2. -:Introduction:-
Antimicrobial:- the substances derived from natural or
synthetic sources that kills or inhibit the growth of micro-
organism such as bacteria, fungi, protozoas
Germicides:- a group of drugs that are able to inhibit the
growth, development or leads to death of microorganisms in
the environment surrounding the patient or on the surface
of the body.
Specially agents which inhibits or kills microbes on contact
They have low margin of safety
Non-systemic use
Non selective Antimicrobial agents
2
3. Germicidals
ANTISEPTICS DISINFECTANTS
ANTISEPTICS:-(Anti= against; septicas – Emitting a fetid
smell)
Chemical substances which are used to destroy, inhibit
pathogenic bacteria (not the spores) on animate (living)
surface such as skin, eye, mucous membranes(as in mouth
washes).
4. DISINFECTANTS
Chemical substances or germicides which are use to destroy
or inhibit the growth of pathogenic vegetative bacteria (not
their spores) on inanimate(non-living) surface such as
glassware's or surgical instruments.
e.g.- Formaldehyde, phenol, ethyl alcohol, soaps.
They process “concentration dependent killing”
Antiseptics & Disinfectant are often added to easily
available every day utilities like soaps,toothpastes,mouth
wash, after saving lotion.
4
5. -:IDEALAntiseptics/Disinfectant:-
5
• High Efficacy:
– Broad spectrum / sporicidal / kill all forms
– Rapid onset / long duration action
– Cidal not static
– Active in presence of blood, pus,exudates and
excreta
– No Resistance
• Non Toxic:
– Non-irritating to tissues,should not delay healing.
– Non absorbable / No hypersensitivity
– Chemically stable.
7. MECHANISM OF ACTION:
7
1.Oxidation of Bacterial protoplasm.
e.g.- KMn04, H202, Halogens
2.Denaturation of Bacterial Proteins & Enzyme
e.g.-Phenols, Chlorhexidine, Alcohol, Aldehyde
3.Detergent like action increasing permeability
of bacterial membrane
e.g.- Soaps,Cetrimide
8. FACTORSMODIFYINGACTION
8
• TEMPERATURE AND pH.
• PERIOD OF CONTACT WITH MICROBES.
• NATURE OF MICROBES INVOLVED.
• SIZE OF INNOCULUM
• PRESENCE OF BLOOD,PUS,OR ORGANIC
MATTER.
9. General Uses of Antiseptics/ Disinfectants
9
• Asepsis before injections:-
• Surgical Uses:-
– Asepsis before surgery
– Scrubbing
– Sterilization of the surgical instruments
• Cuts, wounds & Lacerations
• Disinfection of Hospital premises
• Water purification & domestic disinfection
12. PHENOLDERIVATIVES:
12
• PHENOL (CARBOLIC ACID):-
• One of the earliest used Antiseptics & still the standard for
comparing other germicides.
• Poor action bacterial spore
• Protoplasmic poison
• it is colorless liquid may turn pinkish blue on keeping. it
has charecteristic somewhat aromatic odour. it is caustic. it
gives clear solution when 15 parts of water is added to 1
part of it.
• it is misible in glycerin.
13. • MOA:- Denatured bacterial protein (irritant/toxic to tissues)
• -Mild LA action- use as Antipruritic Preparation
• USES:
• Disinfectant of Urine,
• faeces pus,
• sputum,antipruritic p
• reparation mouth wash.
• Side effect:-Buccal, esophageal, gastric burns, scars/strictures
15. CRESOL
(METHYL PHENOL):-
• X3 potent than Phenol / less damage to tissues
• USES:- Disinfecting of utensils, Excreta, for washing
hands, irrigation of root canals.
16. • CHLOROXYLENOL(DETTOL):-
• Non-corrosive, Non-irritating to intact skin, No stain,
4.8% commercial use “Dettol”(9% terpinol+13% Alcohol)
6.25%- Instruments
Cream & Soap,
Lubricating obstetric cream (1.4% ).
17. PROPERTIES
It occurs as a white crystalline powder with charecteristic
odour
It is practically insoluble in water but soluble in alkali
hydroxide solution in fixed oil in alcohol it is volatile in
steam
USES:-
Surgical Antiseptics ,
disinfectant ,
skin cream, mouth wash,
soaps, wounds & cuts
18. • HEXACHLOROPHENE:
CHEMISTRY : It is a biphasic compounds
• Two phenol ring are bridged through a methylene group
through C2 of each it contain 6 chlorine atoms attached
• To 3, 3’,5’,6 and 6’ carbon atoms. Due to higher chlorine
content and less water solubility, it is used as a
antiseptic in low concentration and its activity is
prolonged.
It is active between pH
It is more active than monophenols.
18
20. • PROPERTIES
• It occurs as a white or pale buff crystalline powder.
• It is odourless or having slight phenolic odour.
• it is partially insoluble in water and soluble in dilute solution
of alkali hydroxides.
• Chemical properties
When it is treated with sodium hydroxide at PH 9, it is
converted
To monosodio derivative.
• This reaction is used in its essay.
21. Pharmaceutical formulation
Hexachlorohene dusting powder
hexachlorophene mixture
•Storage
•It is affected by light and hence it is stored in
tightly closed, light resistant containers.
•Uses
•It has antibacterial property, hence it is used
•To reduce bacterial flora on skin
•To reduce bacterial infection on umbilical
stump
•To disinfect hands of surgeon.
23. QUATERNARYAMMONIUM
(CATIONIC ANTISEPTICS)
23
• Detergents,Cidal to bacteria, Fungal &viruses, non
irritating, mild keratolytic.
• USES:- Sanitizer, Antiseptics, Disinfectant for surgical
instrument, gloves.
• CETRIMIDE:-
• Properties:
• soapy powder with faint ,fishy odors
• wound clearing from dirt ,skin disinfectant,
• Anti-plaque agent,
• As antiseptics, Surgical instruments, utensil
24. • Storage
• It is stored in well closed container
• Uses
• Antiseptic & detergenant
• To treat burns and wounds and remove the scrab
• It also used as disinfectant utensils, vessel and preservative
• Also used as emulsifying agent
• CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM
COMPOUND
• Cetramide or benzalkonium chloride + KI ( Acidic medium)
• Quaternary ammonium iodide( soluble in Ccl )
25. • Benzalkonium Chloride-
SOAPS:-
• Anionic detergents, weak Antiseptics
• Sod. Or Pot. Salts of large chain fatty acids
• Emulsifying agents.
• Affective against-gm+Ve
• USED FOR CLEANSING ACTION
• Sodium Lauryl sulphate.
25
26. • Properties
• It is white pale yellow gel
• Aromatic odour
• Very bitter taste
• Miscible with water
• Aqueous solution is alkaline to litmus formation of foams
after strongly shaking.
• Stability and storage
• Decomposed by alkali hydroxide and affected by light
• Store in tightly closed light resistant containers
27. •Uses
• Antiseptic and detergent
• For cleansing intact skin
• To get relief for painful infections of mouth and throat.
• Used as preservative in eye drops
• Used as antiseptic in urinary infections.
28. -:ALCOHOLS:-
28
MOA- ppts bacterial proteins /cidal
• ETHANOL:
• EFFECTIVE ANTISEPTIC on skin (not on muc.
Membrane) / rapid action
• CLEANSING AGENT AT 40-90% CONC.
• ADRs: BURNING SENSATION,INJURY, irritant on
Muc. membranes.
• Uses- wounds/ cuts, degerming of skin before injections
(Isopropyl alcohol)
30. •Properties
• Colourless liquid
• Characteristics irritating order
• Burning taste
• Miscible with water and alcohol
• Stability and storage
• It oxidised readily in air or oxygen
• It undergoes polymerization and also process accelerated in a cool
place hence it is stored in a tightly closed container, moderately in
warn place
• Contact with plastic, polythene, rubber avoided
•
31. •Uses:
• Powerful antibacterial
• So used in chronic skin diseases
• Antiseptic
• Mouth washes and gargles
• It is used as disinfectant in rooms, instrument,clothing,hands
or site operations and membrane used for renal dialysis.
• As it is protein precipitant used as skin hardener
• Preservative for pathological specimen
• Hexamine is used as urinary antiseptic in conjunction with
acidifying agent .
32. • Pharmaceutical preparation
• Formaldehyde lotion
• Formaldehyde gel
• Polymer of formaldehyde preformaldehyde preparation is avalaible in
the form of lozenges
• formalin is also ingredient of toothpaste.
33. Chemical properties
1. polymerization:
• when formaldehyde solution is treated with 2% sulphuric acid and
the vapours are condensed quickly, trimer,trioxime or
trioxymethylene formed
•
34.
35. • GLUTARALDEHYDE:
Sterilizing agents
Less irritating
Less pungent ,
Broad spectrum ,not inactivated by Bio fluids,
Activated at alkaline pH.
• USES:
1. Cold sterilization- Disinfection of surgical instruments ,
Endoscopes (to be kept for 12 hrs)
2. Hospital disinfectant of premises / OTs
35
36. 36
• Acridine Dyes:
• Proflavin:
Properties
• Orange-yellow acridine dyes
• Active against gram + ve bacteria &gonococci.
• Sensitive to light & lose efficacy
• Effective in alk. pH
• Non irritant.
• Sparingly soluble in water but very soluble in hot water
• It is practically insoluble in chloroform and ether
37. • Uses:
• chronic ulcers,wounds, burn dressings, Triple dye lotion-gentian
violet 0.25%+brilliant green 0.25%+ acriflavin 0.1% for burns.
Dressing in umbilical stump in neonates.
• It is used as antiseptic it is effective against many gram positive and
gram negative bacteria.
• It is used
• In the treatment of infected wounds
• For dressing of wounds and burns
• For treatment of local infection of external ears, mouth throat and
skin
• Demerits- to be stored in amber coloured bottles
38. • Chemistry
• It is acridine derivative, it is largly responsible for antibacterial activity
• Presence of two amino group at position 3 to 6 bridge about the
resonance stabilization of the cation which increases the base strength
• This leads to higher con cation at physiological ph thus providing
increased bacteriosidal activity.
39. • Chemical properties
• when it is treated with potassium ferricynide in slightly acidic
medium it is precipited as its fericynide salt.
• k3Fe(CN)6 +3HCL H3Fe(CN)6 +3KCl
40. • stability and storage :
• it is hygroscopic and affected by light, hence it is stored in tightly
closed light resistant containers.
•
• pharmaceutical formulation
• proflavin cream
41. NITROFURANTION
• IT Contain furan and imidazole 2,4 dione hetrocycles. nitro
azomethine (-CH =N)Groups present in compounds are essential for
antibacterial activity.
• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• It occur as yellow crystal or crystaline powder
• it is colourless
• it is odourless and has bitter taste
• it is slightly soluble in water
• STORAGE
• it is affected by light and hence it is stored inn tightly closed light
resistant containers, at a temperature not exceding 25Oc
41
42. • Uses
• it broad spectrum antibacterial agent
• it is used in treatment of urinary tract infection
• Pharmaceutical formulation
• nitrofurantion suspension
• nitrofurantion capsule
• nitrofurantion tablets
