You recovered an animal virus particle from drain water. When tested.pdf

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You recovered an animal virus particle from drain water. When tested in tissue culture, the virus infected cells. The virus particle most likely has a _________ capsid. A. naked helical B. naked icosahedral C. enveloped icosahedral D. enveloped helical E. naked icosahedral or naked helical Solution Answer: E. naked icosahedral or naked helical Reason: Several families of animal viruses often contain either naked icosahedral or naked helical symmetry because these are non-enveloped & have ability to infect cells in the tissue culture. These can be examined by collecting water sample from drainage or sewage using tissue culture procedure. Rotaviruses and picarnoviruses have ability to contaminate through feces and water they do possess either non-enveloped icosahedral or naked helical that have ability to infect animal cells Norovirus, rotavirus is one of RNA dependant (molecular background) viruses with Non- Enveloped capsid & Icosahedral structurae along with monopartite segmentation. These viruses are going to cause gastroentiritis (disease) and these are transmitted via, fecal–oral route from person to person by either food or water..

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1.T or F: The dividend payout ratio includes both stock dividends and cash dividends. 2.T or F: Firms with extra money should always repurchase their own stock, thus increasing the value of the firm. 3.Stability of dividends is not important to stockholders, especially to those that rely on fixed income. 4.T or F: The major drawback to an investor is that dividends are viewed as a passive variable, so a fixed income is never guaranteed. 5.T or F: A reverse stock split is normally used by those firms whose stock price has been stable for several years. Solution 1. False only cash dividens 2 False can invest too 3 False 4 True 5 False reverse split is used to increase the price.

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Describe the Sev signaling pathway. Solution R7 cell plays an important role in study of RTK signaling processes in cell fate determination. Firstly, only two cells are involved, differentiated R8 cell as the signal sender and the presumptive R7 cell as the recipient. Secondly, depending on the presence or absence of the signal, the R7 precursor cell can only choose between the neuronal R7 and the non-neuronal cone cell fate, respectively. Thirdly, the presence of the R7 cell can be easily noticed in living animals. This allows extensive genetic screens for mutations that specifically interfere with the formation of the R7 cell and, therefore, might disrupt reception, transduction, or interpretation of the inductive signal in the R7 precursor cell. Two classes of mutations are anticipated. The first class is homozygous viable mutations like SEV which specifically affect R7 cell development. Few isolated mutations have met the criteria of specificity. The second class of mutations are more difficult to isolate. If the SEV cascade shares components with other RTKs like DER with multiple functions during development, animals homozygous for loss-of-function mutations in the corresponding genes would presumably die prior to R7 cell commitment. Simon used a temperature sensitive allele of sev (sevts) which provides barely sufficient activity to allow R7 cell development. The second approach involved expression of constitutively activated versions of SEV in all sev-expressing cells [20] and [21]. This resulted in transformation of cone cells into additional R7 cells resulting in a rough eye phenotype. The conclusion drawn from these experiments is that cone cell precursors are competent to respond to the inductive signal.R7 cell specification became sensitive to the gene dosage of rate-limiting components acting downstream of SEV. Hence, for a recessive lethal mutation, reducing the gene dose by half is sufficient to modify the sevts or the sevS11 phenotype, which can be scored in living animals. Large-scale screens conducted with both systems unravelled the first steps in the SEV signaling cascade..

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2. What is gender identity? How is gender identity constructed? Explain this question using gender socialization process. Solution 2. Gender Identity: A Humans perception of possess a specific gender, which may or may not comparable with their birth sex. Gender Identity Constructed: The design that gender dissimilarity is socially constructed is a vision available in sociological and philosophical hypothesis about gender. According to this vision, association and culture produce gender character, and these character are authorize as design or appropriate etiquette for a human of that particular gender. Gender socialization process:.

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Abiotic Factor Too Little Too Much Just Right The Consequences Salinity Temperature Sunlight Nutrients symbiotic algae within coral can\'t grow coral reef gets overgrown with algae symbiotic microalgae grow and feed coral, but macroalgae does not take over the reef Coral reefs grow best in areas with low nutrient concentrations in the water, but not too low. Tides Wind Abiotic Factor Too Little Too Much Just Right The Consequences Salinity Temperature Sunlight Nutrients symbiotic algae within coral can\'t grow coral reef gets overgrown with algae symbiotic microalgae grow and feed coral, but macroalgae does not take over the reef Coral reefs grow best in areas with low nutrient concentrations in the water, but not too low. Tides Wind Solution iotic Factor Too Little Too Much Just Right The Consequences Salinity Corals cannot survive in low salinity.Leads to coral bleaching. They cannot thrive. 25 to 42% salinity is the best for corals to exist.32-40 PSU(Practical saline units) is the best salinity range for corals to occur. Corals cannot grow in very low salinity.Best range of salinity i.e 32-40 PSU that is found near the equator where corals are founf the most. Temperature Corals reefs do not grow well in lowered temperatures. Prolonged higher temperatures can cause coral bleaching( as the zooxanthellae leave the tissues of the coral) and occurence of infectious diseases. Zooxanthellae can survive inside corals and so corals can grow. High temperatures favour coral growth but too high temperatures for long time leads to coral bleaching. Sunlight Too little sunlight does not favour photosynthesis by zooxanthellae and hence growth of coral is lowered. Too much of sunlight results in excess photosynthesis by zooxanthellae that in turn results in high amounts of oxygen that can be toxic leading to mass bleaching. Neither too high nor too less light is favourable for coral growth. Corals require the right amount of light for growth,For this they grow in shallow water. Nutrients symbiotic algae within coral can\'t grow coral reef gets overgrown with algae symbiotic microalgae grow and feed coral, but macroalgae does not take over the reef Coral reefs grow best in areas with low nutrient concentrations in the water, but not too low. Tides Corals cannot get their food (zooxanthellae) and disperse their larvae. Corals become prone to tidal emersions that causes bleaching and death of corals. The right tidal current brings food to the corals ,helps in spawing and larva dispersal. Right tidal currents help in survival of the corals by getting them their food,Spring tides favour spawing in corals. Wind Does not affect much. Results in coral degradation. The right wind velocity gives proper shape and position to the corals. The right wind velocity orients the coral reefs inna proper direction giving it proper dhape and position but higher wind velocities destruct the corals. iotic Factor Too Little Too Much Just Right The Consequences Salinity Corals can.

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blood agar plate importance scientific explanation Solution Importance of Blood Agar Plates: · Blood agar(BA) is a solid growth medium that contains red blood cells. It is the enriched medium used to culture those bacteria or microbes that do not grow easily. These types of bacteria are called “fastidious” as they demand a special, enriched nutritional environment as compared to the routine bacteria. They require a source of blood as a culture medium supplement. It is also required to detect and differentiate haemolytic bacteria, especially Streptococcus species. It is also a differential media in allowing the detection ofhemolysis(destroying the RBC) by cytolytic toxins secreted by some bacteria, such as certain strains of Bacillus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, and Aerococcus. · Blood agar can be made selective for certain pathogens by the addition of antibiotics, chemicals or dyes. Examples include crystal violet blood agar to select Streptococcus pyogens from throat swabs, and kanamycin or neomycin blood agar to select anaerobes from pus. The main aim is : ii) To differentiate bacteria based on their hemolytic properties (-hemolysis,.

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1 What can you conclude about the blood type of this individual (ABO and Rho)? 2. A woman who has A(+) blood type has a daughter who is A negative and a son who is B positive. What is the mother\'s genotype for AB antigens? 3. A woman, who has Rh-positive blood type has two children, Rh-positive son and Rh-negative daughter. is the genotype of the mother. Is she homozygous or heterozygous? Antiserum Anti-A Anti-B Anti-Rh Reaction No clumping Clumping Clumping Solution Ans. 1. B positive ; or B(+) No clumping in “Anti-A” indicates that antigen A is absent. Clumping in “Anti-B” indicates that antigen B is present. So, blood group is B Clumping in “Anti-Rh” indicates that Rh antigen is present. Presence of Rh antigen is indicated by “positive” suffix. So, the blood group is “B positive” meaning that the RBC has B antigen as well as Rh antigen. For more clarification: If there was clumping only in Anti-B but NOT in Anti-Rh- the blood group would be “B negative” meaning RBC has antigen B but lacks Rh antigen. Ans. 2. Given, Mother’s blood type = A(+); possible genotypes = IAIA or IAI0 Daughter’s blood type = A (-) ; possible genotypes = IAIA or IAI0 Son’s blood type = B (+) ; possible genotypes = IBIB or IBI0 (Note: Rh factor has not been shown because it’s not required here). Coming to son’s genotype, it can be IBIB or IBI0. Each progeny receives one allele from mother and another from father. The son’s genotype IBIB is NOT possible in this case because it need to inherit one IB allele from both parents whereas mother does not have an IB allele. The true genotype of son is IBI0. Since mother can’t contribute IB allele, the son must have inherited it from his father. Therefore, the allele contributed by mother is I0. The mother can contribute I0 only when her genotype is IAI0 – so that she can produce gametes with allele I0 as well as IA. Thus, mother genotype = IAI0 Ans. 3. Given, The son is Rh positive Daughter is Rh negative. Rh negative genotype is Rh- Rh- i.e. the individual must Rh- allele at both the loci. That is, the daughter must have inherited one Rh- allele from mother and another Rh- allele from father. To produce a gamete with Rh- allele, the must also has a Rh- allele. Moreover, the must also has an Rh+ allele, so that a Rh+ son would be produced. Therefore, mother’s genotype = Rh+ Rh- , she is heterozygous..

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Identify the class for each of the following. acetylcholine (ACh) atrial nature tic peptide (ANP) calcitonin chorion gonadotropin dopamine endorphins erythropoietin (EPO) gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) glutamate growth factors (GF) interferon (IF) interleukins (IL) leptin leukotrienes melatonin nicotine nitric oxide (NO) oxytocin (OXY) pheromones progesterone prostaglandins pyrogens serotonin tumor necrosis factor (TNF) vasopressin CYTOKINE ECTOHORMONE EICOSANOID HORMONE NEUROHORMONE NEUROMODULATOR NEUROTRANSMITTER Solution 1) actylcholine is a neurotransmitter for cell signalling 7) erthrypoetein is a hormone responsible for RBC growth. 25) vasopressin is a hormone responsible for water reabsorption from kidney.. 3) calcitonin is a hormone responsible for the maintaince of calcium level in the body.. 14) leukotrines are cytokines.. 23) serotonin are neuro hormone which acts on the brain for signalling.. 19) pheromones are ectohormone in nature...

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