaining permission from the
Authority.
» (iii) A Corporate Member will not directly or
indirectly make damage to the reputation or
practice of another Corporate Member or
criticize technically without proper forum of
Engineering Society or Engineering Press.

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» (iv) A Corporate Member will neither
misrepresent his Qualification and misguide his
employer or client or to the profession, nor
disclose trade secrets or technical affairs of his
client or employer without proper Authority.
» (v) A Corporate member will not review works
of another Corporate Member at the same time
for the same client, except with the consent of
the other Member.

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» (vi) A Corporate Member will, if he considers
another Corporate Member is guilty of
unethical, illegal, or unfair practices, inform the
Council of the Society in writing with necessary
documents for action.
» (vii) A Corporate Member shall always confirm
the National Interest in his own Professional
Engineering areas.

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» Constraints are conditions that we need to
happen or would like to happen with a
design.
» In the early stages of a design task they may
tend to be negative.
» For example, a car engine cannot exceed the
size the space in which it fits, yet it cannot
produce less than a specified power.
What are the constraints in engineering?

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DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
 Design constraints are conditions that need to happen for a project
to be successful.
 Design constraints help narrow choices when creating a project.
 Each constraint defines a subset of the set of all possible designs in
which it is satisfied.
 When several constraints are specified, it is only the possibilities
within the intersection of all the subsets that we are interested in.

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DESIGN CONSTRAINTS

Product Design Constraints and
Requirements
 Design Engineers must consider a multitude of technical,
economic, social, environmental, and political constraints
when they design products and processes.
 There must be clear evidence in your design project that
you have addressed the constraints that are relevant to your
project.

Effect of Constraints
Better Designs
Design Changes
Design
Changes
Constraint
Limits

Functional Constraints
• Overall Geometry – size, width, space, arrangement
• Motion of parts – type, direction, velocities, acceleration,
kinematics
• Forces involved – load direction, magnitude, load, impact
• Energy needed – heating, cooling, conversion, pressure
• Materials to be used – flow, transport, properties
• Control system – electrical, hydraulic, mechanical, pneumatic
• Information flow – inputs, outputs, form, display

Safety Constraints
• Operational – direct, indirect, hazard elimination
• Human – warnings, training
• Environmental – land, sea, air, noise, light, radiation,
reaction, transport

Quality Constraints
• Quality assurance – regulations, standards, codes
• Quality control – inspection, testing, labeling
• Reliability – design life, failures, statistics

Manufacturing Constraints
• Production of components – factory limitations, means of
production, wastes
• Purchase of components – supplier quality, reliability,
quality control, inspection
• Assembly – installation, foundations, bolting, welding
• Transport – material handling, clearance, packaging

Timing Constraints
• Design schedule – project planning, project control
• Development schedule – design detailing, compliance tests
• Production schedule – manufacture, assembly, packing,
transport
• Delivery schedule – delivery date, distribution network,
supply chains

Economic Constraints
• Marketing analysis – size of market, distribution, market segments
• Design costs – design team computing, information retrieval
• Development costs – design detailing, supplier costs, testing costs
• Manufacturing cost - tooling, labor, overhead, assembly, inspection
• Distribution costs - packing, transport, service centers, spare parts,
warranty
• Resources – time, budget, labor, capital, machines, material
$

Ergonomic Constraints
• User needs – type of operation, instructions, warnings
• Ergonomic design – man-machine relationships,
operation, height, layout, comfort, lighting
• Cybernetic design – controls, layout, clarity, interactions

Ecological Constraints
• General environmental impact – impact on natural
resources, social resources
• Sustainability – political and commercial consequences,
implications for following generations
• Material selection –solid, liquid, gas, stability, protection,
toxicity
• Working fluid selection – fluid, gas, flammability, toxicity

Aesthetic Constraints
• Customer appeal – shape, color, texture, form, feel, smell,
surprise and delight features
• Fashion – culture, history, trends
• Future expectations – rate of change in technology, trends,
product families

Life-Cycle Constraints
• Distribution – means of transport, nature and conditions of
dispatch, rules, regulations
• Operation – quietness, wear, special uses, working
environments
• Maintenance – servicing intervals, inspection, exchange and
repair, cleaning, diagnostics
• Disposal – recycle, scrap

Legal/Ethical Constraints
• Regulations – OSHA, FAA, FDA
• Ethics – public safety, health, welfare and integrity
• Intellectual Property – patents, trademarks, copyrights

Summary
• Think about CONSTRAINTS
• Plan for them
• Put them into the design

Introduction to Mechanical Engineering –
Branches of Mechanical Engineering –scope of
Mechanical Engineering – types of
Manufacturing processes – Impact of industrial
development on economy and environment of
country –Role of Mechanical Engineer in
Society.
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Introduction to Mechanical Engineering
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0
Engineering is the branch of science and
technology concerned with the design, building,
and use of engines, machines, and structures.
DEFINITION

» As the name itself suggests, mechanical engineering mainly
relates to machines and mechanics in the broadest sense of
the term.
» Since machines are involved in literally all aspects of human
life right from very basic domestic machines to complicated
automated machines in big industries, Virtually every
product or service in modern life has probably been
touched in some way by a mechanical engineer to help
humankind.
» Mechanical engineering is the application of the principles
and problem-solving techniques of engineering from design
to manufacturing to the marketplace for any object.
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1

» Mechanical engineers analyse their work using the
principles of motion, energy, and force—ensuring that
designs function safely, efficiently, and reliably, all at a
competitive cost.
» Mechanical engineers make a difference. That’s because
mechanical engineering careers centre on creating
technologies to meet human needs.
» Virtually every product or service in modern life has
probably been touched in some way by a mechanical
engineer to help humankind.
» This includes solving today’s problems and creating future
solutions in health care, energy, transportation, world
hunger, space exploration, climate change, and more.
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2

WHAT IS MECHANICAL ENGINEERING?

Mechanical engineering is a discipline
of engineering that applies the principles of physics
and materials science for analysis, design,
manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical
systems.
(OR)
The field of mechanical engineering
encompasses the properties of forces, materials,
energy, fluids, and motion, as well as the
application of those elements to devise products
that advance society and improve people’s lives.

 It is the branch of engineering that involves the
production and usage of heat and mechanical power for
the design, production, and operation of machines and
tools. It is one of the oldest and broadest engineering
disciplines.
 The engineering field requires an understanding of core
concepts including mechanics, kinematics,
thermodynamics, materials science, and structural
analysis.
 Mechanical engineers use these core principles along
with tools like computer-aided engineering and product
lifecycle management to design and analyse
manufacturing plants, industrial equipment and
machinery, heating and cooling systems, transport
systems, aircraft, watercraft, robotics, medical devices
and more.

 Mechanical engineers research, develop, design,
Manufacture and test tools, engines, machines, and other
mechanical devices.
 They work on power-producing machines such as
electricity-producing generators, internal combustion
engines, steam and gas turbines, and jet and rocket
engines.
 They also develop power using machines such as
refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment, robots used
in manufacturing, machine tools, materials handling
systems, and industrial production equipment.
WHO ARE MECHANICAL ENGINEERS/
FUNCTIONS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS?

Mechanical Engineering
• Involved with “Machines”:
– MEs design tools,
engines, machines
– Design and develop
power-producing
machines,including…
• internal combustion
engines

– Design and develop
power-producing
machines, including
• Steam and Gas turbines
TurboFans from Jet Aircraft
Turbinator Gas Turbine
Engine Race Car

Jet and Rocket engines.
Jet Engine powered Truck
NASA next-generation
rocket engine powered
spacecraft

Design and develop power-using machines such
as
• Heating, Ventilation, Air-conditioning (HVAC)
systems

Design and develop
power-using
machines such as
• Robotic
systems
Land Mine Detecting Robot

1. Conceptual design
2. Analysis
3. Presentations and report writing
4. Multidisciplinary teamwork
5. Concurrent engineering
6. Benchmarking the competition
7. Project management
8. Prototyping
9. Testing
10. Measurements
11. Data Interpretation
12. Developmental design
13. Research
14. Analysis (FEA and CFD)
15. Working with suppliers
16. Sales
17. Consulting
18. Customer service
What tasks do mechanical engineers do?

1. Acoustics
2. Aerospace
3. Automation
4. Automotive
5. Autonomous Systems
6. Biotechnology
7. Composites
8. Computer Aided Design
(CAD)
9. Control Systems
10.Cyber security
11.Design
12.Energy
13.Ergonomics
14.Human health
15.Manufacturing and
additive manufacturing
16.Mechanics
17.Nanotechnology
18.Production planning
19.Robotics
20.Structural analysis
Disciplines within mechanical engineering include but are not limited to:

1. Product design - A mechanical engineer designs anything
that uses mechanical motion to develop products useful to
mankind.
2. Research and development - A mechanical engineer also
discover and improves methods to human needs.
3. Manufacturing - Mechanical engineers develop machines
that process materials into products.
4. Design machines - The design and build machines and
systems of machines that improve the efficiency and yields
quality products with minimum costs.
5. System management - They also supervise and oversee the
operations of large systems like power plants and more
Duties of Mechanical Engineers

Duties of Mechanical Engineers
1. Analyse problems to see how mechanical and thermal
devices might help solve a particular problem
2. Design or redesign mechanical and thermal devices or
subsystems, using analysis and computer-aided design
3. Investigate equipment failures or difficulties to diagnose
faulty operation and to recommend remedies
4. Develop and test prototypes of devices they design
5. Analyse the test results and change the design or system
as needed
6. Oversee the manufacturing process for the device.

Creativity: Mechanical engineers design and build complex pieces
of equipment and machinery. A creative mind is essential for this
kind of work.
Listening skills: Mechanical engineers often work on projects with
others, such as architects and computer scientists. They must listen
to and analyse different approaches made by other experts to
complete the task at hand.
Math skills: Mechanical engineers use the principles of calculus,
statistics, and other advanced subjects in math for analysis, design,
and troubleshooting in their work.
Mechanical skills: Mechanical skills allow engineers to apply basic
engineering concepts and mechanical processes to the design of
new devices and systems.
Problem-solving skills: Mechanical engineers need good problem-
solving skills to take scientific principles and discoveries and use
them to design and build useful products.
Important Qualities for Mechanical Engineers

To meet these challenges, research in the
department is coordinated across seven collaborative
disciplinary thrust areas:
1. Mechanics
2. Design, Manufacturing, & Product Development
3. Controls, Instrumentation & Robotics
4. Energy Science & Engineering
5. Ocean Science & Engineering
6. Bioengineering
7. Micro and Nano Engineering

LECTURE-2
Branches of Mechanical Engineering

1. Mathematics (calculus, differential
equations, and linear algebra)
2. Basic physical sciences (including physics
and chemistry)
3. Statics and dynamics
4. Strength of materials and solid
mechanics
5. Materials Engineering, Composites
6. Thermodynamics, heat transfer, energy
conversion, and HVAC
7. Fuels, combustion, Internal combustion
engine
8. Fluid mechanics (including fluid statics
and fluid dynamics)
9. Mechanism and Machine design
(including kinematics and dynamics)
10. Instrumentation and measurement
11. Manufacturing engineering, technology,
or processes
12. Vibration, control theory and control
engineering
13. Hydraulics, and pneumatics
14. Mechatronics, and robotics
15. Engineering design and product design
16. Drafting, computer-aided design (CAD)
and computer-aided manufacturing
(CAM)
The fundamental subjects of mechanical engineering usually include:

AEROSPACE ENGINEERING:
Aerospace engineering is a branch of
mechanical engineering which deals with the designing and
construction of aircraft. It is an exciting profession as it is
focused on the development and use of various technologies
relevant to a rapidly changing, high-tech industry. When
compared to other fields of mechanical engineering
aerospace engineering is complex and highly demanding.
ACOUSTICAL ENGINEERING:
This is rather an excellent degree to choose for
those who want wider prospects for scientific and
engineering career options. It is a branch of engineering that
basically deals with the measurement and analysis of sound
and vibration. Acoustical engineers apply the science of sound
and vibration to real world technologies.

AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING
This specialised branch of mechanical
engineering deals with vehicles that ply on roads rather than
sea or air. Again it could involved several sub-parameters
which in turn require specialized skills of their own such as
safety engineer, design engineer and so on, who take care of
different aspects of automotive engineering during its design,
manufacturing or maintenance.
HVAC ENGINEERING
Climate and weather are natural phenomenon,
but we can still control the elements at least within a finite
space and that is all what HVAC engineering is all about. It
stands for Heating, Ventilation & Air-Conditioning engineering
and includes principles of thermodynamics, fluid transfer etc.

MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING:
It is a discipline of engineering that involves the
designing, analysing and applying of manufacturing techniques and
methods for the production of quality products at cost-effective
prices. In short it encompasses all aspects of manufacturing a
product. It is an interface between the design and the actual
product. Manufacturing engineers design the product and decide
how to build the product after designing.
THERMAL ENGINEERING:
This is related to the study of systems that transfer
heat between two medians and the conversion of heat into other
useful forms of energy. It is one of the most lucrative fields as
thermal engineering is important to design any machine. Thermal
engineers focus on thermodynamics, design of heating and cooling
equipment and power management.

POWER PLANT ENGINEERING:
Every process requires power and energy and
this is generated in power plants which could be different
in their modes of production such as thermal, nuclear,
hydro etc. This branch of mechanical engineering mainly
utilizes the principles of thermodynamics and uses
equipment like alternators, boilers etc.
MARINE ENGINEERING:
This branch of mechanical engineering relates
to the operation and maintenance of propulsion and other
machines on board ships. The machinery on a ship ranges
from main propulsion plant, auxiliary generators, boilers,
purifiers, pumps, and so forth.

PRODUCTION ENGINEERING:
This is a unique branch of engineering which
deals with techniques and tools used in manufacturing
industries. In short it is a combination of manufacturing
technology with management science. It is also a fast
growing engineering stream.
VEHICLE ENGINEERING:
Vehicle engineering comprises of automobile
engineering, marine engineering and the aeronautical
engineering. It deals with the study related to the design,
manufacture and operation of systems that drives and
controls vehicles.

COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING
Known more popularly as CAE and used in
combination with CAD (Computer Aided Design) and CAM
(Computer Aided Manufacturing), it is mainly refers to the
use of computers and relevant software for carrying out
design, analysis, simulation of various machines and
procedures. It is used in various disciplines such as
automobile design, naval architecture etc. to name a few.
MECHATRONICS
Mechatronics is a recent addition to the
mechanical engineering branch and refers to a
combination of mechanical, computer and electronics
engineering. Hence it can said to be a hybrid branch which
cover several fields at the same time.

LECTURE-3
Scope of Mechanical Engineering

 There is a huge demand for skilled mechanical engineers in
India and abroad.
 The expertise of a mechanical engineer is required in
manufacturing industries like automobiles, aviation, etc.
 In the recent times and due to the advent in technology, the
skills of a mechanical engineer is sought in fields such as
nano-technology, biomedical engineering, energy
conservation and more.
 According to reports, the growth in this industry it is said
within the next few years, mechanical engineering will be the
highest paid career option
What is the scope of mechanical engineering?

 Mechanical Engineers are required in all manufacturing facilities.
 The working criteria of a mechanical engineer changes according to
the type and domain of the company they are working with and the
area of specialization.
 In a broader sense it can be said that mechanical engineer works
on design and control of a system that goes into the process of
manufacturing the machinery and product.
 He tests new systems for feasibility and efficiency and carries out
quality management and improvement process.
What is the scope of mechanical engineering?

There is tremendous scope for mechanical engineers in,
1. Automobile Engineering
2. Cement Industry
3. Steel
4. Power Sector
5. Hydraulics
6. Manufacturing Plants
7. Drilling And Mining Industry
8. Petroleum
9. Aeronautical
10.Biotechnology
11.Environmental And Bio-medical Fields.
SCOPE OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING?

SCOPE OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

So there is wide scope of job avenues for Mechanical
Engineers in India. Few job avenues are highlighted below:
 Aerospace industry – researches, designs, manufactures, operates
and maintains aircraft
 Automotive industry – designs, manufactures, distributes and
markets motor vehicles
 Chemical industry – covers oil companies, chemicals
manufacturers and the businesses that support them (e.g. to build
new plants or develop new process technologies)
 Construction industry – designs and builds infrastructure, buildings
and buildings services (e.g. heating and ventilation)
 Defence industry – provides equipment, support and services for
the armed forces and national security
 Electronics industry – designs and manufactures components and
complete equipment for sectors from automotive to medicine and
the military
Future Job Scope of Mechanical engineering:

 Fast moving consumer goods industry – manufactures products
such as household cleaning items, personal hygiene goods and
convenience foods
 Marine industry – develops and helps operate vessels
 Materials and metals industry – activities include developing new
materials and manufacturing components or end products
 Pharmaceuticals industry – develops and manufactures drugs
 Rail industry – designs, constructs, manages and maintains rail
system components from trains and tracks to electrical power
systems and train control systems
 Utilities industry – helps supply power, water, waste management
and telecoms

A beginner in Mechanical Engineering can opt
for various job openings such as:
1. Maintenance Engineer
2. safety Engineer
3. Quality Assurance
4. CNC Programmer
5. Jr. Engineer
6. Design Engineer
7. CAD/CAM Trainer
8. Production Supervisor/Engineer
9. R&D Trainee etc.

The scope for mechanical engineers are in the
rise and it is evident from the following facts,
1. Growth rate of Indian economy
2. Government push for infrastructure development
3. Start-up India Plan, that eases obtaining of bank loans,
licenses & registrations
4. Huge foreign direct investments
5. Make in India scheme
6. Lot of MNCs setting up their R&D centres in India
7. More infrastructures are being built to encourage
innovation

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R&D):
This is an exciting role and the job
responsibilities involve developing new products & design by
doing market research and implementing them to find out
the possibilities. This will be a very good choice if you are
interested to learn new things and explore latest
technologies.
DESIGN:
This job role involves the drafting of technical
drawings, design criterion either manually or with the aid of
computers. This will be an ideal role for you if you are good
with drawings and computer software.
JOB PROFILES OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

PRODUCTION:
This job role mainly involves the
supervision of manufacturing process of components
and machines. If you are interested in manufacturing
process and want to get experienced with the
techniques involved in production this will be a very
good field for you.
ANALYSIS & TESTING:
The job role is to analyse & test the
different types of machines and their parts to ensure
that they don’t have any faults and function flawlessly.
This will be a very good option for you if like to get
experienced in the production process.

INSTALLATION:
This role involves the application knowledge
of professional to install machines and mechanical parts
at the industries and client location. This role mostly
requires application knowledge. So, if you are the one
who is good at application not in theory this will be the
right field for you.
MAINTENANCE:
The primary role involved in this job is to
ensure that the machinery is working as per the
specifications without any faults. Most of the core
industries have a dedicated team who does the
maintenance of their products, machines, and
equipment. This role also requires more of practical and
application knowledge.

Types Of Manufacturing Processes
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Manufacturing engineering or manufacturing
process are the steps through which raw materials are
transformed into a final product. These materials are then
modified through manufacturing processes to become the
required part.
(OR)
Manufacturing process is basically a complex
activity, concerned with people who've a broad number of
disciplines and expertise and a wide range of machinery, tools,
and equipment with numerous levels of automation, such as
computers, robots, and other equipment. Manufacturing
pursuits must be receptive to several needs and
developments.
WHAT IS MANUFACTURING PROCESS?

Manufacturing Process
“The Process of Converting Raw
Materials Into Products”

1. To change the physical properties of the raw
material.
2. To change the shape and size of the work piece.
3. To produce required dimensional accuracy
(tolerances) and surface finish.
FUNCTIONS INVOLVE IN MANUFACTURING PROCESS

1. Meeting performance requirements (i.e. tolerances, strength,
weight, etc.)
2. Meeting cost of production requirements
3. Ability to reproduce constant quality during mass production
4. Large manufactured components should have uniform material
properties throughout the component
GOALS AND CORE PRINCIPLES FOR ALL
PROCESSES

Manufacturing a Product: General
Considerations
1. Material Selection
2. Processing Methods
3. Final Shape and Appearance
4. Dimensional and Surface Finish
5. Economics of Tooling
6. Design Requirements
7. Safety and Environmental Concerns

Manufacturing Processes for Metals
• Manufacturing Processes - classification -
1. Casting A manufacturing process that pours a liquid
material into a hollow mold until the material cools into a
solidified shape
2. Forming operations change the geometry of the starting
material without cutting it.
3. Material removal or Machining processes remove a part of
the starting material using a tool to get the desired
geometry
4. Joining or Combining processes join two materials or
deposit material onto the exterior surface of the starting
material
• 2

Types of Manufacturing Processes
1. Casting: expendable mold and permanent mold.
2. Forming and Shaping: rolling, forging, extrusion, drawing,
sheet forming, powder metallurgy, molding
3. Machining: turning, boring, drilling, milling, planning,
shaping, broaching, grinding, ultrasonic machining, chemical
machining, electrical discharge machining (EDM),
electrochemical machining, high-energy beam machining
4. Joining: welding, brazing, soldering, diffusion bonding,
adhesive bonding, mechanical joining
5. Finishing: honing, lapping, polishing, burnishing, deburring,
surface treating, coating, plating

1. Casting Processes
Introduction of molten metal into a mold cavity; upon
solidification, metal conforms to the shape of the cavity.
Die Casting Sand Casting

 Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid
material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a
hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to
solidify.
(or)
 A material in a liquid or semisolid form is poured or forced
to flow into a die cavity and allowed to solidify, thus taking
the solid shape of the cavity
Casting Processes
Examples: door handles, locks, the outer casing or housing for
motors, pumps, etc., wheels of many cars. Casting is also heavily
used in the toy industry to make parts, e.g. toy cars, planes etc

Casting Processes Classifications
Examples: door handles, locks, the outer casing or housing for
motors, pumps, etc., wheels of many cars. Casting is also heavily
used in the toy industry to make parts, e.g. toy cars, planes etc

11/23/2021 160
SAND CASTING PROCESS
 Most sand casting operations use silica sand (SiO2).
 A great advantage of sand in manufacturing applications is
that sand is inexpensive.
 Another advantage of sand to manufacture products by metal
casting processes, is that sand is very resistant to elevated
temperatures.
 In fact, sand casting is one of the few processes that can be
used for metals with high melting temperatures such as
steels, nickel, and titanium.
 Usually sand used to manufacture a mould for the casting
process is held together by a mixture of water and clay.
 A typical mixture by volume could be 89% sand, 4% water,
7% clay. Control of all aspects of the properties of sand is
crucial when manufacturing parts by sand casting, therefore
a sand laboratory is usually attached to the foundry.

11/23/2021 161
SAND CASTING PROCESS

 PATTERN: A pattern is made of wood or metal, is a replica
of the final
productand is used forpreparing mould cavity
 RISER: A column of metal placed in the mold to feed the
casting as it shrinks and solidifies. Also known as a "feed
head."
 RUNNER: The channel through which the molten metal is
carried from the sprue to thegate.
 CORES: A separated part of the mold, made of sand and
generally baked, which is used to create openings and
various shaped cavities in thecasting.
 GATE: A channel through which the molten metal enters
the casting
cavity.

PARTING LINE: Joint where mold separates to permit removal of
the pattern and which shows how and where toopen the mold.
SAND: A sand which binds strongly without losing its
permeability toairorgases.
CHAPLET: A metal support used to hold a core in place in a mold.
BINDERS: Materials used to hold molding sandtogether.
POURING BASIN: Filling the mold with molten metal.
SHRINKAGE: The decrease in volume when molten metal
solidifies.
MOULD: The mould contains a cavity whose geometry determines
the shape of cast part. Mold material should posses refractory
characteristicsand with stand the pouring temperature

11/23/2021 165
SAND CASTING OPERATIONS
 The sand casting operation involves the pouring of the
molten metal into the sand mould, the solidification of the
casting within the mould, and the removal of the casting.
 Of specific interest to sand casting would be; the effect and
dissipation of heat through the particular sand mould mixture
during the casting's solidification, the effect of the flow of
liquid metal on the integrity of the mould, (mould sand
mixture properties and binder issues), and the escape of
gases through the mixture.
 Sand usually has the ability to withstand extremely high
temperature levels, and generally allows the escape of gases
quite well.

11/23/2021 166
SAND CASTING OPERATIONS
 Manufacturing with sand casting allows the creation of
castings with complex geometry.
 Sand casting manufacture, however, only imparts a fair
amount of dimensional accuracy to the cast part.
 After the sand casting is removed from the sand mould it is
shaken out, all the sand is otherwise removed from the
casting, and the gating system is cut off the part.
 The part may then undergo further manufacturing
processes such as heat treatment, machining, and/or metal
forming. Inspection is always carried out on the finished
part to evaluate the effectiveness and satisfaction of its
manufacture.

Casting Processes-Flow Diagram

Advantages Disadvantages Recommended
Application
Least Expensive in small
quantities
Ferrous and non -
ferrous metals may be
cast
Possible to cast very
large parts.
• Least expensive
tooling
Dimensional accuracy
inferior to other
processes, requires
larger tolerances
Castings usually
exceed calculated
weight
Surface finish of
ferrous castings
usually exceeds 125
RMS
Use when
strength/weight ratio
permits
Tolerances, surface
finish and low
machining cost does
not warrant a more
expensive process

The various casting processes are classified
according to these different moulds
1. Open Mould
2. Closed Mould

• Open mould
in which the liquid metal is simply
poured until it fills the open cavity. (fig. a)
•Closed mould
the closed mold is provided to permit the
molten metal to flow from outside the mold cavity.
(fig. b)
• the closed mold is more important categories in
production casting operation.

Comparison of Casting Processes

Applications of Casting Processes

Forming and Shaping Processes
Bulk deformation processes that induce shape changes
by plastic deformation under forces applied by tools
and dies.
Forging
Extrusion

2.Forming Processes
• Forming processes are particular manufacturing processes which
make use of suitable stresses (like compression, tension, shear or
combined stresses) which cause plastic deformation of the
materials to produce required shapes.
• The main material used is metal due to the massive need for
various products demanded by the public, nevertheless other
compounds like plastic can be formed too due to a big market for
plastic based products.
• During forming processes no material is removed, i.e. they are
deformed and displaced.

Types of Forming Processes
Some of example of forming processes are:
1. Forging
2. Extrusion
3. Rolling
4. Sheet metal working
5. Rotary swaging
6. Thread rolling
7. Explosive forming
8. Electromagnetic forming

Forming Processes
Types of Forging Processes
There are basically three methods (or processes)
to make a forged part.
1. Impression Die Forging
2. Open Die Forging
3. Flash less Forging

Machining Processes
Material removal from a work piece: cutting, grinding,
nontraditional machining processes.
Milling Lathe Machine

It is a metal removing operation from the
work piece with the help of machine tools
and cutting tools. Metal is removed in the
form of chip from theworkpiece.
Machining is any of various processes in
which a piece of raw material is cut into a
desired final shape and size by a
controlled material-removal process.

1. Lathe machines,
2. Drilling machines,
3. Grinders,
4. Shaping machines,
5. Planning Machines,
6. Milling Machines
7. Boring Machines
8. Metal Cutting Saws

Bed
Legs
Headstock
Gear Box
Carriage
The saddle
The cross slide
The compound rest
The tool post
The apron
Tailstock

 The lathe is a machine tool which
holds the workpiece between two rigid
and strong supports called centers or
in a chuck or face plate which revolves.
 The cutting tool is rigidly held and
supported in a tool post which is fed
against the revolving work.
 The normal cutting operations are
performed with the cutting tool fed
either parallel or at right angles to the
axis of the work.

A lathe machineisspecified bythe following
 Heightof thecenters measured from the lathebed.
 Swingdiameteroverbed. Thisthe largestdiameterof
work piece which will revolve without touching the
bed. It is equal twice the height of centers from the
bed.
 Swingdiameterovercarriage. Itis the largestdiameter
that can revolve over the cross-slide. This always less
than the swing diameteroverthebed.
 Maximum bar diameter. This is the maximum
diameter thatwill pass through the head stock
spindle.
 Length of thebed.

Lathes can beclassified into
following threetypes
 Engine Lathes
Lightweight bench enginelathe
Precision Tool Room lathes
Gap lathes
 TurretLathes
 Special Purpose lathes

 Turning –Plain turning , Step turning
 Facing
 TaperTurning
 Drilling
 Boring
 Reaming
 Knurling
 Forming
 Chamfering
 Parting Off
 Threading or threadcutting

 Turning is the removal
of metal from the outer
diameter of a rotating
cylindrical workpiece.
Turning is used to
reduce the diameter of
the workpiece, usually
to a specified
dimension, and to
produce a smooth finish
on the metal.
 Often the workpiece
will be turned so that
adjacent sections have
different diameters.

Plain or Straight Turning. Plain turning originated in the watch industry and is
used to manufacture long, slim parts from rod stock or wire. On the plain lathe
the rod material is clamped in a chuck and pushed through a guide sleeve.

A step turning operation is performed using a wide tool after the plain turning
operation. The work is held in between the lathe centers or with the chuck and
the tool is held at the height of the axis of the work.

Facing is a lathe operation in which the cutting tool removes metal from the end
of the workpiece or a shoulder.

Taper Turning: The taper turning is an operation of producing a conical surface
by gradual reduction in the diameter of a cylindrical workpiece.

Knurling is a process of impressing a diamond shaped or straight line pattern
into the surface of a workpiece by using specially shaped hardened metal
wheels to improve its appearance and to provide a better gripping surface.

Drilling is a cutting process that uses
a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross-
section in solid materials.
Boring is the process of enlarging a hole
that has already been drilled

Boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has already been drilled

 Grooving: Grooving is the act of making grooves of reduced diameter in the
workpiece.
 Parting: Parting is the act of making parts is cut out without unclamping the
job or workpiece.

Chamfering: Chamfering removes the burrs and sharp edges, and thus makes the
handling safe. Chamfering can be done by a form tool having angle equal to chamfer
which is generally kept at 45°.

Threading: Threading is the act of cutting of the required form of
threads on the internal or external cylindrical surfaces.

Parameters:-
1. Cutting Speeds
2. Setting Speed and Feed
3. spindle speed
4. Turning with Hand Feed
5. Depth of cut
6. Feed rate
7. Tool geometry
8. Machine/ Spindle Power
9. Coolant

 Drilling is an
operation through
which a drilled hole
is produced in ajob.
The machine tool
used in this case is
called drilling
machine and the
cutting tool used is
called a drill bit or
drill.

1.Portable drilling
2.Sensitive or Bench Drilling
3.Radial Drilling
4.Pillar drilling
5.Gang Drilling
6.Multiple Spindle Drilling

 It is intended for drilling medium to large and heavy workpieces.
 The machine consists of a heavy, round, vertical column mounted on a large base. The
column supports a radial arm which can be raised and lowered to accommodate work pieces
of different heights.

Component's:
1. Base
2. Column
3. Table & Its Clamp
4. Spindle
5. Spindle Head
6. Drill
7. Feed Handle
8. Power transmission
9. A.C/D.C Motor
 It is a small machine designed for drilling small holes at high speeds in light jobs. Total drilling operation
is manually controlled.
 The machine is capable of drilling holes from 1.5 to 15mm diameter.

Component's:
1. Base
2. Column
3. Table & Its Clamp
4. Spindle
5. Spindle Head
6. Drill
7. Feed Handle
8. Power transmission
9. A.C/D.C Motor

 Drilling : Operationof producing acylindrical hole inasolid
body by means of adrill.
 Reaming : Operation of finishing the drilled hole (that is
achieving theclosertolerancesand desired surfacefinish) by
means of areamer.
 Boring : Adrilled holecan beenlarged also by meansof boring
tool on the drillmachine.
 CounterBoring : Enlarging thediameterof thedrilled hole
onlyupto certaindepth. Forthiscounterboring tool isused.
 CounterSinking : Itisenlarging thetopend of adrilled
holeand giving itaconical shape bythe helpof acounter
sinking tool.
 SpotFacing : Squaring thesurfaceatthetopend of a holeto
providea trueseat forthe bolt head orcollar.
 Tapping : A tapcan berotated insideanalreadydrilled
holeto produce internal threads.

Impact of industrial development on economy
and environment of country
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http://www.sviva.gov.il/English/env_topics/IndustryAndBusinessLicensing
/Pages/EnvironmentalImpactOfBusiness.aspx

 Industrialization is the process by which an economy
moves from primarily agrarian production to mass-
produced, technologically advanced goods and
services.
 This phase is characterized by exponential leaps in
productivity, shifts from rural to urban labour, and
increased standards of living.
 By typical measurements, such as income per capita
or labour productivity, industrialization can be
considered the most important economic
development in human history.
INDUSTRIALIZATION

 The major industrial shifts in Western economies
occurred during the Industrial Revolution of the 18th
and 19th centuries.
 Economic historians tend to point to four significant
national industrializations:
1. The original industrialization in Great Britain
between 1760 and 1860;
2. The industrialization of the United States from
1790 until 1870;
3. The unmatched industrial gains in Japan between
the 1880s and 1970; and
4. The industrialization of China from 1960 until
contemporary times.
INDUSTRIALIZATION

Role of Mechanical Engineer in Society
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1) Read and interpret blueprints, technical drawings, schematics, and
computer-generated reports.
2) Confer with engineers and other personnel to implement operating
procedures, resolve system malfunctions, and provide technical information.
3) Research and analyze customer design proposals, specifications, manuals,
and other data to evaluate the feasibility, cost, and maintenance
requirements of designs or applications.
4) Specify system components or direct modification of products to ensure
conformance with engineering design and performance specifications.
5) Research, design, evaluate, install, operate, and maintain mechanical
products, equipment, systems and processes to meet requirements, applying
knowledge of engineering principles.
ROLE OF MECHANICAL ENGINEER IN SOCIETY

6) Investigate equipment failures and difficulties to diagnose faulty
operation, and to make recommendations to maintenance crew.
7) Assist drafters in developing the structural design of products,
using drafting tools or computer-assisted design/drafting
equipment and software.
8) Provide feedback to design engineers on customer problems and
needs.

9) Oversee installation, operation, maintenance, and repair to
ensure that machines and equipment are installed and functioning
according to specifications.
10) Conduct research that tests and analyzes the feasibility, design,
operation and performance of equipment, components and
systems.
11) Recommend design modifications to eliminate machine or
system malfunctions

12) Develop and test models of alternate designs and processing
methods to assess feasibility, operating condition effects, possible
new applications and necessity of modification.
13) Develop, coordinate, and monitor all aspects of production,
including selection of manufacturing methods, fabrication, and
operation of product designs.
14) Estimate costs and submit bids for engineering, construction, or
extraction projects, and prepare contract documents.

15) Perform personnel functions, such as supervision of production
workers, technicians, technologists and other engineers, and design
of evaluation programs.
16) Solicit new business and provide technical customer service.
17) Establish and coordinate the maintenance and safety
procedures, service schedule, and supply of materials required to
maintain machines and equipment in the prescribed condition.
18) Study industrial processes to determine where and how
application of equipment can be made.

19) Write performance requirements for product development or
engineering projects.
20) Apply engineering principles and practices to emerging fields,
such as robotics, waste management, and biomedical engineering.
21) Design test control apparatus and equipment and develop
procedures for testing products.

Mechanical engineers and society

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