2.  Introduction of drug delivery in lung.
 Overview the physiology of
respiratory system.
 Route of administration in lung drug
delivery.
 Drug delivery for lung cancer.
 Drug delivery for tuberculosis.

3.  Delivery drug to the respiratory system is
performed for diagnostics and treatment of
local disorders.
 Respiratory tract may be used to gain
systemic absorption (without first-past
metabolism).
 The main types of dosage form: solutions
(for nebulisation) and particles (drug powder
or aerosol)

4.  Ensure the required dose of drug is delivery
to the site of action  minimize the incidence
of side effects.
 Large surface area of the lung  offer the
aviable alternative to parenteral medications.
 Rapid onset of action following respiratory
drug delivery  beneficial for the treatment
of ashma.
 Portable, convenient for the patients to carry.

5.  In some dosage forms, coordination is
required between activating the inhaler and
inspiration. If not, drug may deposits in the
upper air way.
 Deposition of drug to lower airway may be
impeded in presence of high volume of
mucus.
 The physical stability of pharmaceutical
aerosols may be problematic.

7.  The role of respiratory tract is in the transfer
of oxygen in to the blood from inspired air.
 The diffusion barrier between the blood
supply and the alveoli is relatively thin,
enabling rapid drug diffusion and absorption.
 The epithelial cells are ciliated and
responsible for the transport tract for
subsequent elimination.

8.  Delivery into lungs for diagnostic
purposes.
 Oral administration.
 Inhaled administration: dry powder
carriers or suspension.

9.  Instilled iodinated nanoparticles (Ketai et al)
 result in a contrast enhancement.
 Magnetic nanoparticles for diagnostics: need
more details research to be used as a safe
diagnostic tools.
 Nanoparticles seem to be promising and
powerful tool for imaging purposes of the
lung.

10.  Oral route is convenient for drug
administration of conventional dosage form.
 Oral delivery of nanoparticles for drug
targeting has not shown in the past
promising results.
 Oral delivery of NPs might not be the
proper route of administration to reach the
lungs.

12. Use for:
 many classes of drugs and
applications (including anti-
tumor therapy, gene therapy,
AIDS therapy, radiotherapy)
 in the delivery of
macromolecules (peptides and
proteins or small molecules as
antibiotics, virostatics and
vaccines)

13.  Advantages:
- The dose needed to produce a
pharmacological effect can be reduced (cf. oral
dosing);
- Low concentrations in the systemic circulation
are associated with reduced systemic side-
effects;
- Rapid onset of action;
- Avoidance of gastrointestinal upset;
- Avoidance of intestinal and hepatic
first-pass metabolism.

14.  Disadvantages:
- Oropharyngeal deposition may give local
side-effects;
- Patients may have difficulty using the delivery
devices correctly.

15.  The dispersed phase
may be liquid, solid or
a combination of the
two.
 Atomization is the
process by which an
aerosol is produced
and
 can be electrically,
pneumatically or
mechanically powered.

16. Categories:
 Nubilizer

17. The therapeutic AEROSOL
Categories:
 Nubilizer
 Pressurized metered-dose inhaler
(pMDI);

18. The therapeutic AEROSOL
Categories:
 Nubilizer
 Pressurized metered-dose inhaler
(pMDI);
 Dry powder inhaler (DPI)

19. The therapeutic AEROSOL

20.  Delivery of nanoparticles using dry
powder carriers
 Delivery of nanoparticle suspensions
using nebulization

21.  Delivery of nanoparticles using dry powder
carriers
 used “ultrafine” hydrophilic particles ( HPMCP <
100nm) + hydrophobic drug  improve the
aerosolization properties
 mixed the surface modified drug powder
dispersion with lactose  improve better
dispersion in inhalation
 spray- or freeze-dried
  Dry powder

22.  Delivery of nanoparticle suspensions using
nebulization
Advantage:
+ Preventing the aggregation.
Disadvantage:
+ The physical and chemical properties.

23. Toxicity of
inhaled ultrafine
particles (UFP;
<100 nm
aerodynamic
diameter)

24.  Delivery of nanoparticle suspensions using
nebulization
diethylaminopropyl amine-poly (vinyl alcohol)-
grafted-poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (DEAPA-PVAL-
g-PLGA), as well as with increasing amounts of
carboxy methyl cellulose.
 this new polymer has high encapsulation
efficiency for drug molecules by utilizing
electrostatic interactions.

25.  Nanomedicine has the potential to significally
change the course of diagnostics and
treatment of cancer.
 Cancer nanomedicine provides:
1. Sensitive cancer detection (early detection).
2. Enhance treatment efficacy.
3. Significantly minimize adverse effects
associated with standard therapeutics.

26.  Same size scale with biomolecules (receptors,
antibodies and nucleic acids): can be
functionalized with biomolecules  target
specific organelles.
 Targeting specific cells: NPs can release
therapeutic payload at cancer sites
 reducing nonspecific toxicity.
 Detect cancer in very small amount of cells or
tissues.

27.  High surface areas  Higher therapeutic
payload.
 Delivered and recognized by a receptor
 high-dose therapeutic load released
can damage to cancer cells at targeted
site

28.  Nanostructures can overcome solubility
and stability issues through surface
modification/ wrappings or additional
formulation.
 Nanostructure have novel physical
properties, which can be utilized for
bioimaging.

29. Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.
tuberculosis)
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)

30. SYMPTOMS
-The primary stage of TB does
not cause symptoms. When
symptoms of pulmonary TB occur,
they can include:
+Cough (usually with mucus)
+Coughing up blood
+Excessive sweating, especially
at night
+Fatigue
+Fever
+Weight loss
-Other symptoms that can occur:
+Breathing difficulty
+Chest pain
+Wheezing
TREAMENT:
-Commonly used drugs
include:
+Isoniazid
+Rifampin
+Pyrazinamide
+Ethambutol
-Other drugs that may be used
to treat TB include:
+Amikacin
+Ethionamide
+Moxifloxacin
+Para-aminosalicylic
acid
+Streptomycin