1. PHRASES & CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
I/. Rewrite the sentences, using phrases of PURPOSE:
1.
Alice prepares her lessons carefully. She wants to get high marks.
______________________________________________________
2.
Mary went to the library. She wanted to borrow some books.
______________________________________________________
3.
My father drove carefully. He didn’t want to cause accidents.
______________________________________________________
4.
This man changed his address constantly. He didn’t want to be arrested.
______________________________________________________
5.
I always take my watch off before a football match. I don’t want to break it.
_______________________________________________________________
II/. Rewrite, using clauses of PURPOSE:
1.
I gave her my telephone number. I wanted her to phone me.
__________________________________
2.
The robbers wore masks. They wanted nobody to recognize them.
__________________________________
3.
She put on warm clothes so as not to catch cold.
__________________________________
4.
My parents sent me to the U. S. A. They wanted me to study computer there.
____________________________________________________
5.
The farmer built a high wall around his garden. He didn’t want his fruit to be stolen.
_______________________________________________
III/. Choose the best answer:
1.
Ann put the electric fire on ________ warm.
A. for getting
B. in order get
C. so she gets
D. to get
2.
Joan worked in vineyard last summer ______ money for school expenses.
A. because to earn
B. so she earns
C. for she earned
D. so that she could earn
3.
You should learn how to change a tyre on your car ______ you can handle an emergency situation if necessary.
A. so that
B. when
C. for that
D. therefore
4.
Go to bed early so that you can’t get up late. – Go to bed early so as ______
A. to not getting up late B. to not get up late
C. not to get up late
D. to get up late
5.
She tried to work hard ____________ she could pass the exam.
A. because
B. so that
C. in order to
D. so as to
6.
The schoolboys are in a hurry _______ they will not be late for school.
A. so as to
B. to
C. in order that
D. in order to
7.
Children don’t have to cross busy streets ___________ go to school.
A. so as
B. so that
C. in order that
D. in order to
8.
She closed all the windows _______ the rain could not come in.
A. because
B. so
C. since
D. so that
9.
Peter disconnected the phone ……….
A. to disturb
B. to be disturbed
C. in order to disturb
D. so as not to be disturbed
10.
I whispered because I didn’t want anyone to hear our conversation.
A. I whispered so that I wouldn’t want anyone to hear our conversation
B. I whispered so that no one would hear our conversation
C. I whispered so that no one wouldn’t hear our conversation.
D. I whispered so that I wanted no one wouldn’t hear our conversation.
11.
(DH 2008)The doctor decided to give her a thorough examination___ he could identify the causes of her illness.
A. unless
B. after
C. so that
D. so as
12.
(DH 2010) In order no money would be wasted, we had to account for every penny we spent.
A
B
C
D
13.
(DH 2012 – D) You should look up the meaning of new words in the dictionary______ misuse them.
A. so that not to
B. so not to
C. so as not to
D. so that not
14.
(DH 2012 – D) The man wore gloves in order not to leave any fingerprints.
A. His fingerprints would not be left unless the man wore gloves.
B. The man wore gloves so that he would not leave any fingerprints.
C. The man wore gloves in order that his fingerprints would be taken.
D. In order to leave some fingerprints the man took off his gloves.

2. PHRASES & CLAUSES OF REASON
I/. Complete the sentences with: “because of”, “because” or “therefore”. Make changes if necessary
1.
____________________ it rained we stayed at home.
2.
It rained ______________________ we stayed at home.
3.
We stayed at home ______________________ the rain.
4.
The residents moved inland __________________________ the hurricane.
5.
________________ the hurricane was moving directly toward the town all residents were advised to move inland.
II/. Complete the sentences with: “due to”, “since” or “consequently”. Make changes if necessary
1.
_______________ his poor eyesight John has to sit in the front row in class.
2.
__________________ John has poor eyesight he has to sit in the front row.
3.
John has poor eyesight __________________ he has to sit in the front row.
4.
Sarah is afraid of heights _____________ she will not walk across a bridge.
5.
Sarah will not walk across a bridge _______________ her fear of heights.
I/ Rewrite the sentences, using phrases of reason:
1. Mary didn’t go to school because she was sick. -> Because of _________________________________________
2. She went to bed early because she felt tired. -> Because of ____________________________________________
3. Ann couldn’t study because the room was very noisy. -> Because of ____________________________________
4. I couldn’t read the letter because it was dark. -> Because of ____________________________________________
5. I am wearing heavy gloves because it is cold. -> Because of ___________________________________________
II/ Rewrite the sentences, using clause of reason:
1. We were late because of the heavy traffic. -> Because
___________________________________________
2. Bill has to do all of the cooking because of his wife’s illness. -> Because _________________________________
3. I couldn’t get to sleep because of the noise in the next apartment. -> Because _____________________________
4. John got the accident because of driving carelessly. -> Because _______________________________________
5. I didn’t eat anything because of not being hungry. -> Because_______________________________________
III/. Choose the correct answer: (cause and effect)
1. ________ the post office was closed, I couldn’t mail my packages.
A. Therefore
B. Because of
C. Since
D. For
2. I couldn’t repair my bicycle _________ I didn’t have the right tools.
A. so
B. because of
C. therefore
D. because
3. Two of the factories in our town have closed. ________, unemployment is high.
A. Consequently B. Because
C. So that
D. Because of
4. Mr. Watson retired from his job early _________ his ill health.
A. because
B. due to
C. for
D. consequently
5. She bought the book _____ she had heard it was good.
A. because of
B. due to the fact that C. so
D. due to
6. The workers have gone on strike. ___________, all production has ceased.
A. Because
B. So
C. Consequently
D. For
7. (DH 2010) Because they erected a barn, the cattle couldn’t get out into the wheat field.
A. They erected a barn in case the cattle couldn’t get out into the wheat field.
B. In order not to keep the cattle away from the wheat field, they erected a barn.
C. They erected a barn so that the cattle would get into the wheat field.
D. They erected a barn, and as a result, the cattle couldn’t get out into the wheat field.
8. (DH 2011) Smoking is an extremely harmful habit. You should give it up immediately.
A. When you give up smoking immediately, you will affect your health with this harmful habit.
B. You should give up smoking immediately and you will fall into an extremely harmful habit.
C. Stop your smoking immediately so it will become one of your extremely harmful habits.
D. As smoking is an extremely harmful habit, you should give it up immediately.
9. (DH 2011) His academic record at high school was poor. He failed to apply to that prestigious institution.
A. His academic record at high school was poor because he didn’t apply to that prestigious institution.
B. His academic record at high school was poor as a result of his failure to apply to that prestigious institution.
C. Failing to apply to that prestigious institution, his academic record at high school was poor.
D. His academic record at high school was poor; as a result, he failed to apply to that prestigious institution
10. (DH 2012- D) Ann always keeps up with the latest fashions. She works for a famous fashion house.
A. Despite working for a famous fashion house, Ann hardly keeps up with the latest fashions.
B. Ann always keeps up with the latest fashions so as not to work for a famous fashion house.
C. Not working for a famous fashion house, Ann always keeps up with the latest fashions.
D. Ann works for a famous fashion house, so she always keeps up with the latest fashions.

3. CLAUSES & PHRASES OF CONCESSION
I/. Fill in the blank with: “Although” or “In spite of”
1.
I put on my sunglasses ______________ it was a dark and cloudy day.
2.
__________she has a job, she doesn’t make enough money to support her four children
3.
________________ having a lot of homework to do, I went to a movie.
4.
Two climbers continued their trek up the mountain ____________an approaching storm.
5.
______________ the fact that Ann’s father gave her some good advice, she did not follow it.
II/. Complete the sentences with “but”, “even though”, “nevertheless”:
1.
Bob ate a large dinner. ______________________, he is still hungry.
2.
Bob ate a large dinner, _____________________ he is still hungry.
3.
Bob is still hungry_____________________ he ate a large dinner.
4.
I had a lot of studying to do. ______________________ , I went to a movie.
5.
______________________ I had a lot of studying to do, I went to a movie.
III/. Complete the sentences with: yet, although, however
1.
I wash my hands. ___________________, they still looked dirty.
2.
I wash my hands, ___________________ they still looked dirty.
3.
_______________________ I washed my hands, the still looked dirty.
4.
I wouldn’t trust Alan with my money _______________ he seems to be trustworthy.
5.
Alan seems to be trustworthy. _____________ , I wouldn’t trust him with my money
IV/. Choose the ending which is logical and grammatically correct
1.
We stayed in that hotel despite ………
A. the good food
B. it was expensive
C. the noise
2.
Most of us thought it was great whereas Peter …………
A. loved it
B. hated it
C. agreed
3.
With this ticket you can go when you want. What’s more, ………
A. it’s very expensive B. it’s very cheap
C. other tickets are better value
4.
He went to the meeting in spite of …………
A. feeling ill
B. feel ill
C. to feel ill.
5.
He bought that watch although ……………
A. he wanted it
B. having one already
C. it was expensive.
6.
The first test was extremely hard, whereas ………
A. the second was easy B. I passed
C. the second was more difficult
7.
My new house is very big and very light. In addition, ……………
A. it’s a bit expensive B. it’s near a lovely park
C. there isn’t much space
8.
I forgot to send them a map. However, ………
A. they still got here
B. they got lost
C. I forgot to phone them
V/. Choose the best completion: (Direct opposition)
1.
Some people are tall, whereas others are ……………
A. intelligent
B. thin
C. short
D. large
2.
A box is square, whereas …………
A. a rectangle has four sides
B. my village has a town square in the center
C. we use envelopes for letters
D. a circle is round
3.
While some parts of the world get an abundance of rain, others ………
A. are warm and humid B. are cold and wet
C. get little or none
D. get a lot
4.
In some nations coffee is the favorite beverage, while ………….
A. I like tea
B. it has caffeine
C. in others it is tea
D. tea has caffeine too
5.
Some people like cream and sugar in their coffee, while …….
A. others drink hot coffee B. others like it black C. milk is good in coffee, too D. sugar can cause cavities
6.
Jack is an interesting storyteller and conversationalist. His brother, on the other hand, ……
A. is a newspaper reporter
B. bores other people by talking about himself
C. has four children
D. knows a lot of stories, too
VI/. Rewrite the following sentences, using clauses of concession:
1.
I’m not tired in spite of working hard all day.-> Although _______________________________________
2.
She decided to accept the job despite the low salary. -> Though _____________________________________
3.
In spite of not having eaten for 24 hours, I didn’t feel hungry. -> Though _____________________________
4.
She managed to walk to the village despite her injured foot. -> Although _____________________________
5.
Faraday managed to finish high school in spite of his poverty. -> Although ___________________________
VII/. Rewrite the following sentences, using phrases of concession:
1.
Although it rained heavily, we enjoyed our holiday. -> Despite __________________________________

4. 2.
Although he has got an English name, he is in fact German. -> In spite of ___________________________
3.
Although the joke was funny, no one laughed. -> Despite ________________________________________
4.
I didn’t get the job though I had all the necessary qualifications. -> Despite__________________________
5.
Peter wasn’t chosen though his English was good. -> Despite ____________________________________
IV/. Transformation:
1.
Although he was strong, he couldn’t lift it. -> Strong ________________________________________
2.
Although it was cold, they went swimming. -> Cold _________________________________________
3.
Although Jane was tired, she did all her homework carefully. -> Despite __________________________
4.
They wanted to climb the mountain though it was dangerous. -> However _________________________
5.
They got to the airport on time in spite of the bad weather. -> Although __________________________
6.
In spite of being written many years ago, the book is still relevant today. -> Although _______________
III/. Choose the best answer:
7.
It was cold and wet. _______ , Bob put on his swimming suit and went to the beach.
A. However
B. Despite
C. Although
D. Whereas
8.
I got to class on time _______ I had missed the bus.
A. even though
B. but
C. nevertheless
D. despite
9.
Phillipa is really thin _______eating like a horse!
A. however
B. in spite of
C. although
D. in addition to
10.
Whenever they go on holiday, John likes to drive, _______ Susan prefers to fly – she says it’s quicker.
A. although
B. in spite of
C. despite
D. whereas
11.
Cars are fast and convenient. _______ , they cause traffic problems in cities.
A. But
B. Whereas
C. although
D. On the other hand
12. (CĐ 2010) He managed to keep his job ______ the manager had threatened to sack him.
A. although
B. despite
C. unless
D. therefore
13. (ĐH 2008) The price of fruit has increased recently, _______ the price of vegetables has gone down.
A. otherwise
B. when
C. whether
D. whereas
14. (ĐH 2008) _______, he was determined to continue to climb up the mountain.
A. Tired as it was
B. He felt very tired though C. Tired as he might feel
D. As he might feel tired
15. (ĐH 2009) Even though the extremely bad weather in the mountains, the climbers decided not to cancel their climb.
A
B
C
D
16. (ĐH 2010) Wealthy as they were, they were far from happy.
A. They were not happy as they were wealthy.
B. Although they were wealthy, they were not happy.
C. Even if they were wealthy, they were not unhappy. D. They were as wealthy as they were happy.
17. (ĐH 2010) ______I might, I couldn’t open the door.
A. However hard
B. No matter
C. Try as
D. As try
18.
(DH 2011) Crazianna is a big country. Unfortunately, it has never received respect from its neighbours.
A. Crazianna has never received respect from its neighbours because it is a big country.
B. Crazianna is such a big country that it has never received respect from its neighbours.
C. It is Crazianna, a big country, that has never received respect from its neighbours.
D. Though Crazianna is a big country, it has never received respect from its neighbours
19.
(DH 2011) “______ you treat him, he’ll help you. He’s so tolerant.”
A. No matter how
B. In addition to
C. Even though
D. As if
20.
(DH 2011) The sky was cloudy and foggy. We went to the beach, ____.
A. however
B. even though
C. so
D. yet
21.
(DH 2012 – A1) He is a very intelligent boy; ______ , he sometimes gets bad marks.
A. otherwise
B. thus
C. so
D. however
22.
(DH 2012 – A1) No matter how hard Fred tried to lose weight, he did not succeed.
A. However hard Fred tried, he could not lose weight.
B. Fred tried very hard to lose weight and succeeded.
C. It was hard for Fred to lose weight because he never succeeded.
D. It did not matter whether Fred could lose weight.
23.
(DH 2012 – D) ____ smoking is a causative factor of many diseases, there is not ban on tobacco advertising.
A. However
B. Although
C. In spite of
D. Therefore
24.
(DH 2012 – D) Mike graduated with a good degree. However, he joined the ranks of the unemployed.
A. Although Mike graduated with a good degree, he joined the ranks of the unemployed.
B. If Mike graduated with a good degree, he would join the ranks of the unemployed.
C. Mike joined the ranks of the unemployed because he graduated with a good degree.
D. That Mike graduated with a good degree helped him join the ranks of the unemployed.

5. CLAUSES OF RESULT
I / Use SO or SUCH
1.
The sun shone __________ brightly that Maria had to put on her sunglasses.
2.
Dean was ____________ a powerful swimmer that he always won the race.
3.
We had ___________ wonderful memories of that place that we decided to return.
4.
The benefit was ________ great a success that the promoters decided to repeat it
5.
It was ________________ a nice day that we decided to go to the beach
6.
Jane looked ________________ sick that the nurse told her to go home.
7.
The children had ____________ much fun at the carnival that they begged to go again
8.
Alison did ____________ a poor job that she was fired.
II/. Fill in the blank with “SO MUCH” or “ SO MANY”
1.
We have……………….problems that we cannot go to bed early
2.
Why have you got ……………….furniture?
3.
There was……………….food that every one ate too much
4.
There were……………….guests that there was not enough food
5.
Why did you buy……………….beer?
6.
I ate……………….sandwiches that I felt ill
7.
My father has……………….work to do that he cannot come back home tonight.
8.
There are ………………. planets in the universe that we cannot count them
III/. Complete these sentences using “enough” with one of the following words:
big
warm
well
cups
money
qualifications
room
time
old
1
She can’t get married yet. She’s not old enough.
2
Tom would like to buy a car but he hasn’t got _____________
3
I couldn’t make coffee for everybody. There weren’t
_____________
4
Are you _____________ ? Or shall I switch on the heating?
5
It’s only a small car. There isn’t _____________ for all of you.
6
George didn’t feel _____________
to go work this morning.
7
I didn’t finish the examination. I didn’t have
_____________
8
Do you think I’ve got _____________ to apply for the job?
9
Try this jacket on and see if it’s _____________ for you.
IV/. Combine the sentences as directed
1.
The car is very expensive. We couldn’t afford to buy it.
-> The car is so .....................................................................
-> It is such .....................................................................
2.
I can’t hear you. The room is very noisy.
-> It is .....................................................................
-> The room is too .....................................................................
3.
He is very intelligent. He can answer all the teacher’s questions.
-> He is so.....................................................................
-> He is such .....................................................................
4.
The news was so bad that we all burst into tears.
-> It was ...............................................
5.
Some students were so lazy that they failed their exams.
-> They were such ………………………………………..
III/. Choose the best answer:
1.
The gate was so rusty that I could not open it.
A. The gate was too rusty for me to be opened
B. The gate was too rusty for me to open it
C. The gate was too rusty for me to open
D. The gate was too rusty for it to be opened
2.
We couldn’t answer those two difficult questions.
A. Those two questions were difficult enough for us not to answer them
B. Those two questions were too difficult for us to answer them
C. Those two questions were difficult so that we couldn’t answer them
D. Those two questions were too difficult to answer.
3.
It’s ………………home from here.
A. too far walking
B. too far for walking C. far to walk, too
D. too far to walk
4.
My mouth is burning! This is ……spicy food that I don’t think I can finish it.
A. such
B. so
C. very
D. too

6. Our village had ……money available for education that the schools had to close.
A. so little
B. such little
C. so much
D. such much
6.
The prices of houses are as high that most people cannot afford to buy them.
7.
Today is such beautiful day that I can't bring myself to complete all my homework.
8.
The ceiling is …………
A. too high for me to reach B. too high for me to reach it C. so high for me reaching D. enough high for me to reach
9.
He ……….I was scared.
A. drove too fast that B. drove so fastly that
C. drove so fast that
D. drove such fast that
10.
The cat was ……to wait for the mouse to come out of its hole
A. patient enough
B. so patient
C. enough patient
D. too patient
IV/. Inversion with SO / SUCH
1.
The room was so tiny that you could not get a bed into it.
-> So ………………………………………………
2.
The famine was so serious that the United Nations sent food and water supplies to the area.
-> So ………………………………………………
3.
She was very angry, so she broke all the dishes in the cupboard.
-> Such ………………………………………………………
4.
She looked so ridiculous that everybody burst out laughing.
-> So ………………………………………………………..
5.
She was so attractive that every boy in the school ran after her.
-> Such ………………………………………………………………
6.
The wind was so strong that half of the trees in the area were blown down.
-> Such ……………………………………………
7.
Her grief was so great that she almost fainted.
-> So .................................................................................
8.
He was so poor that he couldn’t send his son to school.
-> Such ……………………………………………………
9.
____________that the minister had to resign.
A. So was the case scandalous
B. So scandalous the case was
C. So was scandalous the case
D. So scandalous was the case
10.
So difficult ………. that few students could answer them.
A. were the questions B. the questions were C. the questions are
D. that the questions were
11.
………….. things did she buy that she couldn't bring all of them home.
A. Such many things B. So a lot of things
C. So many things
D. Such a lot things
12.
…….that Marie was able to retire at the age of 50.
A. So successful her business was
B. So successful was her business
C. Her business so was successful
D. So was her successful business
13.
………… the strength of the earthquake that few buildings were left standing in the town.
A. Such was
B. So was
C. It was such
D. It was so much
14.
The question was too difficult for him to answer.
A. The question was so difficult that he couldn’t answer. B. The answer to the question was clear to him.
C. So difficult was the question that he couldn't answer it D. It was such difficult question that I couldn't answer it.
15.
Sue is too slow to understand what you might say.
A. Sue is not enough quick to understand what you might say. B What you might say, Sue can understand slowly.
C. Sue is so slow to understand what you might say. D. So slow is Sue that she can't understand what you might say.
16.
(DH 2007) He was ……………speaker!
A. so good a
B. what a good
C. so a good
D. how good a
17.
(DH 2007) ________ that she burst into tears.
A. Her anger was such B. So angry she was
C. She was so anger
D. Such her anger was
18.
(DH 2010) The woman was too weak to lift the suitcase.
A. The woman shouldn't have lifted the suitcase as she was weak.
B. The woman, though weak, could lift the suitcase.
C. So weak was the woman that she couldn't lift the suitcase.
D. The woman wasn’t able to lift the suitcase, so she was very weak.
19.
(DH 2012- A1) The situation was so embarrassing that she did not know what to do.
A. It was such an embarrassing situation; however, she did not know what to do.
B. So embarrassing the situation was that she did not know what to do.
C. She did not know what to do, though it was not an embarrassing situation.
D. So embarrassing was the situation that she did not know what to do.
5.