4. Naturally recurring,periodic state of depression of consciousness,relatively
inhibited sensory activity and inhibition of voluntary muscles.There is decreased
ability to react to stimuli but person is arousable.
Non-rapid eye movement(NREM) sleep: 70%-75%
Stage 1,2 (Thinking when awakened)
Stage 3,4:slow wave sleep, SWS(restoration )
Stage4-low metabolic rate & GH secretion highest,NIGHT TERRORS
Rapid eye movement(REM) sleep-about 20-25%-
dreams, tachycardia,relaxation of voluntary muscles,(dreaming when
awakened),consolidation of learning,NIGHT MARES
Normal sleep
4
9. SEDATIVE
Drugs that have an inhibitory effect on the CNS to the degree that they
reduce:
– Nervousness
– Excitability
– Irritability without causing sleep
(McKenry et al., 2003)
An effective sedative agent should reduce anxiety and exert a calming
effect with little or no effect on motor or mental functions.
(Katzung et al., ed 11)
9
10. HYPNOTICS
• Calm or soothe the CNS to the point that they
cause sleep
• A hypnotic drug should produce drowsiness and encourage
the onset and maintenance of a state of sleep that as far as
possible resembles the natural sleep state.
• A sedative can become a hypnotic if it is given in large enough
doses dose dependent
(Katzung; Goodman & Gilman)
10
11. Anxiolytic & Hypnotic drugs
• Anxiety (adaptive response)
– Intense ,excessive and persistent worry and fear about
everyday situations. When bcm all consuming and interfere
with daily living.
– Among other fear responses include defensive behaviors,
autonomic reflexes, arousal and alertness, corticoid
secretion and negative emotions
20. Site of action
BZD-depresses-
LIMBIC SYSTEM > RAS
(thoughts & mental functions) wakefulness
***ANXIOLYTIC WITH LESS Sedative effect
Muscle relaxation-
medullary action-(-) polysynaptic reflexes in spinal cord
22. Site and Structure of Action
• Site of action is the GABAA receptor Cl channel complex
• GABA acts on –
GABA A – Post synaptic-linked to Cl ion channels
GABA B –GPCRs-decreased cAMP-pre & post synaptic inhibition –by inhibiting
Ca channels &increasing K conductance
• Structure of GABAA receptor
– Comprised of 5 subunits
• 2 α subunits (to which GABA binds)
• 2 β subunits (to which barbiturates bind)
• 1 γ subunit (to which benzodiazepines bind)
22
28. 2.INSOMNIA-
Transient insomnia short term ins. Long term ins
-<7 d 1-3 wks >3 wks
-Jet lag,shift,journey bereavement,occupational underlying disease
-Triazolam, Temazepam temazepam,flurazepam flurazepam,nitrazepam
29. 3.PREANAESTHETIC MEDICATION& INDUCTION OF
ANAESTHESIA-
Lorazepam, midazolam, diazepam
4.SMR-diazepam
Spasticity of central* origin
5.ANTICONVULSANTS-
Diazepam,clonazepam
Status epilepticus,myoclonic/petimal seizures,tetanic spasm
35. NON BENZODIAZEPINE HYNOTICS/Z HYPNOTICS
• Zopiclone,zaleplon,zolpidem,eszopiclone
• Chemically different from benzodiazepines
• Act on specific BZD receptors located on α subunit-agonist at
modulatory site of GABAA rec.-facilitate the actions of GABA
• BZ1-brain&cerebellum- antianxiety,sedative ,hypnotic
• BZ2-cortex,hippocampus,spinal cord- muscle
relaxation,anticonvulsant,amnesia
• Flumazenil is competitive antagonist
• Hypnotic amnesic but weak anti anxiety, anticonvulsant &
muscle relaxant-short term use
• Low abuse ,REM alteration/residual sedation/rebound
insomnia
Sleep is subdivided into:
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which is characterized by high-frequency electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings and muscle atonia
non-REM (slow-wave) sleep, characterized by low frequency EEG recordings and body rest
Graded dose-dependent depression of central nervous system function is a characteristic of most sedative-hypnotics.
However, individual drugs differ in the relationship between the dose and the degree of central nervous system depression.
The linear slope for drug A (most non benzodiazepine drugs) is typical of many of the older sedative-hypnotics, including the barbiturates and alcohols. With such drugs, an increase in dose higher than that needed for hypnosis may lead to a state of general anesthesia. At still higher doses, these sedative-hypnotics may depress respiratory and vasomotor centers in the medulla, leading to coma and death.
Deviations from a linear dose-response relationship, as shown for drug B, require proportionately greater dosage increments to achieve central nervous system depression more profound than hypnosis. This appears to be the case for benzodiazepines and for certain newer hypnotics that have a similar mechanism of action.
Sedative-hypnotic drugs. In: Basic and clinical pharmacology, 8th edition. Katzung BG. USA: The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc, 2001:364–381.
Benzodiazepines (BDZs) bind to the gamma sub-unit of the GABA-A receptor. Their binding causes an allosteric (structural) modification of the receptor that results in an increase in GABA A receptor activity. BDZs do not substitute for GABA, which bind at the alpha sub-unit, but increase the frequency of channel opening events which leads to an increase in chloride ion conductance and inhibition of the action potential
A model of the GABAA receptor-chloride ion channel macromolecular complex.
The complex consists of five or more membrane-spanning subunits. GABA appears to interact with alpha or beta subunits triggering chloride channel opening with resultant membrane hyperpolarization.
Binding of BZs to gamma subunits facilitates the process of channel opening
The speed of Absorption and the extent of plasma binding are in equilibrium with liposolubility .
More than 90 % bind → absorbed quickly, such as diazapam , etc.
Liver metabolism : metabolised to a range of active substances by liver drug enzyme , t1 / 2 longer than the mother nuclide .
Demethyldiazapam is metabolised to a wide range of active metabolins, t1/2 20-100 hr.