1. Managing change in the human environment Rural-urban migration in LEDCs What are the effects of rural-urban migration in LEDCs?

2. What are the problems in LEDC cities? Poverty – for most people in cities Overcrowding – particularly bad in shanty towns with extended families living together Clean water – scarce, often from a standpipe or brought at high cost Sewage systems – inadequate or non-existent, tracks become open drains Housing – made out of anything in shanty towns Power supplies – inadequate, often illegal Pollution – of water, land and air is “normal” Rubbish – infrequently collected but may be used by local population Traffic congestion – shanty towns have especially poor road access Violence and intimidation - common Healthcare – scarce and expensive, disease spreads quickly Education – provision varies but shanty town children less well educated than other children

3. LEDC City Plans The shape of most LEDC cities is irregular, with expensive housing near the CBD and the biggest area of land covered by shanty towns. Industry extends along line of communication, in particular roads. The pattern is different from LEDC cities Shanty towns or informal settlements grow quickly on land not already used.