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草莓栽培與管理技術
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這是個完整的草莓種植技術的簡報檔,你如果是地植草莓,可以認真看。
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草莓栽培與管理技術
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草莓栽培與管理技術 2012 年 3
月
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目 錄 一、草莓生物學特徵 二、草莓栽培的自然條件 三、草莓的選種和育苗 四、草莓田間栽培及管理 五、草莓的採收
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一、草莓生物學特徵 1 、草莓又叫紅莓、地莓等,是一種紅色 的水果。為薔薇科多年生草本,原產於美洲 ,在我國栽培的為園藝雜交品種。 2 、果外觀呈心形,鮮美紅嫩,果肉多汁 ,含有特殊的濃郁水果芳香。 3
、花兩性,聚傘花序, 1-6 朵,萼片卵 狀披針形,花瓣 5 ,圓形,白色;雄蕊 20 枚。 4 、自然生長花期 4-7 月,果期 6-8 月。 5 、目前中國草莓栽培居世界第二位。
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草莓花 草莓果
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人 們 食 用 的 鮮 果
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二、草莓栽培的自然條件 草莓具喜光耐蔭;喜水怕澇;喜肥怕旱 等特點,一般的中性土壤均可栽培。所以應 選擇地面平整,陽光充足,土壤肥沃,疏鬆 透氣,排灌方便且交通方便等地方作為栽培 草莓的用地。 草莓可作大面積露地栽培、大棚栽培及 花盆栽培等。 另注意:栽培上應選擇與草莓無共同病 害的前茬,如有線蟲為害的葡萄園和已刨去 老樹的果園,未經土壤消毒不宜種植草莓。
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草莓露天地膜栽 培
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草莓室內無土栽 培
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草莓室內大棚地膜栽培
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三、草莓的選種和育苗 應選擇有利於本地方生長條件的草莓品 種,如寶交早生作為主栽品種,授粉品種可 搭配春香、明寶、明晶等。 草莓的育種均採用匍匐莖營養繁殖為主 。一般選擇地面平坦,土壤肥沃,疏鬆透氣 ,半陰半陽,排灌方便等地方作為草莓育苗 之地。 育苗方式有自然繁殖和營養杯繁殖兩種 。
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育苗所用的發酵性堆肥
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草莓育苗繁殖方式
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健 壯 的 草 莓 苗
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四、草莓的田間栽培及管理 1 、土壤準備
栽植草莓前要耕翻土壤,深 30cm 左右 ,要求沉實平整,如園地雜草多,可在耕翻 前半個月左右噴 10% 草甘磷等除草劑,待 草枯死後再耕地。 結合翻地施入基肥,一般每畝 5000 千 克腐蝕性農家肥,另加 50 千克過磷酸鈣和 50 千克氯化鉀,或加 50 千克氮磷鉀三元合 肥料。因草莓的生長週期短,在生長期內不 便施肥,所以要求一次性施足底肥。
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栽前的準備工作
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2 、田間種植 首先準備秧苗:對葡匐莖苗要求無病蟲害,有較多 新根,根莖粗度在 1
釐米以上,至少有 4 片展開葉,中 心芽飽滿,葉柄短粗,起苗前先割除老葉,留 2~3 片心 葉,就近栽植,最好隨起苗隨栽苗。 然後進行栽植: ( 1 )栽植密度:每畝草莓的株數在 1 萬株左右。 ( 2 )栽植方向:栽苗時將新莖的弓背朝固定的方向 。 ( 3 )栽植深度:應掌握“深不埋心,淺不露根”原則 。 ( 4 )操作方法:先把土挖開,將根舒展置於穴內, 然後填入細土,壓實,並輕輕提一苗,使根系與土緊密 結合,栽後立即澆 1 次定根水。
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草莓示範性栽培
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3 、田間管理 ( 1
)施追肥:在開花前可葉面噴 0.3% 尿 素或 0.3% 磷酸二氫鉀 2-3 次;在坐果後噴施磷 酸二氫鉀 1-2 次,可促進植株健壯生長和花芽 分化。 ( 2 )疏花疏果:每株草莓一般有 2-3 個花 序可著生 3-30 朵花,過高則不孕成為無效花, 應及時疏去無效花和畸形果,病蟲果等。 ( 3 )打芽除老葉:在果期要打側芽與弱芽 ,以利通風透光。 ( 4 )果實墊草:在沒有地膜覆蓋栽培的草 莓園,應在開花 2-3 周後,在草莓株叢間鋪草 ,墊於果實下面,以提高商品價值。
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管理—疏花蔬果
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管理—墊果
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4 、病蟲害防治 ( 1
)栽植健康苗,降低病菌感染率。 ( 2 )加強栽培管理,調節土壤 PH 值。 ( 3 )用生石灰進行土壤消毒。 ( 4 )定植時汰除病苗。 ( 5 )及時進行蔬花蔬果和剔除病枝。 ( 6 )及時預防,加強對病情診斷和防治。
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● 農藥選用 國家禁用農藥種類:六六六、滴滴涕 、毒殺酚、殺蟲脒、除草醚、汞製劑、砷類 、鉛類等。 栽培草莓可選用:農用鏈黴素、井岡黴 素等低毒殺菌劑,及代森錳鋅、百菌清、多 菌靈、甲托、粉鏽寧等廣譜低毒殺菌劑進行 防治草莓病害。
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■ 常用農藥種類
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五、草莓的採收 當草莓果實著色達 80 %時即可採 收。採收所使用的工具要清潔衛生, 採收時要輕拿輕放。 盛裝果的藍或框要保證清潔衛生 ,採摘果實進框後不要進行第二次倒 果轉盛,要一次性完成采裝工作,然 後進行暫冷處理後即可運輸上市。
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成熟果實要及時採收
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