402, Information Technology

1. COMMUNICATION SKILLS

2. The term communication derived from the
latin word communicate which means to
share. Communication is effective when the
receiver understands what the sender says

3. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
• VERBAL COMMUNICATION
• NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
• VISUAL COMMUNICATION

4. A VERBAL –
it is one of the usual ways of communication that involve direct
interaction and instant response whether it be oral or written
communication.
Oral or spoken communication involves face to face conversation,
telephonic conversation, etc between two or more people.
types of verbal communication.
• interpersonal communication (face to face)
• written communication
• small group communication
• public communication

5. NON-VERBAL:
it is a way of communication that involves all types of non-verbal
actions in a interactive environment. the message is conveyed
without sound. i.e with the use of symbols , gestures, eye contact,
facial expression, body language, etc.
Types of non verbal-
• facial expression like anger, fear or happiness can be used
effectively.
• posture like relaxed body while standing builds confidence
• gestures like raising hands can express your idea.
• touch like shaking hands can encourage a person.
• paralanguage includes tone, volume 'oe' speed of expressions
• space should be maintained while formal or informal
communication.

6. C. VISUAL COMMUNICATION:
it is a way of communication in which message is
conveyed in an imagery form. it can be in the form of
signs, pictography, films and many more. all images and
symbols like traffic signals, sign boards or direction
signals at malls, roads, etc are all effective ways of
expressing ideas.

8. : sender sends through desired medium
information converted from one
system to another system in the form of codes.
it is the medium through which the
information is send
process of converting encoded
message to understandable form.
person who receive the information
feedback is the response of the
receiver

9. BARRIERS (Obstacles or difficulties)
In Effective Communication
Noise : noise is an undesirable input due to
which communication barriers enter the
communication process and cause distortion of
the message.

10. Type of Barriers
(separates people)
(message interpreted )
(language and cultural)
(medium problems)
(style of communication)
(fear, anger or happiness)
(doubting, nagging habit)

11. Measures to Overcome Barriers
know your
audience
simple and clear words
noise
source should be identified and eliminated
listen attentively to avoid
misunderstanding
ensure your message has
been understood.
choose right medium

12. PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
info should clear to the sender
simple and understandable
receiver understand and send feedbacks
maintain the flow of information
sufficient and complete
: avoid late messages
gets to know how the message is
conveyed
choosing proper medium

13. 7C’s of Communication
one should stick to the point and keep it
short.
message should be strong.
communication should be error free
be clear about the goals of message.
message should be relevant to the main
topic.
message should be complete and include
all relevant information
communication should be honest,
respectful and friendly.

14. SENTENCES
AND
ITS KINDS
A sentence is a group of words giving a complete
thought. A sentence must contain a subject and
verb. There are mainly our types of sentences.

15. TYPES OF SENTENCES
• Declarative Sentence: states a fact and ends with
a full stop. (My car is back)
• Imperative Sentence: it is a command, a polite
request or an advice (Bring me a glass of water)
• Interrogative Sentence: asks a question and ends
with a question mark. (Do you have a pen)
• Exclamatory Sentence: expresses excitement or
emotion. It ends with and exclamation mark.
(How strange it was)

16. PHRASE
A Phrase is a group of words that stand together as a
single grammatical unit, typically as part of a clause
or a sentence.
• Clause: janet eats cake daily
• Phrase : my cousin janet eats cake daily

17. EXAMPLE:
Without phrases
• The horse[S] runs[V]
• people[S] do not sleep[V] at night[O].
• He[S[ sacrificed[V] his life[O]
With Phrases
• The horse[S] runs[V] at a good speed
• A lot of[P] people[S] do not sleep[V] at night[O].
• He[S[ sacrificed[V] his life[O] for the sake [P]of his
country.[O]
[V] =VERB
[O] = OBJECT
[P]=PHRASE
[S]= SUBJECT

18. TYPES OF PHRASE:
• Adverb Phrase: answer the questions how, where, why
or when. ( I parked the car right here)
• Prepositional Phrase: its object and any words that
modify the object.( a town near london)
• Adjective Phrase: group of words that describe a noun or
pronoun in a sentence.
(a pie is very delicious and extremely expensive)
• Noun Phrase: words that work together to name and
describe a person,place, thing, or idea.
(do you enjoy reading this book)
• Verb Phrase : can be the predicate of a sentence or a
clause. ( he was walking to work today)

19. PARTS OF SPEECH:
There are eight parts of speech, noun, pronoun, verb,
adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.
• Noun: name of person, place, thing or idea. Proper
nouns always start with a capital letter, common
nouns do not. (Dolma,Gopalpur, Pen)
• Pronoun: A pronoun is a word used in place of
noun.(Me, I, you, he , she, and etc)
• Verb: A verb expresses action. There is main verb and
sometimes one or more helping verbs. (focus, run)
• Adjective: An adjective is a word used to modify or
describe a noun or pronoun. It usually answers the
question of which one, what kind of how many.
(fantastic, huge, charming)

20. • Adverb: an adverb describes or modifies a verb, an
adjective or another adverb but never a noun. It
usually answers the questions of When, where,
how, why, under what conditions or to what
degree. (today, soon, once, just)
• Preposition: A preposition is word placed before a
noun or pronoun to form a phrase modifying
another word in the sentence.(at, from, far)
• Conjunction: A conjunction joins words, phrases or
clauses and indicates the relationship between the
elements joined.(and, but, so,either)
• Interjection: An interjection is a word to express
emotions. It is often followed by an exclamation
mark.(Eww!, Hey!, Bingo!, Aww!)

21. ARTICLES:
• ‘A/an’ and ‘The’ are the three types of English articles.
When you have a single, countable English noun, you
must always have an article before it. We cannot say
“please pass me pen”, we must say “please pass me the
pen” or “please pass me a pen”
An article is a word used to modify a noun, which
is a person, place, object or idea. Articles are used
before nouns to show whether the nouns are
general or specific.

22. • Uncountable nouns don’t use ‘a’ or ‘an’. This is
because you can’t count them. For example ,
advice is an uncountable noun. You can’t say
“he gave me an advice” , but you can say “he
gave me some advice” or “ he gave me a piece
of advice”.
• You can use ‘the’ to make general things
specific. You can use ‘the’ with any type of noun
be it plural or singular, countable or
uncountable. “Please pass me the pen”, here
‘the’ is used to make that pen specific.

23. CONSTRUCTION OF A PARAGRAPH
Paragraphs are comprised of sentences but
not random sentences
A paragraph is a group of sentences
organized around a central topic.

24. Elements of Paragraph:
the paragraph is unified around this main
idea with the supporting sentences providing
detail and discussion.
refers to the way you organize your
supporting sentences.
quality that makes your writing
understandable.
well developed paragraph.
Sentences clearly an d sufficiently support the
main idea, then your paragraph is complete.

25. • Clause: janet eats cake daily
• Phrase : my cousin janet eats cake daily