Narrowband internet uses technologies like dial-up, ISDN, and leased lines to provide speeds up to 128 Kbps. Broadband internet uses technologies like DSL, cable, fiber, wireless, and satellite to provide high-speed internet access with download speeds greater than 256 Kbps. The document discusses various narrowband and broadband technologies, their specifications, and how they work to deliver internet access to users.

1. Narrow Band
&
Broadband Internet

2. Narrow Band Internet
Narrow Band Internet normally called as Dialup
Internet ,offers speed up to 128Kbps and
accessed through copper pair. The following
various Dialup connections are possible.
 PSTN Dial Up
 ISDN Dial UP
 Leased Line
 DIAS

3. PSTN DIAL UP
• Using Copper Pair provided for POTS Line.
• Modem used here offers a maximum of 56.6 Kbps data
rate
• Simultaneous Voice & Internet not possible.
• Covers a distance up to 4 to 5 Kms.
Internet
PSTN
ISP
NODE
COPPER
PairModem
Transmission Media

4. ISDN DIAL UP
• Accessed through Copper Pair provided for ISDN
Line.
• In ISDN we have 2 types Viz.
– BRA (Basic Rate Access) – 2B + D
– PRA (Primary Rate Access) – 30B + D
– Each ‘B’ Channel has 64Kbps data rate
• The modem used here can offer speed up to a
maximum 128 Kbps
• Simultaneous voice and Internet is possible in 64Kbps
account/connectivity and only Internet in case of
128Kbps account.
• Covers a distance up to 4to 5Kms.

5. Direct Internet Access System(DIAS)
 Using Copper Pair provided
for POTS Line.
 Modem used here offers a
maximum of 128Kbps data
rate
 Simultaneous Voice &
Internet is possible with
bandwidth halves when both
used.
 Covers a distance up to 4 to
5 Kms.

6. Leased Line Internet
• Using Copper Pair provided for POTS Line.
• Modem used here offers a data rate in steps of 64 Kbps upto
2Mbps.
• Cost of the modem is very high.
• No Voice is possible with this type of connectivity.
• Covers a distance up to 4 to 5 Kms.
COPPER
Pair
Modem
Internet
PSTN
-Transmissio
n node
ISP
NODE
Transmission
Media

7. Constraints in Dial Up Internet
• Cost of the Modems is very high for
greater speeds.
• Due to very little in access bandwidth,
bottle neck in data traffic is experienced.
• Data like Streaming of Video & Audio
experience difficulties in transportation and
so to say it was literally absent.
• Augmentation of Bandwidth is very difficult
to implement.
• Simultaneous Voice or Data is not possible
in all Dial Up scenario.

8. Bandwidth Demand by
Applications26000
20000
14000
8000
4000
2000
1500
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
In Kbps
12
50
100
130
200
300
500
600
2000
6000
20000
120
High Definition TV
Video Conferencing
Multimedia Web Browsing
Interactive TV
Hi-Fi Audio Streaming
Video Telephony
Software Downloading
Static Web Browsing
Real Time Movies
Online Games
Real Time Sports
IP Telephony
30 Text E-Mail

9. Definition of Broadband in INDIA
As per TRAI:
Broadband is an “Always-on” data
connection that is able to support interactive
services including high speed internet and has
the capability of minimum download speed of
256 kbps from the customer to the nearest
POP.
Note: This definition for throughput may
undergo upward changes in the future.

10. Broadband Access Technologies
Broadband Technologies
Wireless
3G Mobile
Wireline
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
FSO (Free Space Optics)
Satellite
DSL (Digital Sub’s Line)
Cable Modem
Optical Fibre Technologies
PLC (Power Line
Communication)
WiMAX

11. 3G Cellular Mobile3G Cellular Mobile
GPRS
Real-time Multimedia
(Conversational)
Video/Audio Streaming
(Streaming)
Download & Messaging
(Best Effort)
Web-browsing
(Interactive)
Typical Data Rates [kbps]
EDGE
Peak Data Rates [kbps]
6464 128128
128128 384384
UMTS HSDPA
384384 768768
20482048 14.40014.400
 Possible
 Good
 Excellent
 Possible
 Good
 Excellent
2G 3G

12. WWAN
802.20 (proposed)
IEEE Standards View of Wireless Network
Technologies
MAN
70 Mbps
~50 Km
802.16a/e
WiMAX
New standard for
Fixed broadband
Wireless. Trying to do
for MAN what Wi-Fi
did for LAN.
WLAN
11-54 Mbps
~100m
802.11a/b/g
Wi-Fi®
Includes 802.11a/b/g.
Products must be
Approved for
Interoperability by the
Wi-Fi Alliance.
PAN
~1.5 Mbps
<10 m
802.15.1 (Bluetooth)

13. How Wi-Fi it works ?How Wi-Fi it works ?

14. Wireless Ethernet standards
– IEEE 802.11
• The Initial release of the standard capable of transmissions of 1 to 2
Mbps and operates in 2.4 GHz band using either frequency hopping
spread spectrum (FHSS) or direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS).
– IEEE 802.11a
• Capable of transmissions upto 54 Mbps and operates in 5 GHz
band and uses an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing OFDM
encoding scheme .
– IEEE 802.11b
• Capable of transmissions of upto 11 Mbps and operates in 2.4 GHz
band and uses only DSSS encoding scheme.
– IEEE 802.11g
• Capable of transmissions upto 54 Mbps and operates in 2.4 GHz
band

15. WiMAX-Worldwide interoperability
for Microwave Access
– IEEE 802.16 standard defines the Wireless
MAN air interface specification
– Complements Wi-Fi by providing wireless
broadband backhaul to 802.11 hotspots and
last mile
– Service area range of 50 kms
– Provides shared data rates up to 70 mbps in
2-11 Ghz band

17. Free Space Optics (FSO)Free Space Optics (FSO)
• FSO is optical, wireless, point-to-point, line-of-FSO is optical, wireless, point-to-point, line-of-
sight broadband technology that is an alternativesight broadband technology that is an alternative
to fiber optic cable systems without expense ofto fiber optic cable systems without expense of
fiberfiber
– Speed is comparable to fiber optic transmissionsSpeed is comparable to fiber optic transmissions
• Transmits up to 1.25 Gbps at distance of 4 milesTransmits up to 1.25 Gbps at distance of 4 miles
(6.4 kilometers) in full-duplex mode(6.4 kilometers) in full-duplex mode
– Uses low-powered infrared (IR) beam sent throughUses low-powered infrared (IR) beam sent through
open air by transceiversopen air by transceivers
– Uses unlicensed higher frequencyUses unlicensed higher frequency
– Currently FSO uses two different wavelengths, butCurrently FSO uses two different wavelengths, but
expect worldwide standard in near futureexpect worldwide standard in near future

18. Satellite
– Uses VSAT (very Small Aperture Terminals) &
DTH (Direct To Home) terminals
– C, Ku & Ka bands are used for services
involving fixed terminals
– L band is used for mobile services
– Offers data rates 9.6 Kbps for a handheld
terminal and 60 Mbps for a fixed VSAT
terminal
– Future will support up to 155 Mbps

19. DSL-Digital Subscriber line
– Technology for high bandwidth to home and small
businesses over ordinary copper telephone lines
– DSL may offer more than 100 times the network
performance of a traditional analog modem
– Precise speed of a connection depends upon the type
of DSL employed
– Achievable data rate depends on the distance and
cable impairments
– DSL uses the same telephone line as traditional
modem
– Provides simultaneous access to Web & Telephone
removing the need for a second telephone line.

20. xDSL
• xDSL
– Symmetric DSL
• Provide identical data rates upstream & downstream
– Asymmetric DSL
• Provide relatively lower rates upstream but higher rates
downstream
• Four main variations of xDSL exist:
– ADSL-Asymmetrical Digital Sub’s Line
– HDSL-High bit/data rate Digital Sub’s Line
– SDSL-Symmetric Digital Sub’s Line
– VDSL-Very-high-data-rate Digital Sub’s Line
– RADSL-Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line

21. ADSL Standards
Standard name
Standard
type
Downstream
rate
Upstream
rate
ANSI T1.413-1998 Issue 2 ADSL 8 Mbit/s 1.0 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.1 ADSL
(G.DMT)
8 Mbit/s 1.0 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.2
ADSL Lite
(G.Lite)
1.5 Mbit/s 0.5 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.3/4 ADSL2 12 Mbit/s 1.0 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.3/4 Annex J ADSL2 12 Mbit/s 3.5 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.3/4 Annex L¹ ADSL2 12 Mbit/s 1.0 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.5 ADSL2+ 24 Mbit/s 1.0 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.5 Annex L¹ ADSL2+ 24 Mbit/s 1.0 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.5 Annex M ADSL2+ 24 Mbit/s 3.5 Mbit/s
Data
Rate
Wire
Size
Distance
1.5-2.0 Mbps 0.5 mm 18000
Feet
5.5 Kms
1.5-2.0 Mbps 0.4 mm 15000
Feet
4.6 Kms
6.1 Mbps 0.5 mm 12000
Feet
3.7 Kms
6.1 Mbps 0.4 mm 9000 Feet 2.7 Kms
Data Rate - Wire Size – Distance

22. Customer Premises Installation
Splitter ADSL
RJ 11 RJ 11
RJ 11
RJ 11
RJ 45
Line
Single User with
Voice and Data
Splitter ADSL
STB
RJ 11 RJ 11
RJ 11 RJ 45 RJ 45
RJ 45
AV Port
Single User with
Voice, Data and Video
Line RJ 11
Splitter ADSL
Switch
Multi user Business
Customer
Line
RJ 11 RJ 11
RJ 11
RJ 45

23. Cable Company Distribution Hub
Cable Splitter
Customer Premises
TV
Cable Modem
Hub
Computer Computer
Shared
Coax
Cable
System
Combiner
Customer
Premises
Customer
Premises
TV Video
Network
Cable Modem
Termination
System
ISP POP
Cable Company
Fiber Node
Optical/Electrical
Converter
Downstream
Upstream
Router
Cable
Company
Fiber Node
Broadband through Cable Modem

24. Optical Fiber Technologies(FTTx)
• FTTx is the future proof access technology incorporating
voice, data and video in a single connection
• Extending the Gigabits into the premises business
centers and important commercial buildings is
feasible only by the FTTx.
• It is easier to sign the Service Level Agreement (SLA)
with PON Technology.
• The customers on FTTx will get more than 1.0 GBPS
bandwidth,virtually unlimited bandwidth on today's
scenario
• Any service provisioning demarcated or yet to be
demarcated in future can be provisioned on it.

25. Types of FTTx

26. Types of PON
• A-PON:ATM PON- First PON standard.Used primarily for business
applications.
• B-PON: Broadband PON- Expanded version of APON,supporting
WDM, survivability, dynamic upstream bandwidth
allocation, higher downstream rates (Upstream-155Mbps &
Downstream-622 Mbps).
• GE-PON:Gigabit Ethernet PON- Uses Ethernet transmission
protocol -1.25Gbps up/downlink.
• G-PON:Gigabit PON -Evolution of BPON to higher rates, (1.25 -2.5
Gbps) choice of L2 support (Ethernet or ATM) and
enhanced security.

27. PLC-Power Line Communication
• PLC-Power Line Communication
– Also referred as BPL (Broadband over Power Lines)
– Can provide broadband Internet access through
ordinary power lines
– Most extensive networks in the world, surpassing the
phone network as well as the cable network in size
and coverage
– Suffers from technological challenges due to
interference with noise, radio and television etc.

28. B-PLC