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blood agar plate importance scientific explanation Solution Importance of Blood Agar Plates: · Blood agar(BA) is a solid growth medium that contains red blood cells. It is the enriched medium used to culture those bacteria or microbes that do not grow easily. These types of bacteria are called “fastidious” as they demand a special, enriched nutritional environment as compared to the routine bacteria. They require a source of blood as a culture medium supplement. It is also required to detect and differentiate haemolytic bacteria, especially Streptococcus species. It is also a differential media in allowing the detection ofhemolysis(destroying the RBC) by cytolytic toxins secreted by some bacteria, such as certain strains of Bacillus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, and Aerococcus. · Blood agar can be made selective for certain pathogens by the addition of antibiotics, chemicals or dyes. Examples include crystal violet blood agar to select Streptococcus pyogens from throat swabs, and kanamycin or neomycin blood agar to select anaerobes from pus. The main aim is : ii) To differentiate bacteria based on their hemolytic properties (-hemolysis,.

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A culture medium is said to support the growth and development of different microorganisms. Certain bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis entail hemoglobin found in the red blood cells. Because of its cost effectiveness and availability, expired human blood is being utilized in some developing countries. Despite the widely accepted disadvantages of using human blood as enrichment agent, many laboratories still opt to use it due to the unavailability of sheep blood or due to budgetary reasons. This study determined if the washed expired human blood can be used as an alternative enrichment agent in the preparation of Blood Agar Plate (BAP) culture medium in the isolation of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228. The cultural characteristics and hemolytic reactions of the selected microorganisms were recorded, assessed and compared with their growth in BAP. The stability of the washed expired human blood was evaluated in terms of temperature and storage period. Results reveal that expired human blood with washing improved the morphologic and hemolytic pattern of Staphylococcus aureus. The washing of blood had no effect on Staphylococcus epidermidis because it is a gamma hemolytic bacterium. Both unwashed expired and fresh human blood produced gamma hemolysis due to the interferences still present in them. Both washed expired human blood and washed fresh human blood produced beta hemolysis. Washed expired human blood could be stored for seven days and still could be used for microbial culture.

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1.T or F: The dividend payout ratio includes both stock dividends and cash dividends. 2.T or F: Firms with extra money should always repurchase their own stock, thus increasing the value of the firm. 3.Stability of dividends is not important to stockholders, especially to those that rely on fixed income. 4.T or F: The major drawback to an investor is that dividends are viewed as a passive variable, so a fixed income is never guaranteed. 5.T or F: A reverse stock split is normally used by those firms whose stock price has been stable for several years. Solution 1. False only cash dividens 2 False can invest too 3 False 4 True 5 False reverse split is used to increase the price.

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Describe the Sev signaling pathway. Solution R7 cell plays an important role in study of RTK signaling processes in cell fate determination. Firstly, only two cells are involved, differentiated R8 cell as the signal sender and the presumptive R7 cell as the recipient. Secondly, depending on the presence or absence of the signal, the R7 precursor cell can only choose between the neuronal R7 and the non-neuronal cone cell fate, respectively. Thirdly, the presence of the R7 cell can be easily noticed in living animals. This allows extensive genetic screens for mutations that specifically interfere with the formation of the R7 cell and, therefore, might disrupt reception, transduction, or interpretation of the inductive signal in the R7 precursor cell. Two classes of mutations are anticipated. The first class is homozygous viable mutations like SEV which specifically affect R7 cell development. Few isolated mutations have met the criteria of specificity. The second class of mutations are more difficult to isolate. If the SEV cascade shares components with other RTKs like DER with multiple functions during development, animals homozygous for loss-of-function mutations in the corresponding genes would presumably die prior to R7 cell commitment. Simon used a temperature sensitive allele of sev (sevts) which provides barely sufficient activity to allow R7 cell development. The second approach involved expression of constitutively activated versions of SEV in all sev-expressing cells [20] and [21]. This resulted in transformation of cone cells into additional R7 cells resulting in a rough eye phenotype. The conclusion drawn from these experiments is that cone cell precursors are competent to respond to the inductive signal.R7 cell specification became sensitive to the gene dosage of rate-limiting components acting downstream of SEV. Hence, for a recessive lethal mutation, reducing the gene dose by half is sufficient to modify the sevts or the sevS11 phenotype, which can be scored in living animals. Large-scale screens conducted with both systems unravelled the first steps in the SEV signaling cascade..

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2. What is gender identity? How is gender identity constructed? Explain this question using gender socialization process. Solution 2. Gender Identity: A Humans perception of possess a specific gender, which may or may not comparable with their birth sex. Gender Identity Constructed: The design that gender dissimilarity is socially constructed is a vision available in sociological and philosophical hypothesis about gender. According to this vision, association and culture produce gender character, and these character are authorize as design or appropriate etiquette for a human of that particular gender. Gender socialization process:.

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Abiotic Factor Too Little Too Much Just Right The Consequences Salinity Temperature Sunlight Nutrients symbiotic algae within coral can\'t grow coral reef gets overgrown with algae symbiotic microalgae grow and feed coral, but macroalgae does not take over the reef Coral reefs grow best in areas with low nutrient concentrations in the water, but not too low. Tides Wind Abiotic Factor Too Little Too Much Just Right The Consequences Salinity Temperature Sunlight Nutrients symbiotic algae within coral can\'t grow coral reef gets overgrown with algae symbiotic microalgae grow and feed coral, but macroalgae does not take over the reef Coral reefs grow best in areas with low nutrient concentrations in the water, but not too low. Tides Wind Solution iotic Factor Too Little Too Much Just Right The Consequences Salinity Corals cannot survive in low salinity.Leads to coral bleaching. They cannot thrive. 25 to 42% salinity is the best for corals to exist.32-40 PSU(Practical saline units) is the best salinity range for corals to occur. Corals cannot grow in very low salinity.Best range of salinity i.e 32-40 PSU that is found near the equator where corals are founf the most. Temperature Corals reefs do not grow well in lowered temperatures. Prolonged higher temperatures can cause coral bleaching( as the zooxanthellae leave the tissues of the coral) and occurence of infectious diseases. Zooxanthellae can survive inside corals and so corals can grow. High temperatures favour coral growth but too high temperatures for long time leads to coral bleaching. Sunlight Too little sunlight does not favour photosynthesis by zooxanthellae and hence growth of coral is lowered. Too much of sunlight results in excess photosynthesis by zooxanthellae that in turn results in high amounts of oxygen that can be toxic leading to mass bleaching. Neither too high nor too less light is favourable for coral growth. Corals require the right amount of light for growth,For this they grow in shallow water. Nutrients symbiotic algae within coral can\'t grow coral reef gets overgrown with algae symbiotic microalgae grow and feed coral, but macroalgae does not take over the reef Coral reefs grow best in areas with low nutrient concentrations in the water, but not too low. Tides Corals cannot get their food (zooxanthellae) and disperse their larvae. Corals become prone to tidal emersions that causes bleaching and death of corals. The right tidal current brings food to the corals ,helps in spawing and larva dispersal. Right tidal currents help in survival of the corals by getting them their food,Spring tides favour spawing in corals. Wind Does not affect much. Results in coral degradation. The right wind velocity gives proper shape and position to the corals. The right wind velocity orients the coral reefs inna proper direction giving it proper dhape and position but higher wind velocities destruct the corals. iotic Factor Too Little Too Much Just Right The Consequences Salinity Corals can.

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