1 What can you conclude about the blood type of this individual (ABO.pdf

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1 What can you conclude about the blood type of this individual (ABO and Rho)? 2. A woman who has A(+) blood type has a daughter who is A negative and a son who is B positive. What is the mother\'s genotype for AB antigens? 3. A woman, who has Rh-positive blood type has two children, Rh-positive son and Rh-negative daughter. is the genotype of the mother. Is she homozygous or heterozygous? Antiserum Anti-A Anti-B Anti-Rh Reaction No clumping Clumping Clumping Solution Ans. 1. B positive ; or B(+) No clumping in “Anti-A” indicates that antigen A is absent. Clumping in “Anti-B” indicates that antigen B is present. So, blood group is B Clumping in “Anti-Rh” indicates that Rh antigen is present. Presence of Rh antigen is indicated by “positive” suffix. So, the blood group is “B positive” meaning that the RBC has B antigen as well as Rh antigen. For more clarification: If there was clumping only in Anti-B but NOT in Anti-Rh- the blood group would be “B negative” meaning RBC has antigen B but lacks Rh antigen. Ans. 2. Given, Mother’s blood type = A(+); possible genotypes = IAIA or IAI0 Daughter’s blood type = A (-) ; possible genotypes = IAIA or IAI0 Son’s blood type = B (+) ; possible genotypes = IBIB or IBI0 (Note: Rh factor has not been shown because it’s not required here). Coming to son’s genotype, it can be IBIB or IBI0. Each progeny receives one allele from mother and another from father. The son’s genotype IBIB is NOT possible in this case because it need to inherit one IB allele from both parents whereas mother does not have an IB allele. The true genotype of son is IBI0. Since mother can’t contribute IB allele, the son must have inherited it from his father. Therefore, the allele contributed by mother is I0. The mother can contribute I0 only when her genotype is IAI0 – so that she can produce gametes with allele I0 as well as IA. Thus, mother genotype = IAI0 Ans. 3. Given, The son is Rh positive Daughter is Rh negative. Rh negative genotype is Rh- Rh- i.e. the individual must Rh- allele at both the loci. That is, the daughter must have inherited one Rh- allele from mother and another Rh- allele from father. To produce a gamete with Rh- allele, the must also has a Rh- allele. Moreover, the must also has an Rh+ allele, so that a Rh+ son would be produced. Therefore, mother’s genotype = Rh+ Rh- , she is heterozygous..

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daughter must have inherited one Rh- allele from mother and another Rh- allele from father.
To produce a gamete with Rh- allele, the must also has a Rh- allele. Moreover, the must also has
an Rh+ allele, so that a Rh+ son would be produced.
Therefore, mother’s genotype = Rh+ Rh- , she is heterozygous.

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1 BIOL 102: Lab 9 Simulated ABO and Rh Blood Typing Objectives: After completing this laboratory assignment, students will be able to: • explain the biology of blood typing systems ABO and Rh • explain the genetics of blood types • determine the blood types of several patients Introduction: Before Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO human blood groups in 1901, it was thought that all blood was the same. This misunderstanding led to fatal blood transfusions. Later, in 1940, Landsteiner was part of a team who discovered another blood group, the Rh blood group system. There are many blood group systems known today, but the ABO and the Rh blood groups are the most important ones used for blood transfusions. The designation Rh is derived from the Rhesus monkey in which the existence of the Rh blood group was discovered. Although all blood is made of the same basic elements, not all blood is alike. In fact, there are eight different common blood types, which are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens – substances that can trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the body – on the surface of the red blood cells (RBCs also known as erythrocytes). ABO System: The antigens on RBCs are agglutinating antigens or agglutinogens. They have been designated as A and B. Antibodies against antigens A and B begin to build up in the blood plasma shortly after birth. A person normally produces antibodies (agglutinins) against those antigens that are not present on his/her erythrocytes but does not produce antibodies against those antigens that are present on his/her erythrocytes. • A person who is blood type A will have A antigens on the surface of her/his RBCs and will have antibodies against B antigens (anti-B antibodies). See picture below. • A person with blood type B will have B antigens on the surface of her/his RBCs and will have antibodies against antigen A (anti-A antibodies). • A person with blood type O will have neither A nor B antigens on the surface of her/his RBCs and has BOTH anti-A and anti-B antibodies. • A person with blood type AB will have both A and B antigens on the surface of her/his RBCs and has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies. The individual’s blood type is based on the antigens (not the antibodies) he/she has. The four blood groups are known as types A, B, AB, and O. Blood type O, characterized by an absence of A and B agglutinogens, is the most common in the United States (45% of the population). Type A is the next in frequency, found in 39% of the population. The incidences of types B and AB are 12% and 4%, respectively. 2 Table 1: The ABO System Blood Type Antigens on RBCs Antibodies in the Blood Can GIVE Blood to Groups: Can RECEIVE Blood from Groups: A A Anti-B A, AB O, A B B Anti-A B, AB O, B AB A and B Neither anti-A nor anti-B AB O, A, B, AB O Neither A nor B Both anti-A.

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