sedative means a drug that decreases excitement and produces a calming effect but not produces sleep. where hypnotic produce sleep

1. Sedative & hypnotics
• Sedative produce calming effect, reduced excitement without inducing a
sleep , drowsiness may be produce
• It decrease in motor & ideation
• Hypnotics produce a sleep which is resemble to natural sleep.

2. Classification of sleep
• NREM (non rapid eye movement) 0 to 4 stages
• REM (rapid eye movement)
• Rapid eye movement
• associated with dreaming, enhanced heart rate, breathing & brain activity,
relaxation of voluntary muscle, dream can be recall.

3. Classification of sleep
• Non rapid eye movement
• Stage 0 = from a lying down to fall a sleep
• Stage 1 = eye movement decrease, body muscle relaxed.
• Stage 2 = more decrease eye movement, person may arousable.
• Stage 3 = deeper sleep with min. eye movement.
• Stage 4 = deepest sleep, metabolic rate low, GH hormone secretion high,
muscle are fully relaxed.

4. Classification of sedative-hypnotic drugs
• Benzodiazepine
• Barbiturate
• Non – benzodiazepine

5. Benzodiazepines
• Hypnotics : diazepam, alprazolam, flurazepam
• Anti-anxiety : diazepam, lorazepam, clorazepams
• Anti-convulsant : diazepam, lorazepam, clonazepam

6. Barbiturates
• Long acting : phenobarbitone, Mephobarbitone
• Short acting : butobarbitone, Sacobarbitone, pentobarbitone
• Ultrashort acting : thiopentone, methohexitone, hexabarbitone

7. Non benzodiazepine
• Zopiclone
• Zolpidem

8. Mechanism of action benzodiazepam
• Bind to specific site of GABA – Benzodiazepine receptor.
• Enhance receptor affinity for GABA
• Chlorine channel opening & increase chlorine conduction
• Neuronal membrane hyperpolarization
• Do not quick produce depolarization
• Decrease sympathetic transmission
• CNS depression

9. Action of benzodiazepam
• Sedative & hypnotic
• Reduction of anxiety
• Amnesia
• Muscle relaxants
• Anti-convulsant

10. Mechanism of action barbiturate
• Bind to specific site GABA – barbiturate
• Chlorine channel opening & increase chlorine conduction
• Hyperpolarization
• Do not quick produce depolarization
• Decrease sympathetic transmission
• Produced CNS depression

11. Action of benzodiazepam
• CNS : sedation & hypnotic, reduce anxiety, produce euphoria, anticonvulsant
• Respiration : respiratory depression, respiratory paralysis (high doses)
• Cardiovascular : slightly reduce blood pressure + heart rate
• Skeletal muscle : muscle relaxants, decrease excitability at neuromuscular
junction
• Acute barbiturate poisoning (6 to 10 mg) : respiratory depression, blood
pressure decrease.

12. Thank you
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