Running head PUBLIC HEALTH INITIATIVE2Publi.docx

Running head: PUBLIC HEALTH INITIATIVE 2
Public Health Initiative
Abraham Anderson
Walden University
Principles of economics for evaluating and assessing the need
for the public health initiative
Public Health is a science that all in all expects to improve and

lessen disparities in wellbeing. Public Health economics
manages the basic leadership process for public health
professionals in the usage of accessible resources while limiting
opportunity cost (Edwards, Charles and Lloyd-Williams, 2013).
The initiative will concentrate on making HIV testing a routine
that will assist in decreasing and HIV. HIV represents human
immunodeficiency virus. It debilitates an individual's immune
system by crushing vital cells that battle infection and disease.
The ascent in HIV is an expanding worry to public health
making the need for consideration to decrease the potential
health impacts it has on the human population. HIV is running
fast in the population because of low salary, poor or no
medicinal services, flooding rates of sexually transmitted
infection's and people who have no idea of their HIV status.
A brief description of whether the initiative is a micro or
macroeconomic program
The public health initiative to help lessen and counteract HIV is
a macroeconomic program. The HIV issue is not just an
individual concern yet additionally influences the country in
general. When individuals are HIV, they are prone to various
medical conditions like pneumonia, tuberculosis (TB), and other
respiratory infections; lymphoma, cervical cancer, and other
cancers; cardiovascular disease; and problems that affect the
brain and central nervous system such as dementia, nerve
damage, and memory problems, which have the potential of
influencing the productivity of such people (Iribarren et al.,
2018). At the point when a critical number of people are not
productive because of HIV and these conditions, it turns into a
risk to a nation's monetary development on the grounds that the
country development is reliant on the profitability of its natives.
At the end of 2015, an estimated 1.1 million persons aged 13
and older were living with HIV infection in the United States,
including an estimated 162,500 (15%) persons whose infections
had not been diagnosed. A ton of assets allotment is towards
guaranteeing healthcare administrations are accessible to people
in general to get to treatment for HIV and conditions that are

appended to them.
A determination of whether the result of the initiative is a
public or private good
The public health initiative in diminishing HIV is a public good.
In economics, public goods are those which its utilization by
one individual does not decrease the sum accessible for others
to expend and are comprehensive to such an extent that nobody
is barred from getting a charge out of the advantages related
with them (Grossman, Pierskalla, & Dean, 2017). Public health
initiatives are an element of different components both basic,
political and social powers and not a person's activities. The
components that fortify the capacity to have public health
initiatives as distinguished can not be possessed or constrained
by a person. The motivators that advocate for the utilization of
more beneficial sustenance to anticipate and lessen the heftiness
rates in the nation are non-excludable and have no parts of
competition. The availability of this data to one individual does
not make it less accessible for others to use and profit by it. The
arrangement of public health initiatives has a nearby connect to
the government choices just as other public goods (Galea,
2016). Any initiative that means to improve the health of the
public is consequently all around ordered as a common intrigue.
The public action to reduce and prevent HIV will occur by
providing general knowledge on routine testing, treatment
options, and the sexual behaviors that can lead to contracting
the virus.
The entrance to data with respect to public health initiative to
decrease and avoid HIV, gives shared advantage to a mutual
good. The capacity to shield the general population from
undesirable propensities through group practices that encourage
human wellbeing and prosperity are common advantages which
are comprehensive. For example, one individual profiting by
learning from unfortunate sexual practices or advantage from
their negative HIV status and prevention program does not keep
someone else from encountering comparable advantages.
Furthermore, the arrangement of public health is reliant on the

worldwide public goods, which need all-inclusive arrangements
(Galea, 2016). The aversion and decrease of HIV, for example,
is not a test to the United States alone yet in addition of other
neighboring nations. The public health initiative to diminish
HIV is additionally viewed as a public good on the grounds that
it gives rise to chance to everybody in the general public to
receive a sound way of life.
A description of the initiative’s financing source
The Federal government funds public health programs through
grants to states distributed through CDC's National Center for
Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. The public
health initiative to reduce HIV implementation is in New York
City, and we shall access the financial resources of the grants
disbursed by the government. Many national programs are
largely funded by government and form part of an integrated
comprehensive HIV program. In other settings the government
may provide some funding or may supply and fund or second
staff or pay for or supply commodities, e.g. test kits (WHO,
2018). Some testing and counselling services may be able to
engage in local fundraising or to raise funds by providing
training or other services for other organizations or by renting
out temporarily available facilities and services to other bodies.
The Prevention and Public Health Funds can also be mobilized
to support the initiative.
An explanation of how the initiative may affect supply and
demand of public health services
High risk sexual behaviors that result in HIV are likely to
increase the demand for healthcare services. The participation
in these sexual behaviors and unhealthy lifestyles results in
making a person exposed to risks of a variety of medical
conditions. Due to this pre-exposure, the casualties of HIV will
in general look for medical administrations. Interest for
medicinal administrations starts from the demand for health
(Ellis, Martins, & Zhu, 2017). Other than health status, the
demand for healthcare services is additionally impacted by
variables, for example, age, wages, training, and costs for

medical products. Unfortunate practices, for example, smoking,
drinking, and numerous sexual accomplices additionally add to
the expanded demand for the entrance of medical care. The
proposed public health initiative to decrease and anticipate HIV
by advancing and normalizing testing, sound sexual practices
and condom use. On the off chance that this is a success, the
exertion is probably going to prompt improved wellbeing
practices that advance the prosperity of general society and
consequently decrease the demand for medical administrations
(Iribarren et al., 2018). The reduction of HIV means a decrease
in the associated risks of pneumonia, tuberculosis (TB), and
other respiratory infections; lymphoma, cervical cancer, and
other cancers; cardiovascular disease among other ailments that
would initially require increased medical attention.
HIV furthermore prompts diverse effects on the supply of health
care services. For instance, the extended rates of HIV demand
that supplementary spending on pharmaceuticals in light of the
fact that the condition impacts a person's immune system which
anticipates that them should be coordinated with higher dosages
of drug and extended frequencies in administrations (Iribarren
et al., 2018). In addition, clinics are moreover constrained to
spend more on equipment like beds, wheelchairs, and walkers to
oblige patients with HIV. When in doubt, HIV prompts
extended spending on the supply side of medical services. The
proposed public health initiative to lessen and counteract HIV,
if effective will go far in guaranteeing less cases in the
emergency clinic and in this way lead to diminished spending
on the supply of health services.
References
Edwards, T.R., Charles, M.J. & Lloyd-Williams, H. (2013).
Public health economics: A
systematic review of guidance for the economic evaluation of
public health interventions and discussion of key
methodological issues. BMC Public Health, 13:1001,
doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1001

Ellis, R. P., Martins, B., & Zhu, W. (2017). Health care demand
elasticities by type of service. Journal of Health Economics,
232, doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.07.007
Galea, Sandro. (2016). Public health as a public good.
Retrieved from: https://www.bu.edu/sph/2016/01/10/public-
health-as-a-public-good/
Grossman, G., Pierskalla, J. H., & Dean, E. B. (2017).
Government Fragmentation and Public Goods Provision.
JOURNAL OF POLITICS, 79(3), 823–840, doi:10.1086/690305
Iribarren, S., Siegel, K., Hirshfield, S., Olender, S., Voss, J.,
Krongold, J., … Schnall, R. (2018). Self-Management Strategies
for Coping with Adverse Symptoms in Persons Living with HIV
with HIV Associated Non-AIDS Conditions. AIDS AND
BEHAVIOR, 22(1), 297–307. doi:10.1007/s10461-017-1786-6
Rabarison, K. M., Bish, C. L., Massoudi, M. S., & Giles, W. H.
(2015). Economic evaluation
enhances public health decision making. Frontiers in Public
Health, 3(164), 1-5, doi:10.3389/fpubh.2015.00164
WHO. (2018). Determining costs and financing. Retrieved from:
https://www.who.int/hiv/topics/vct/toolkit/components/costs/en/
index1.html
Replace this Line with the Title of Your Essay

Your Name Goes Here
American Public University System
Replace this Line with the Title of Your Essay
Start your introductory paragraph(s) here (i.e., delete all of
my paragraphs of instruction after reading through them, and
replace them with your own paragraphs for your essay). Leave
the font for your essay on Arial 10, double-spaced (except for
the reference page, which is single spaced). Leave the margins
at 1 inch. Leave page numbering set to automatically number
each page of the body of your essay in the upper-right corner of
the page (the title page and reference page should not be
numbered). The body of your essay should be 7-8 pages long
(minimum of 3000 words), not including your title page and
reference page. You must include a minimum of 10 references
(i.e., at least 2 references per technology that you write about);
however, you may include more references if you like.
Write free flowing text (allow your writing to automatically
wrap around to the next line as you type – do not hit Enter at
the end of each line within a paragraph). Organize your essay
into paragraphs within each section, but make sure all writing is
in prose paragraphs (full sentences and complete paragraphs).
Do not use lists in your essay and do not write in bullet
statements. The only indentations you should have in your
essay is one tab at the start of each paragraph, just like I have
modeled for you in the way I have written these instructions.
Do not put blank lines between paragraphs and do not put blank
lines before or after section headings and sub-headings. You
may include images or tables in your essay, if you deem them
appropriate, but they do not count toward the 7-8 pages of body
text that you are required to write, so adjust the length of your
essay accordingly to compensate for space taken up by the
images and/or tables.
You should customize the title page by replacing the first

two lines of text with your essay’s title and your name,
respectively. You should also replace the heading at the top of
this page with your essay’s title. You should also customize all
of the sub-headings below, except for the “Self-Driving
Automobile,” “Conclusion,” and “References” sub-headings.
Everyone will analyze Google’s self-driving automobile.
However, replace the “Name of Your Second Technology,”
“Name of Your Third Technology,” “Name of Your Fourth
Technology,” and “Name of Your Fifth Technology” sub-
headings with the actual names of the other four technologies
you will analyze. Do not add any additional sub-headings to
your essay, since only your analysis of five technologies will be
graded.
Write in your own words and remember that your
similarity rating must be 5% or less. Try to paraphrase and
explain information you learn from your sources in your own
words, rather than quoting from your sources. Your reference
page does not count towards your 5% allowable similarity. To
check this, after your TurnItIn report is generated, there should
be a filter you can click on in the report that will bring up the
option to “Exclude Bibliography.” After selecting this option,
your adjusted similarity rating needs to be 5% or less. I will
select “Exclude Bibliography” on all essays before grading
them, to adjust the actual similarity rating in your essay and
confirm it is no more than 5%.
Your introductory paragraph(s) should provide a brief
overview of the Google technologies you will discuss in your
essay. You may also briefly talk about how Google’s research
and development efforts fit into their vision and mission as a
company. However, DO NOT give me a detailed history of
Google as a company – remember this essay is an analysis of
five specific technologies – it is not an essay about Google as a
company. You can assume your reader is already familiar with
Google as a company. Also, try not to be overly redundant in
your introduction with what you have written (or will write) in
the main sections in the body of this essay. Rather, give the

reader an overview and whet their appetite to learn more about
the specific Google technologies that you will be covering in
this essay.
Self-Driving Automobile
Everyone will analyze the self-driving automobile as their
first technology. Conduct research on this technology and then
write a minimum of 500 words about this technology,
addressing the following: 1) a description of the technology, 2)
challenges that Google could face in implementing this
technology, 3) suggestions for overcoming some of the potential
challenges and obstacles, and 4) an analysis of the potential
positive and negative impacts of this technology on society.
Make sure you address all four of these areas in your analysis.
When analyzing this technology, be sure to consider whether
this technology has any potential environmental impacts
(positive or negative). If there are any environmental concerns
related to this technology, discuss what steps could be taken to
address the concerns. Also consider whether there are any
security and/or privacy concerns related to this technology.
Identify any specific resources, methods, or approaches that
could help make this technology, and the individuals and firms
using this technology, more secure. Also, consider the impact
this technology will have on managers in the future. Since we
are studying management information systems in this course,
discuss the types of information systems managers will likely
need to use in the future in relation to this technology. For
example, with the self-driving automobiles, managers of
trucking companies will likely not have to manage drivers
anymore, once truck drivers are replaced with self-driven
trucks. Instead, managers will likely use information systems
that allow them to schedule the dispatch and routing of trucks to
transport goods, as well as to coordinate with warehouse
managers and retail managers who will have to schedule their
staff meet the trucks at the other end of their journey to unload
the goods. This is just one example of a way that self-driving
automobiles could impact managers in the future. Please come

up with examples of your own in your essay.
In addition to other sources that you find in your research into
this technology, make sure that you read “The Moral Case for
Self-Driving Cars” (http://reason.com/archives/2014/07/28/the-
moral-case-for-self-drivin/print). In light of everything you
learn about this technology both from this article and from your
own additional research, discuss your reaction to the author’s
final statement: “People a generation hence will marvel at the
carnage we inflicted as we hurtled down highways relying on
just our own reflexes to keep us safe” (Baily, 2014, para. 19).
Bailey also states:
More than 90 percent of all traffic accidents are the result of
human error. In 2011, there were 5.3 million automobile crashes
in the United States, resulting in more than 2.2 million injuries
and 32,000 deaths. Americans spend $230 billion annually to
cover the costs of accidents, accounting for approximately 2 to
3 percent of GDP.
Given these facts, do you believe there is a moral imperative to
eventually replace all human-driven cars with safer computer-
driven cars? Why or why not? Be sure to answer this as part of
your analysis.
Name of Your Second Technology
Replace “Name of Your Second Technology” in the above
sub-heading with the actual name of the Google technology you
will be writing about in this section. This section must be a
minimum of 500 words and must include: 1) a description of the
technology, 2) challenges that Google could face in
implementing this technology, 3) suggestions for overcoming
some of the potential challenges and obstacles, and 4) an
analysis of the potential positive and negative impacts of this
technology on society. Make sure you address all four of these
areas in your analysis. When analyzing this technology, be sure
to consider whether this technology has any potential
environmental impacts (positive or negative). If there are any
environmental concerns related to this technology, discuss what
steps could be taken to address the concerns. Also consider

whether there are any security and/or privacy concerns related
to this technology. Identify any specific resources, methods, or
approaches that could help make this technology, and the
individuals and firms using this technology, more secure. In
additional to addressing practical challenges and potential
impacts, be sure to discuss ethical and moral challenges and
potential impacts of this technology, just like in my example
above of the potential moral and ethical impacts of the self-
driving automobile. Also, consider the impact this technology
will have on managers in the future. Since we are studying
management information systems in this course, discuss the
types of information systems managers will likely need to use in
the future in relation to this technology. Refer back to the
section on self-driving automobiles for an example of such an
impact, and then think of some potential impacts for the
technology you are writing about in this section.
Name of Your Third Technology
Replace “Name of Your Third Technology” in the above

Name of Your Fourth Technology
Replace “Name of Your Fourth Technology” in the above

Name of Your Fifth Technology
Replace “Name of Your Fifth Technology” in the above

Conclusion
Finally, write your concluding paragraph(s) in this section.
Rather than simply re-stating what you have already discussed,
try to use this section to take the reader one step further. There
are many ways to do this and I will leave it to your creativity to
come up with an appropriate conclusion for your essay!
1
References
Bailey, R. (2014). The moral case for self-driving cars.
Retrieved from http://reason.com/archives/2014/07/28/the-
moral-case-for-self-drivin/print
List your references in APA format on this page. I have set
this page to use hanging indentations (as required in APA
references).
Also, APA references are single-spaced, but you need to leave
one blank line between each reference, just like how my notes
here are formatted.
Finally, make sure that you have at least one corresponding in-
text citation, in APA format, for each reference that you list in
your reference list.
Running head: PUBLIC HEALTH INITIATIVE
1
PUBLIC HEALTH INITIATIVE
4
Public Health Initiative

Abraham Anderson
Walden University
The public health initiative that I chose is the New York
Knows, by the New York City Department of Health and Mental
Hygiene, is an HIV testing initiative. It aims to help all New
York City residents learn their HIV status and take full
advantage of the City’s HIV care and prevention services.
HIV/AIDS comes with multiple complications: it is viewed as
preventable, medications are costly and hard to oversee, quiet
disgrace and separation endure, and the illnesses lopsidedly
influence low-pay gatherings and racial and ethnic minorities
(Conroy et al, 2016). The initiative gives a willful HIV test to
each New York City occupant who new to the experience and
makes HIV testing a normal piece of human services in New
York City. It also identifies undiagnosed HIV-positive people in
New York City and link them to medical care, as well as
connects at-risk people who test negative for HIV to prevention
services, including Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis PrEP (Goldman et
al, 2008).
To alleviate the unequal burden of HIV and promote equity in
access of HIV testings and treatment, New York Knows works
in collaboration with other community partners to improve
accessibility and equity in HIV testing for the entire city. The
economic dimension and the impact of HIV on the uninsured
and underserved communities that do not have the economic
means to facilitate access have been largely ignored even as the
demand for HIV testing and treatment increases (Getzen, 2013).
Through its New York Knows initiative, the New York City
Department of Health and Mental Hygiene hopes to change this
with partners as a way of balancing the supply and demand
sides of the HIV testing and treatment. Thee New York City
Department of Health and Mental Hygiene hopes to build
capacity at community level where the demand for HIV testing
and treatment for the poor and uninsured communities can be
met there by reducing the burden of HIV on the vulnerable

community. (Synderman, Sheldon, & Bischoff, 2012).
References
Conroy, A. A., McGrath, N., van Rooyen, H., Hosegood, V.,
Johnson, M. O., Fritz, K., ... & Darbes, L. A. (2016). Power and
the association with relationship quality in South African
couples: Implications for HIV/AIDS interventions. Social
science & medicine, 153, 1-11.
Getzen, T. E. (2013). Health economics and financing (5th ed.).
Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
Goldman, J., Kinnear, S., Chung, J., & Rothman, D. J. (2008).
New York City's initiatives on diabetes and HIV/AIDS:
implications for patient care, public health, and medical
professionalism. American journal of public health, 98(5), 807-
13.
Snyderman, R., Sheldon, G. F., & Bischoff, T. A. (2012).
Gauging supply and demand: The challenging quest to predict
the future physician workforce. Health Affairs, 21(1), 167–168.
Program Director/Principal Investigator (Last, First, Middle):
BUDGET FOR ENTIRE PROPOSED PROJECT PERIOD
DIRECT COSTS ONLY
BUDGET CATEGORY
TOTALS
INITIAL BUDGET
PERIOD
(from Form Page 4)
2nd ADDITIONAL YEAR OF SUPPORT REQUESTED
3rd ADDITIONAL YEAR OF SUPPORT REQUESTED
4th ADDITIONAL YEAR OF SUPPORT REQUESTED
5th ADDITIONAL YEAR OF SUPPORT REQUESTED
PERSONNEL: Salary and fringe benefits. Applicant
organization only.

CONSULTANT COSTS
EQUIPMENT
SUPPLIES
TRAVEL
INPATIENT CARE
COSTS
OUTPATIENT CARE
COSTS

ALTERATIONS AND
RENOVATIONS
OTHER EXPENSES
DIRECT CONSORTIUM/
CONTRACTUAL
COSTS
SUBTOTAL DIRECT COSTS
(Sum = Item 8a, Face Page)
F&A CONSORTIUM/
CONTRACTUAL
COSTS

TOTAL DIRECT COSTS
TOTAL DIRECT COSTS FOR ENTIRE PROPOSED PROJECT
PERIOD
$
JUSTIFICATION. Follow the budget justification instructions
exactly. Use continuation pages as needed.
PHS 398 (Rev. 01/18 Approved Through 03/31/2020)
OMB No. 0925-0001 Page Form Page 5
Program Director/Principal Investigator (Last, First, Middle):
DETAILED BUDGET FOR INITIAL BUDGET
PERIODDIRECT COSTS ONLY
FROM
THROUGH
List PERSONNEL (Applicant organization only)
Use Cal, Acad, or Summer to Enter Months Devoted to Project
Enter Dollar Amounts Requested (omit cents) for Salary
Requested and Fringe Benefits

NAME
ROLE ON
PROJECT
Cal.
Mnths
Acad.
Mnths
Summer
Mnths
INST.BASE
SALARY
SALARY
REQUESTED
FRINGE
BENEFITS
TOTAL
PD/PI

SUBTOTALS
CONSULTANT COSTS
EQUIPMENT (Itemize)
SUPPLIES (Itemize by category)
TRAVEL
INPATIENT CARE COSTS
OUTPATIENT CARE COSTS
ALTERATIONS AND RENOVATIONS (Itemize by category)
OTHER EXPENSES (Itemize by category)
CONSORTIUM/CONTRACTUAL COSTS
DIRECT COSTS

SUBTOTAL DIRECT COSTS FOR INITIAL BUDGET PERIOD
(Item 7a, Face Page)
$
CONSORTIUM/CONTRACTUAL COSTS
FACILITIES AND ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS
TOTAL DIRECT COSTS FOR INITIAL BUDGET PERIOD
$
PHS 398 (Rev. 01/18 Approved Through 03/31/2020)
OMB No. 0925-0001 Page Form Page 4

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