The document provides information on various small scale chemical projects and formulations, including: - Alkyl benzene sulphonate production through sulphonation of linear alkyl benzene. - Manufacturing of auto tubes using a moulding method and auto flaps using pressure moulding. - Ayurvedic medicines being based on plant, animal and mineral ingredients in single or compound formulations. - Ball pen ink composition and manufacturing as a mass consumption item. - Cement paints usage on exterior walls and masonry surfaces and ability to use interiorly or exteriorly.

1. C H E M I C A L
P RO J E C T S
S M A L L S C A L E
P R O J E C T S

2. A L K Y L B E N Z E N E S U L P H O N A T E
Acid slurry or alkyl
benzene sulphonate is
prepared by
sulphonation of Linear
Alkyl Benzene (LAB)
with a suitable
sulphonating agent.

3. PA I N T S B A S E D O N C N S L R E S I N

4. A U T O T U B E S A N D F L A P S
Auto tubes are
manufactured by
moulding method.
Auto flaps are
manufactured by the
pressure moulding
technique in the
mould, after making
the rubber compound
on a two roll mixing
mill.

5. A Y U R V E D I C M E D I C I N E
F O R M U L A T I O N S
This system of medicine involves diet,
detoxification and purification techniques,
herbal and mineral remedies, yoga, breathing
exercises, meditation, and massage therapy
as holistic healing methods.
Ayurvedic medicines are based on plants,
animals and minerals both as single
ingredient and compound formulations

6. B A L L P E N
I N K
Ball pen is one of the most
essential items for students,
educational institutions and
for office work, etc. Ink is a
viscous and colored fluid
composed of reflux blue,
varnishes, oil and drier. This
is a mass consumption
item.

7. C E M E N T P A I N T S
Cement paints are covered
under Powder Paints which
are used for exterior
cemented walls, all types of
masonry surfaces like
Bungalows, Multistoried
buildings, Bridges, Dams,
Houses, Buildings of General
Public, etc. and can also be
used for Interior as well as
exterior masonry cemented
surfaces

8. C H L O R A M P H E N I C O L P A L M I T A T E
Chloramphenicol is the specific drug for control and cure of
typhoid and broad-spectrum bacterial diseases.
Chloramphenicol finds extensive use through tablets and
capsules while chloramphenicol palmitate is used to
formulate syrups. The structural formula for chloramphenicol-
palmitate is represented as:
H NH COCHCI2
| |
O2N – C – C– CH2 OCO (CH2)14 CH3
| |
OH H

9. C H L O R I N A T E D H E A V Y N O R M A L P A R A F F I N
Chlorinated Heavy Normal
paraffin is a replacement of
chlorinated paraffin wax. The
method of manufacturing of
both the products is the same
and so is the end-use. Apart
from above the best part of
Chlorinated Heavy Normal
Paraffin is that in this product
maximum Chlorination which
can be achieved is 70% while in
chlorinated paraffin wax itis
60%.

10. C O - E X T R U D E D M U L T I L A Y E R F I L M
Three layer blown film
extrusion (also known as blow
film co-extrusion) is a
process of simultaneously
extruding in molten stage
three polymers which
adhere to each other through
a common die to form an
integral film of unique
strength and barrier
properties.
The selection of layers
depends upon end properties
required as well as items to be
packed.

11. D E T E R G E N T P O W D E R A N D C A K E

12. D I S P O S A B L E S Y R I N G E S

13. E L E C T R O C A R D I O G R A M P A P E R
( E . C . G . P A P E R )
The basic raw material used for E.C.G.
paper is white paper. This paper is
coated black with the help of Black
processing machine by coating
chemicals. Again this paper is coated
white-by-white coating chemicals. The
graphing is done on this paper by
Graphing machine. This paper is slit to
reported size and finally wound up by
winding machine and packed.

14. E N G I N E M O U N T I N G — R U B B E R
B O N D E D
The engine mounting consists of two
parts namely metallic and rubber.
First of all, metallic part is made from
the suitable iron plates, according to
size and thickness desired as per
standard specifications of the end
product.
For making the rubber compound,
first of all various chemicals are
checked for their respective
percentage purity.
Subsequently, they are mixed with
rubber on a standard Mixing Mill as
per standard weights and
formulations adopted. Some
chemicals are added to soften the
rubber or sometimes rubber is
warmed to lighten the load on the
Mixing Mills before mastication
process

15. H A R D C H R O M E P L A T I N G
Hard chrome coating finds extensive
application in the industry due to their
extreme hardness resistance to heat
wear, corrosion and low co-efficient of
action. Due to these qualities it is applied
excellent on cutting tools, gauges, dies,
moulds, piston rods, rollers, textile
machinery parts etc

16. M E N T H O L C R Y S T A L
The process involves the
progressive chilling of mentha oil
resulting in the separation of 63-
65% menthol in crystalline form.
The crystals are further processed
to obtain bolder crystals. The left
over dementholised oil is
hydrolysed and fractionated.
Terpenes, menthone (90-93%
purity) and liquid menthol are
separated. Menthol crystals are
further recovered thereby
improving the overall yield and
economics.

17. M O S Q U I T O R E P E L L E N T P R O D U C T S
Process of Manufacture
i) Absorbent paper sheets are
colored and cut into pieces of
desired dimensions.
ii) The paper sheets are soaked in
chemical mixture and vacuum dried.
iii) The mats after drying are stored
in closed containers.
iv) The mats are packed in plastic packs.

18. A N T I - C O R R O S I V E P A I N T S B A S E D O N C N S L
R E S I N
One of the natural products with
versatile utility in prevention of
corrosion in CNSL
(Cashew Nut Shell Liquid). This oil
is available in plenty from cashew
industry as a by product. CNSL is
treated and
polymerized to give resins which
will act as good coating materials.
These resins are used in anti-
corrosive protective
coatings.

19. P L A S T I C M O U L D E D L U G G A G E
Process of Manufacture
The required raw material is fed into the hopper of the injection-moulding machine and heated in the cylinder.
The required mould is kept in the locking unit. The plastic melt is stored in front of the screw in a small adjustable
chamber. The predetermined volume of plastic melt is injected into the closed mould at a very high pressure by
forward motion of screw. After 5 to 15 seconds,the solidification of plastic fed melt being in the mould (Which is
constantly cooledby cold water circulation), the injected material is kept under pressure for sometime to ensure
adequate filling of the mould and to prevent back-flow of material……..

20. P R I N T I N G I N K
Printing Ink is manufactured by
proper incorporation of dry
pigments into the vehicle by
grinding. These two ingredients
in suitable proportions are
mixed with or without
modifiers, driers, wetting
agents, anti-oxidants, etc.
Depending upon the types and
quality of the printing ink in a
mixer like dough type mills,
triple roll mill, agitator are used

21. R O T O G R A V U R E P R I N T I N G
Use of printed wrappers etc. is a widely
accepted mode of packaging. The market
potentiality of these items is quite
good. With the increase in the use of
plastic/polythene items for packing of
different consumer products like soap,
bread, tea, edible oils, milk, pan masala,
snacks, etc., this mode of printing has
acquired a very good acceptability due to
better get-up, quicker production and
cost benefit.

22. R O T O - M O U L D E D P L A S T I C
W A T E R
S T O R A G E T A N K S
Product is formed inside a closed
mould rotating biaxial in two plains
perpendicular to each other. In batch
type-rock-N-Roll type Rotational
Moulding machines, frame of the
machine is turned in a primary axis
while mould is rotated in secondary
axis.

23. S U G A R G L O B U L E S
Manufacturing process of
sugar
globules may be shown as
following:
1. Grinding of sugar.
2. Formation of Globules.
3. Drying.
4. Coating.

24. S U L P H U R B L A C K D Y E
The process for the manufacture of
sulphur black involves heating of dinitrochloro
benzene (dncb) at 1000 C with help of stem in a
jacketed mild steel reactor.
Caustic dye is then added to it very slowly at 900 –
1000 C to make dinitro-phenol.
Similarly, polysulphide of sodium is prepared in a
separate vessel by reacting caustic lye and sulphur
at 1350 C.
The whole mass is then transferred to dinitro
phenol solution andheated for 24 hours at 1100C.
During the reaction air is passed for 12 hours at
900 C. After completion of the
reaction the mass is filtered, washed and
solubilized.
The sulphur black solution
thus obtained is dried in steam heated
plated to obtain sulphur black grains.

25. T E F L O N P R O D U C T S
Teflon is considered to be a
high performance
engineering plastic because
of its service temperature up
to about 300ºC and high
impact strength.
Teflon products such as :
rings, oil seals, gaskets, rods,
bushes bearings etc. have
got wide applications in
automobile, electrical and
chemical industries.

26. W H I T E P H E N Y L
The white phenyl is basically made from pine oil
and also a disinfectant agent which destroys
pathogenic organism.
When essential oils are mixed with pine oil, it makes
for a really good disinfectant and sanitizer with long
lasting lingering aroma.
Raw Materials needed are Rosinated pine oil, phenyl
emulsifier & turkey red oil.

27. B L A C K - P H E N Y L

28. D E T E R G E N T P O W D E R
The manufacturing of detergent powder is not so
complicated and involves mixing of different
ingredients in the right proportions.
Each detergent making company has its own
customized formula that can be crafted keeping
in mind your target market.
Budget is mentioned for a medium sized
detergent powder manufacturing unit with a
1000m sq. ft. area. Keep a minimum budget in
mind to be Rs. 25 lakh. This is because of the
presence of a large number of competitors in the
detergent manufacturing industry so initially, the
struggle for selling would be too high.

29. B A R S OA P