Drugs And Alcohol In The Criminal Justice System

Drugs and Alcohol in the Criminal Justice System
Frank Herton
CJ411: Drugs and Alcohol in the Criminal Justice System
Unit 2 Assignment
May 1, 2012
Drug and alcohol abuse has been around as long as humans have been around. People have always
had the desire to use substances to make them feel relaxed or stimulated. So because drugs and
alcohol have always been existent, they have always been a part of our American culture through
politics, media and advertising, and other American concepts. The time period of 1950–2000 was
exceptionally active for American culture, and there were many turning points in research and
knowledge, legislature, media, and how the general public viewed drug and alcohol use. From
approximately 1950–1980, law firms defending tobacco companies really had ... Show more content
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The following is a passage from First Lady, Nancy Reagan's speech: "As we mobilize for this
national crusade, I'm mindful that drugs are a constant temptation for millions. Please remember this
when your courage is tested: You are Americans. You're the product of the freest society mankind
has ever known. No one, ever, has the right to destroy your dreams and shatter your life," ("Just Say
No: Address to the Nation," 2007). Whether it was because of the "Just Say No" campaign or not,
drug use among high school students was at a decline when Reagan left office ("Just Say No:
Address to the Nation," 2007). In the 1980's, crack cocaine became a problem in the United States.
Richard Pryor may have been the one to initially introduce crack cocaine to America when he
reportedly ignited himself while attempting to smoke crack cocaine ("History of Drugs in America:
Timeline of Important Dates," 2012). Crack was cheap, simple to produce, ready for use, and very
profitable for dealers, and it started surfacing in major US cities as early as 1981. The first crack
house was discovered in Miami in 1982, but the drug was not taken as a serious threat at first.
However, there was a dramatic increase in the crack cocaine epidemic by 1985. In the few short
years, people who admitted to using cocaine increased from 4.2 million to 5.8 million people, and in
1985, cocaine related hospital emergencies
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The War On Drugs : The Problems With The War On Drugs
The war on drugs has been talked about since Nixon brought it into play several years ago. It is not
surprising that the war on drugs has been rather stagnant over the decades, with little positive
outcomes. The war on drugs seems to only fill up the prison with people who in societies eyes have
minor or nonviolent offenses. I understand that drugs in the community in a serious problem,
however, if this same method hasn't been working for years then why would it work now. My
biggest issue with the war on drugs is the sentencing and the racial profiling that lies beneath the
war on drugs. Often times if an African–American and a Caucasian are both arrested on the same
drugs charges, the African–American will receive a longer sentencing than their counterpart. I
believe racial profiling and longer sentencing have a correlation. African–Americans have a higher
chance of being stopped by police officers, in which if they do possess drugs they'll end up in prison
unless it's a marijuana charge. I am aware that they shouldn't have drugs on them in the first place,
however, it's unfair when white people can possess the drugs and not be suspected by police officers.
Therefore the war on drugs ends up leaving a negative impact on the black community. I recall
hearing reports about during the 80s when crack being to take over lower–class black communities,
sometimes police officer would place drugs on African–Americans they stopped so they have a
probable cause for arrest. Since

Powder Cocaine Vs Crack
Crack and powder cocaine is a controversial topic. There have been racial disparities in drug
enforcement between Crack and powder cocaine. Cocaine is derived from the opium gather
naturally from the poppy plant while crack is the result of a chemical reaction been cocaine, water
and a strong base. Under the controlled substances act both are classified as schedule II meaning
they both have a high potential for abuse which can cause a use to be dependent both physically and
psychologically. Due to the passing of the Fair Sentencing Act (FSA) in 2010, which reduced the
sentencing disparity between offenses for crack and powder cocaine. Prior to its enactment for any
offender using cocaine to be sentence the minimum five, ten, or twenty years

History of the Crack Cocaine Essay examples
Crack cocaine has been popular since the 1970s and mid 1980s. Crack cocaine is not a new drug;
this drug is obtained from coca plant which grows mainly in South America. For many years, the
native South American Indians chewed its leaves to develop strength and increased energy. By the
1800s, the cocaine was secluded from its leaves and used as a medicinal drug. By the late 1800s, it
was used as an anesthetic and to avert surgical hemorrhage. The next century, people recognized
crack cocaine an addictive narcotic and its non–medical use of the drug was ended by the Harrison
Narcotics Act in 1914 ("How crack cocaine works?"). The powder cocaine is heated and a solid
material isolates the boiling assortment. Next, it is removed and dried ... Show more content on
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The short term effects of the crack includes: higher breathing rate, elevated blood pressure, soaring
heart rate, compressed blood vessels, lack of appetite, dilated pupils, extreme euphoria for both
casual and heavy users. The long term effects are the following: depression, violent, fearful
performances, hallucinations, bad temper, psychosis, heart attack/stroke, sterility (for both men and
women), brain convulsion, respiratory malfunction and even death for heavy users! Since crack
cocaine is exceedingly addictive, addicts can easily build up tolerance and become addicted in a
short time by smoking it constantly. There are many ways to take crack cocaine. Users can smoke
through a hand pipe or a water pipe, snort, infuse through vein, or they can combine crack with
marijuana, heroin etc (University Of Maryland). While taking crack, users face plenty of risks like:
coughing, respiratory bleeding, out of breath, paranoia, lung trauma and many more ("Crack cocaine
facts"). Dealers shipped crack cocaine from the Bahamas and the Caribbean to Miami, where the
dealers would sell it for lower incomes ("A Complete History of Crack Cocaine"). Anyone can be
addicted to crack cocaine – from adults to teens. Crack cocaine is most rampant in urban regions but
addicts from rural areas can also be seen. Crack is highly addictive because a user trying for the first
time becomes addicted to it and he uses it many times throughout the day. A single dosage is
inexpensive but a crack

Crack Cocaine And Drug Addiction
The drug crack cocaine is the crystalized form of cocaine that normally comes in a powder form.
Smoking crack cocaine, which is way stronger than crack itself, permits the drug to reach the brain
faster which brings a strong and almost instantaneous high that endures for approximately fifteen
minutes. Because crack cocaine addiction can develop quicker if the substance is smoked rather than
inhaled, the user can develop an addiction after their first time even experiencing the drug. Crack
cocaine has a high cost, while crack alone is traded at low cost. Once a crack cocaine user is
addicted, the amount that they tend to use increases and the price also increases causes a direct
struggle for funds in order to pay. The definitions of crack cocaine addictions can vary, but most
incorporate the fact that as a staple norm the persistent use of a drug notwithstanding the presence of
undesirable and damaging consequences and concerns for the user 's well–being, employment,
financial stability, and relationships/associations. The significant component of crack cocaine is the
users craving and loss of control, indicating the failure of the user to change their uncontrollable
behavior. From doing research on this topic, I found that cocaine addiction was once assumed to be
mainly mental in nature. In the book that we read in class, Fast Lives by Claire Sterk, she challenges
the common misperceptions of crack cocaine and shows us through study that the common
perceptions that we have

Crack Cocaine In The 70's
hit in the 60's and as cocaine made its way in the 70's, it was the "it" drug of the era. It was very
popular amongst celebrities, executives, athletes, and the very rich. Even with its infiltration of the
nation, the federal government didn't get as involved as it did when crack hit the streets. The DEA
mostly targeted big smugglers and major dealers. Cocaine started to get a negative rap only because
of the violence and killings that started to come with it. Those who were out to stop the crack
epidemic had something else in mind– to target the users. The users were the same users as those
who used powdered cocaine. The Drug–Abuse Act of 1986 was the law that separated crack from
cocaine in the eyes of the law. When crack cocaine first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It a ludacris ratio, but they stuck with it and stuck it to a lot of low level users and dealers. There
was an even harsher punishment for those who carried 5 grams of crack cocaine or more. A first
time offender who was in possession of 5 grams of crack would be given a mandatory 5 years in
prison. That means that you would be given the same amount of prison time for having 500 grams
of powdered cocaine in your possession. If an individual was caught we 50 grams of crack, it would
be an automatic 10 years. There has never been a class of drug in the history of the United States
that has been as racially skewed in regards to the number of offenses. According to the United States
Sentencing Commission, which I might add came about as a product of the Anti–Drug–Abuse Act,
79% of the 5,669 sentenced crack offenders in 2015 were African American 10% where Hispanic,
and the remaining 10% were white. When you contrast that with the 6,103 cases were cocaine was
the charge, the numbers are a little more spread out along the playing field: 53% Hispanic, 27%
Black, 18% white. Rightfully so, someone finally took care of the injustice that was created back in
1986. In 2010, President Obama signed the Fair Sentencing Act. What the Act did was it lowered the
ratio of crack to cocaine from 100–1 to 18–1. That's still a very high number for two almost
identical drugs that have the same effects, has the same molecular structure, and is just as addictive.
Bills are currently being presented in order to lower the sentencing ratio down to

Danilo Blandon's Use Of Crack Cocaine In The United States
In 1996, Gary Webb claimed that black men were incarcerated for charges dealing with selling
cocaine because of the CIA. "Thousands of young black men are serving long prison sentences for
selling cocaine – a drug that was virtually unobtainable in black neighborhoods before members of
the CIA's army started bringing it into South–Central in the 1980s at bargain–basement prices." This
claim outraged members of the black community because it reaffirmed suspicions of the government
intentionally tainting their community with crack. "... about 2,000 people converged on the
Crenshaw district [LA] Saturday to demand that U.S. government officials be held accountable for
alleged complicity in the city's deadly scourge of crack cocaine."
Then ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
the idea, several weeks before Ross's trial, that the CIA was involved with Blandon's drug
sales...Webb also suggested questions to Fenster in the courtroom, according to Webb and Fenster."
Questions Fenster asked fueled the material Webb used in his articles to support his claims. If he did
give Fenster this idea, and Fenster didn't come to the conclusion himself it makes the material used
in the article illegitimate.
The Washington Post continues on to say, "... No evidence of specific transactions or of explicit
financial links has emerged to back up Blandon's and Menses's claims of sending money to the
rebels."
If there isn't evidence of financial links to back up Blandon's and Menses's claims, then Blandon
might have not told the truth to the grand jury in 1994. It is another possibility that Blandon and
Menses kept the profits made from cocaine trafficking and spent it on themselves.
Roberto Suro and Walter Pincus, journalists for The Washington Post, have years of experience.
Suro has written books on immigration, and is a professor at University of Southern California.
Through Pincus' career, he was awarded with the 1997 George Polk Award, 1981 Emmy, and 2010
Authur Ross

Crack Cocaine
In addition to alcohol, another toxic bunch of narcotics that are also considered sinful in the
Christian religion are illegal drugs. A particular illegal drug that took a devastating toll on the United
States during the 1980's was crystallized cocaine, by its street name: "crack cocaine".
On a more political note, Republican President Reagan was elected in 1980 and held office from
1981 to 1989. Reagan notably preferred a more Laisezz–Faire form of government as he clearly
states in his inaugural speech "In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problems;
government is the problem" when describing the economic recession. In essence, he preferred that
the government become less involved in the economic functions of the country. ... Show more
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Christianity is the largest religion in the world. More specifically, it is the predominant religion in
one of the most prominent nations in the world: The United States of America. However, there has
been a decline in Christianity and its followers. Throughout this research paper, an extensive theory
has been put to test: Did social, political, and economic factors within the United States affect the
extent to which Christianity was practiced in the 1980s? The simple answer to this intriguing
question is yes. From a social standpoint, sexual temptations were drastically increased by
technology. As ease of access to internet and media increased, the number of pornographic users
increased. By logic, more Christians began to utilize pornographic outlets, despite the warnings
provided by the Bible. With regards to the economy, a correlation between the number of
automobiles manufactured and the number of alcohol related injuries. As more automobiles were
placed into the American economy, more DUI related injuries and arrests were recorded. Although
the number of car sales does not directly explain how Americans were drinking more, it did
correlate to how much Americans were drinking whilst intoxicated. This can be used as a reference
to explain alcohol consumption within the United States. When analyzing the political factors
affecting the application of religion, President Nixon's domestic policy did not particularly help

Crack Cocaine Research Paper
During 1984 through 1994, 10 years into The Crack Epidemic, the homicide rate of African
American males aged 14–17 doubled. Along with an increase of African American children in foster
care, fetal death rates and weapon arrests. Roles lost in families and the community. Health and
lifestyle of the African American communities depleting due to the powerful affects of crack
cocaine. The African American community has been significantly affected by The Crack Epidemic
in the areas of health and culture as a result of where the source of crack cocaine introduced itself in
America, laws surrounding crack cocaine and the perception of the drug. According to MedicineNet
crack cocaine is defined as: The street name given to cocaine that has been ... Show more content on
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Though the effects to the health and culture of the African American community are more difficult
to change. The spread of treatment centers and education, to spread the word about drugs and less
propaganda about drugs. To shape the minds of our youth and to spread knowledge that drives them
out of the cycle of addiction and violence caused by the "War on Drugs". The African American
community has been significantly affected by The Crack Epidemic in the areas of health and culture
as a result of where the source of crack was coming from, laws around crack cocaine and the
perception of the drug. Though the effects can not be reversed they can be prevented from our future
by the exchange of support from each other in the

Louis Lockley
English 101, Lovin
9/14/15
Bare Minimums on Crack Cocaine
Cocaine is one of the most destructive and addictive drugs in recent history. The use of cocaine and
other narcotics often results in incarceration and even death. This is the story of a form of Cocaine
called Crack and the results of one's affiliation with this highly addictive substance.
Crack is a crystallized freebase form of Cocaine that is smoked and not sniffed. It has other
nicknames such as rock, 8 Ball, work, dope, hard, iron, cavy, and base. No matter the alias, it's most
commonly known as Crack. Crack is known it's short, but intense high it produces when smoked.
Crack was widespread in the Caribbean, and the poverty stricken inner city neighborhoods

Drugs
"Cocaine and crack are among the most addictive substances known to modern science, and they
have already ruined the lives of millions of Americans" (Morganthau and Miller, 208). Cocaine and
crack are both dangerous, harmful drugs. Though pleasurable effects can be obtained from these
drugs, the use of crack and cocaine cannot be worth the actual consequences that are inflicted on
mind and body. The bad effects of these drugs, by far outweigh the good. Because crack and cocaine
are so closely related, it is important to have a firm understanding of both drugs. Cocaine (coke) is
made from the Erythroxylon coca plant, a coca tree that grows high in the Andes Mountains of
South America. The coca farmers' purpose is to pick and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
More specifically, crack is crystallized freebase cocaine. Freebasing is where cocaine hydrochloride
is mixed with ammonium hyroxide ether. This solution is then heated, the ether evaporated, and
leaves freebase cocaine which is then smokes (Zonderman and Shader, 65). This process is called
"cooking". The crack residue is a solid crystalline substance that is broken into chips or pieces
resembling gravel (Edwards, 76). Crack is the smokable form of cocaine, and can only be taken into
the body by smoking it. Smoking crack cocaine introduces it into the system faster than other
methods (Zonderman and Shader, 660. To smoke it, the crystalline chips are either put into a glass
pipe and smoked, or crushed and smoked in a marijuana joint. The chips change to smoke when
heated, which is inhaled, drawn into the lungs, and then diffused rapidly into the bloodstream
(Edwards, 77). The little sacs of the lungs are lined with fatty tissue that readily absorbs the fat
soluble crack (Mickey, 2). Circulating blood transports the dissolved cocaine to the brain where it
has immediate effect (Edwards, 77). Crack reaches the brain within seven seconds (Mickey, 2). The
effect, called a rush, is caused by the almost pure cocaine's assault on the brain and central nervous
system. The central nervous system responds by involuntary movement of the muscles, increased
body temperature, and an overstimulation of the pleasure centers of the brain. The high

During the late 1980s, crack cocaine use was deemed an epidemic. The media was filled with
segments on what crack was and how terrible it was for someone to use. Even President George
H.W. Bush delivered a presidential address on the issue stating "it's [crack] as innocent looking as
candy, but it's turning our cities into battle zones and it's murdering our children" (Bracy, 2015). The
image of a "crackhead" was painted in the minds of Americans and that image, unfortunately, was of
young African Americans in low income areas smoking crack in dark allies. It was not
representative of the whole population of men and women who actually use crack; which is mostly
white. However, it is the image that is still associated with crack cocaine use ... Show more content
Since the late 1980s, the war on drugs has treated crack use as an epidemic. To this day, crack
cocaine, by some, is seen as a more dangerous drug than its powdered counterpart. Others believe
that crack is only perceived and enforced that way because it is associated with African Americans.
Indeed, as Michelle Alexander (2010) states in her book The New Jim Crow, "Nothing has
contributed more to the systematic mass incarceration of people of color in the United States than
the War on Drugs". The Obama administration took a huge leap forward in trying to close the
sentencing gap, but it is not enough. Since both drugs produce the same effects and there is no
substantive evidence to suggest that crack is more addictive or dangerous to users, the only fair
sentencing ratio is

Crack Nk Research Paper
Melisa Dreskovic
Sociology 223
NYC 1980's Crack in NYC
Crack is the most addictive form of cocaine and it spread rapidly throughout the 80's in New York
City. Crack is four times as strong and purified by a process called freebasing. It is sold in solid
chunks, two or three chunks in a vial and sold for twenty dollars ready to be smoked. Crack was
becoming so popular that it widespread from New York to Los Angeles, Chicago, and Miami. The
drug was so powerful that it emptied the money from your pockets, it made people sell the watch off
their wrist and the clothes off their back. A chunk of crack cocaine took about five minutes to smoke
and gave a high of about ten minutes, and left people craving for more. The rich and the poor were
addicted and it wasn't only one race using it. It was whites, blacks, ... Show more content on
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The city was like a third world country, many resources were cut back due to lack of money and the
city was lawless. People were beginning to move into New York City and it became over crowded.
New York city was filled with the best of the best and the worst of the worst. Crime rate rose and
many neighborhoods were like war zones and this was all due to the crack epidemic. According to
city data forum, a user reminisced and wrote, you could walk outside and randomly step on crack
vials, this was the norm and not even in a bad neighborhood to NY standards at that time. Everyday
crime seemed like the norm you just hoped you were not apart of it. Some neighborhoods were
worse than others of course but living in a nice neighborhood did not mean it was any safer. Times
square was a dump filled with pornography shops and drug dealers on every corner, police were as
useless as mall cops. Trains were dirty and graffiti not to mention most of the city was grafittied and
dirty. You knew u were in a decent area when there was less of

The War On Drugs And The United States
When, in 1971, Richard Nixon infamously declared a "war on drugs" it would have been nearly
impossible for him to predict the collective sense of disapprobation which would come to
accompany the now ubiquitous term. It would have been difficult for him to predict that the drug
war would become a hot topic, a highly contentious and polarizing point of debate and, it would
have difficult for him to predict that the United States would eventually become the prison capital of
the world, incarcerating, proportionally, more people than anywhere in the world. Today, beyond
being a popular political talking point, mass incarceration has become a veritable crisis. The United
States now has over 2 million citizens languishing in prisons –– far and away in the most in the
globe, and a nearly 68% recidivism rate. Most Americans are quick to blame the dire state of mass
incarceration in the United States today on the punitive drug war policies instituted by the likes of
Ronald Reagan, and Richard Nixon; however the reality is much more equivocal. Further analysis of
mass incarceration – its causes and factors – in reality reveals a much less black and white situation:
While these severe drug war policies played almost undoubtedly an integral role in creating the
American system of mass incarceration, they are only a segment, emblematic of a larger systemic
crisis of draconian, "tough–on–crime" penalties, which over the last forty years placed more
Americans in prison than any other

Iran Contra Crack Cocaine
Did you know in December 1985 news broke of cocaine (crack) being trafficked by the Contras into
inner city neighborhoods especially predominantly black neighborhoods? That fueled the crack
epidemic in the 80's and 90's. This scandal shaped then President Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)
second term because he and his vice president George H.W Bush denied knowing about this deal.
This brings up the question should have the government held those responsible criminally liable for
this.
Iran Contra started happening in 1981 when Reagan signed a bill authorizing the CIA to support the
Contras ("Iran–Contra Guide"). What happened during Iran Contra was America was barred from
selling arms to Iran. General Oliver North thought it was a good idea to violate ... Show more
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It is claimed to be a conspiracy theory by some. In the 1980's the CIA was linked to the Central
American drug trade and the CIA and its operatives sold crack cocaine to African–American
community to raise millions to support the agency's clandestine operations in Central America but
that is just a theory (Delaval). Journalist Gary Webb published several articles in San Jose Mercury
News called "The Dark Alliance". In his work he clearly refuted the claim that Iran Contra did not
introduce drugs to inner cities. He said "the CIA sold tons of cocaine to LA street gangs to help fund
the Contras (Hannaford)." Former LAPD detective and author Michael Ruppert has written
extensively about the government's involvement in drug trafficking around the world. He says
politics isn't the only motive. "The control of the cash from the drug trade is of vital importance to
wall street, because drug profits are laundered under corporations and banks net profits," said
Ruppert ("CIA Funnels

Causes And Effects Of Crack Cocaine
Crack Cocaine Crack Cocaine is the crystal form of cocaine, which normally comes in a powder
form. It comes in solid blocks or crystals varying in color from yellow to pale rose or white. A
popular way to do crack cocaine is to heat and smoke it, others may inject it in rare cases. Crack got
its name because it makes a crackling or popping sound when heated. Some street names for crack
are; butter, flavor flavor, 24–7, apple jacks, electric kool–aid, snow coke, nuggets, crunch and
munch, badrock, scrabble, and freebase cocaine. Crack cocaine's chemical makeup is C17 H21
NO4. The biggest place crack cocaine effects is the brain. Once the user inhales the vapor into his or
her lungs the drug is taken into the user's bloodstream. When it gets into the bloodstream crack acts
upon a part of the brain called the Ventral Tegmental Area. In the bloodstream Crack interferes with
dopamine, which is released by cells when engaging in pleasurable activities. After the dopamine is
released it travels across the synapse, and binds to a neuron. Binding to the neuron sends a signal to
that nerve cell, which sends a signal of good feeling. During the normal dopamine process, once the
dopamine sends the signal, the signal is absorbed by the neuron and then releases it. Crack interrupts
the cycle because it attaches to the dopamine transporter, which prevents the normal reabsorption
process. Since dopamine is not able to be absorbed, it builds up in the synapse and continues to
create a

Difference Between Rap And Hip Hop
It should be of no surprise that the majority of rap music, new and old, includes lyrics that refer to
glorifying the use of illicit substances. Because rap and hip hop are the main types of music listened
to in the Black community, it should be noted that the music primarily affects this demographic. The
detrimental effects of the lyrics on the community can still be seen today. Rap and hip hop have
shaped the culture of the Black community significantly. The glorification of different drugs in rap
music across rap in the United States has significantly influenced the lifestyle of the listeners. Rap
and hip hop was originally created to foster creativity and artistic expression in impoverished Black
communities in New York. DJ Kool Herc was the first individual to bring rap to the forefront in
New York. Rap was a way that young black individuals, especially men, could come together in an
inclusive and positive setting. Hip hop gave individuals a platform and a safe space to express what
was going on in their community. Rap is deeply rooted in the Black community because of the
historical context and importance it holds in the culture. Unfortunately, the genre of rap and hip hop
has evolved over time and the original meaning has been demolished. Now the music is full of
vulgar lyrics about sex, violence, and drugs. Sadly, the adoration of drugs in the genre is a common
source for all of the issues mentioned above.
One common theme that all rap music shares is the promotion

Conventional Wisdom Research Paper
The deception created on the hope and dream of people can significantly affect the members of
society. "Conventional wisdom" is the phrase coined by the economist John Kenneth Galbraith for
such deception. According to Galbraith, the conventional wisdom is often simple and convenient–
but not necessarily true. Conventional wisdom was also used by journalists and experts to influence
the society is some ways. Advertising is another brilliant tool to create the conventional wisdom.
Listerine, for example, popularizing the term "chronic halitosis", which was the obscure medical
term for "bad breath" and convinced the people that bad breath is the catastrophic issue in which
Listerine was the cure. Conventional wisdom also came into play during ... Show more content on
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During 1939, the nylon stocking was very popular in the U.S. due to their affordable price, attractive
appearance, durability and most importantly, they looked identical to the classier silk stockings.
Nylon stockings became alternative to the silk stocking. The same were true for the crack cocaine in
the 1970s to 1980s which became the affordable alternative to cocaine, the most expensive drug in
the U.S. The crack cocaine had become so popular that it was an epidemic. The U.S. government
declared the war on drugs, in attempts to eliminate the drug dealers by sending more and more of
them to the prison. However this effort resulted in the reversed effect, the imprisoned drug dealers
have established connections with their inmates and thus strengthening the drug business even more.
The arrival of the crack epidemic has increased the gap between white and black Americans. Crack
selling has devastated the entire neighborhood and affected the black people community as a whole
regarding the rapidly increased rate of infant mortality, low birth weight, and parental abandonment.
Furthermore, the homicide rate among young blacks has been quadrupled. Later in the 1990s, after
the crack cocaine epidemic reached its peak, the crime rate began to decrease because of the
powerful ripple

Crack cocaine is known as Coke, you can snort it, inhale it, and inject it in your body. Word, has it,
Coke is a recreational drug and it's not good for you. Crack Cocaine come from a plant that the
native used. Crack Cocaine bothers the brain and can be damaged by a cause dopamine release and
it acts on your feelings. It can increase blood pressure, can cause the lack of eating, and it can also
increase heart rate. cocaine can cause the lose their sense of smelling. Crack Cocaine users are often
depressed and paranoia. Crack Cocaine can lead to heart attacks, strokes, headaches and abdominal
pain. It also affects the kidneys too. Ammonia, and lime have been applied diesel sprayed over the
mixture with water can. The cement and the minced

Crack Cocaine Epidemic
The 1980s and early 90s were home to an extreme wave of criminal activity that swept across much
of the country. The dramatic uptick in crime can largely be attributed to the spread of the crack–
cocaine epidemic and subsequent "War on Drugs." New York City, for example, suffered from 2,605
murders and 208,813 burglaries in 1990, at the height of the violence . Much of this criminal activity
centered around and affected the poorest individuals in those communities – which often included
minorities. In order to slow the skyrocketing crime rate and protect its citizens, New York City
officials made it a priority to establish new ways of policing. The first major initiative of this new
strategy shift was to deploy more narcotic teams in the most

Crack cocaine, aka benzoylmethylecgonine, is one of the most addicting and deadly drugs. It has
many negative effects on the body, especially the nervous system. The effects on the user are usually
long–lasting and irreversible. It is classified as a stimulant drug, meaning that it excites any bodily
function. Stimulants usually target more of the brain and nervous system, which can cause higher
alertness, an elevated mood, wakefulness, increased speech and motor activity and a decrease in
appetite. Crack cocaine has many nicknames, which includes crack, snow coke, nose candy, and
stardust. Crack cocaine can be used in various ways, for example it could be snorted with its original
white powder, smoked, or injected directly into the bloodstream. It is mainly snorted so it can be
absorbed fast by the nasal tissues. When people smoke crack, it gets inhaled into the lungs, just as
quick as getting it injected directly into your vein. The main ... Show more content on
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Crack has an effect on the part of the brain that is known as the rewards center. It is the part that
makes us happy. Normally how this works is the brain will release dopamine, a feel good chemical
neurotransmitter, in response to potential rewards that are coming its way. It will then be recycled
back into the same cell that released it. The signal between nerve cells shuts off, then the cycle is
then repeated. When someone puts crack cocaine into their body, the cocaine gets sent up to the
brain through the bloodstream. It then will attach itself to the dopamine, preventing the dopamine
from recycling. This causes it all to build up between the nerve cells and be released all at once,
resulting in the powerful rushed high feeling people get. This lasts anywhere between 5 minutes to a
half hour. After using it one time, people can become addicted. However, with each use the
pleasurable feelings fade away, making people want a bigger dosage, which could lead to a negative

Ray's Lack Operation Resemble A Legitimate Business
Question one, in what way does Ray's crack operation resemble a legitimate business? Why do Ray
and Primo want to "work legal" even though they have a successful crack business? Finally, why
don't crack dealers ever get rich? Ray is able to work the crack operation like a legitimate business
because, he will lower his prices and raise the quality of the product like any legitimate business.
Rays crack operation resembles a legitimate business because he is able to extract a higher profit
margins through supply and demand. Just like any business you want to raise quality and lower
prices in order to differentiate yourself from your competitors to gain a competitive advantage. Ray
and Primo want to work legal even though they have a successful ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Ray's crack operation resembles a business in the way he is able to "specifically lowering of prices
and his raising of the quality of the product made business boom" (Bourgois 82). In any business
most mangers want to make profit and in order to make profit you have to differentiate yourself
from your competitors. In rays case his competitors were the low quality power cocaine sold in the
grocery store and the budget–rate crack the teenagers sold. Ray sold a higher quality product with a
lower price which made people want to buy his product over his competitor. Just like any legitimate
business you need to "discipline workers and gauge the needs of his customers" (Bourgois 135). In
most business as a manager you need to maintain your employee to make sure their doing their job,
scheduling them and you also have to make sure you're giving your customers what they want. The
only reason Ray and Primo wanted to work legal was because they "fantasize about goin legit"
(Bourgois 132). Even though Ray and Primo were running a successful crack business they
fantasized about working legally because it was something to be proud of. This idea of going legal
inspired Ray to open a grocery to make profit by "substitute cigarettes, potato chips, sandwiches,
beer, and so forth for the crack" (Bourgois 133). The idea of selling other products instead of crack
in order to make

What Is Cocaine?
Cocaine is a drug that is derived from the coca plant. It is a powerful stimulant that is very addictive.
The freebase form of this drug that can be smoked is often referred to as crack. This drug first hit the
streets during the 1980s.
Crack cocaine is one of the most widely–used drugs today. According to the National Institute On
Drug Abuse, five million people who are over the age of 12 have used this drug within the past 12
months.
The effects of crack cocaine are felt shortly after a person uses it. There are both physical and
psychological effects that a person may experience. Dilated pupils, elevated blood pressure,
temperature and heart rate and constricted blood vessels are some of the physical effects. Some of

Crack Cocaine Effect
A qualitative study was conducted in Brazil by researchers Seleghim, Marangoni, Marcon, and
Oliveira (2011), who examining the effect of crack cocaine users' relationship with their family
members. All of the participants were patients of a psychiatric emergency clinic. The information
collected were categorized into: family ties and facilitators of crack users. When analyzing the
socio–economic status of the crack uses, Researchers found the the majority of these people were
unemployed or homeless, had history of incomplete primary or secondary schools, separated or
single, and mostly man age ranging from 20–49 (Seleghim et al., 2011). The interview reviled long
term use of substances anywhere between 8–17 years, and almost daily compulsive

Organ Donation
When it comes to organ donation it is a valuable and honorable service that a dying person or family
of the recently deceased can contribute to society. Once an organ becomes available, it is very
important to find the most suitable candidate quickly; which is why tissue samples are taken and
tests are ran to find the most biologically–suitable match. However, there are sometimes cases in
which there is more than one suitable person. When these situations arise, the decision process
becomes more complicated. As the lead surgeon of the hospital, it is my job to decide which
candidate is best suited to receive the organ donation. Currently, there is one heart ready for
donation. However, there are three candidates that meet the need requirements. While each have
their own personal need, unfortunately only one person will receive the heart. The decision is made
based on the following situations: the patients current condition, their life expectancy after the
procedure, and the patients' health and complication with the new organ. Firstly, let's start with
patient number one, Jerry. When it comes to Jerry he is a middle age man (55) and nearing
retirement. The reason Jerry has a bad heart is due to him using steroids in his early 20's. He has a
wife and three teenage children, in which he is the sole provider due to his wife having no career
and no education, other than high school. His life expectancy after the procedure is expected to be
10–15 years, which is a high

The New Jim Crow
The New Jim Crow
The New Jim Crow is a book that gives a look on how discrimination is still and at some post more
prevalent today than it was in the 1850s. Author Michelle Alexander dives into the justice system
and explains how a lot of practices and beliefs from slavery times are just labeled differently now.
The labeling creates legal discrimination, but most people over look it because it is hidden with
words such as "criminals" or "felon" in order to legally enslave and segregate a certain type of
people. This discrimination is located in multiple areas of the U.S. government. Alexander goes
through the ways of how discrimination is still prevalent in employment, the housing market,
education, and basic voting rights. Alexander ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alexander makes a lot of good points and truthfully I agree with the whole book. While reading the
book I never knew that the War on Drugs was started when illegal drug use was on the decline. I
also did not know that the War on Drugs was issued years before crack and cocaine moved into the
neighborhoods. I also love the point that she makes about President Barrack Obama. She talks about
how because we have an African American president does not mean that this country has defeated
the concept of race. Race is now currently a fact whether we like to admit it or not. She feels that the
new Jim Crow system is still in effect even if there are African Americans that are exceptions to the
rules. Just like the original Jim Crow was used to control the advancement of blacks and used as a
system of legal discrimination, the new Jim Crow uses those exact same concepts and just change
the words we use. A prison is nothing but a plantation and a criminal is now the slave. The Reagan
era game a race to the titles criminal and drug dealers.
Mass incarceration is now just a combination of the previous caste systems Alexander mentioned in
the book. The slave system and the Jim Crow system are combined now and have become legal
through prisons. I agree with the point of Mass Incarceration is set up to legally set a population to
the side and not include them into the global economy and even when they get released the chances
of them joining moving high up in the global economy is slim

Crack Cocaine
ol. Crack cocaine is a serious threat in common abused drug in South Carolina is marijuana but its
use is not associated with crimes (Drug interventions.net, n.d.). In Cherokee County the population
reported to smoke cigarettes was 28% and 20% was noted for the state (County health rankings,
2015).
4. Disaster Assessment and Planning Guide
The disaster assessment and planning guide tool was used to assess the potential for disasters in this
area and to assess the adequacy of the current plan in place for potential disasters. The population
considered to be most vulnerable to the effects of a disaster would be children, seniors and persons
with chronic health issues, in the current population there are 6.5% under the age of 5, and 24%
under ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The leading cause of death in the county is heart disease followed by cancer, and both of these can
be linked to smoking or second–hand smoke exposure. Methods to move toward HP2020's goal will
involve encouraging and assisting smokers to quit. The Community Guide is a free resource to help
guide communities to choose programs and policies for cessation. These programs are evidenced
based, research–tested and include suggestions such as increasing the unit based price on tobacco
products and how this would help to decrease use, increase the number of those who quit, decrease
the number of those who try cigarettes the first time and decrease the tobacco related morbidity and
mortality. The research suggest the improved health effects are proportional to the size of the price
increase, also noted to be effective in prevention is mass reach communication or advertising
regarding the dangers of smoking and also techniques for quitting (The Community guide, n.d.).
Counseling is noted to be effective alone and with the use of medications and is available through
programs like the toll–free quitline in South Carolina. Healthcare professional are urged to screen
patients for use of tobacco and provide cessation information to all patients and also treatment
strategies such as

Cocaine, also known as coke, is a very strong recreational drug. It is usually snorted, inhaled as
smoke, or injected into a vein. A recreational drug is a drug that is used to induce an altered state of
mind for pleasure. People usually feel the effects within seconds to minutes of use and they last
between five and ninety minutes. After cannabis, cocaine is the most used illegal drug in the world.
Cocaine is also used in the medical field. It is used as a numbing agent in some surgeries and also
used to decrease bleeding in some nasal surgeries. Some of the wanted effects of illegal cocaine are
increased energy, feelings of euphoria, and elevated mood, while some of the unwanted effects are
not as good. Some include restlessness, anxiety, panic, and paranoia.
Cocaine has been around for thousands of years in different forms. For over a thousand years South
American indigenous peoples have chewed coca leaves which they discovered made them stronger
and more energized. Although the stimulant properties of coca had been known for many centuries,
the isolation of the cocaine from the leaf was not achieved until 1855. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the United States, the making of "crack" cocaine introduced the substance to a generally poorer
inner–city market. Crack cocaine is a free base form of cocaine that can be smoked. Cocaine's status
as a club drug shows its immense popularity among the "party crowd." Cocaine is commonly used
in middle to upper–class communities and is known as a "rich man's drug." In 2005 the estimated
U.S. cocaine market exceeded 70 billion dollars. A survey as part of the Monitoring the Future
Study is seeing how easy it is for teens to get cocaine. Among those surveyed, 29% of 12th graders
in 2015 said that it would at least 'fairly easy' for them to buy cocaine if they wanted

Crack cocaine is a highly addictive crystal form of cocaine that comes in solid bocks or sometimes
crystals in varying colors from light pink or white to yellow and is the most powerful form of
cocaine. It is less expensive than regular cocaine, allowing younger people with less money to
access it, and users can become addicted to it after just one usage. Cocaine is made of coca leaves
that were first used three thousand years ago, and crack cocaine (crystal form) was first developed in
the 1970's and became popular in the 1980's. On the streets, crack cocaine is also known as
chemical, crack, French fries, gravel, hard rock, hotcakes, paste, rocks snow coke, tornado, and
electric kool–aid. It is usually available as rocks that vary in

Stimulants Cocaine also known as crack cocaine is a stimulant drug, a stimulant raises one's heart
rate, attention and awareness and breathing. Stimulants were used to treat respiratory issues but is
now prescribed for individuals with ADHD. In the 1800's is when cocaine began to be seen as an
addicting substance due it's mood–altering effects on one's brain. Cocaine can be inhaled through a
pipe, when in powder form it can be snorted, and some individuals inject the drug into their
bloodstream through intermuscular or intravenously. Individuals that use cocaine repeatedly use the
drug within a short time span between each time used so that the euphoric high stays longer. The
effects that cocaine has on the central nervous system is so ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Alcohol results in unstable movement, and it changes an individual's awareness and doesn't let them
think clearly and distorts their judgment, black outs and impairs their vision and hearing.
Depressants, back in the day were used as a sleep aid. An overconsumption of alcohol can lead to
the substance becoming a depressant. There are many different forms and types of alcohol but the
ethanol is what causes an individual to become addicted to drinking. The effects that alcohol has on
the central nervous system starts When alcohol arrives in the brain it binds with the GABA receptors
that are in charge of transmitting information from each synapse so it prevents the GABA from
following through with transmitting information. And it also fixes itself with glutamate, thus causing
the glutamate to not recycle through the cell. This slows everything down leading the individual to
react slowly to things and causes decreased cognitive function, decreased reflexes, and decreased
coordination. Which then causes the individual to have impaired judgment and decision making due
the brains receptor sites being blocked by the alcohol (Sullivan, Harris, & Pfefferbaum, 2010). The
larger the dose of alcohol the more extreme the effects are. With a larger dose of alcohol, the
individual has very poor fine motor skills and is emotional and seizures are likely. The rest of the
alcohol goes through the liver and metabolizes breaking down the toxicity within your body but the
more alcohol that the individual drinks the harder it is on their liver which can also cause liver
failure (Capuzzi & Stauffer,

Crack-Cocaine Addiction Essay examples
Crack–Cocaine Addiction at It's Best
In quite a few lower–class communities, phrases like "your mom is a crack head," or "shut up crack
baby" are said jokingly to make fun of someone during what we call a "rip session." Although said
as a joke, some are very offended by the comments. Why? because for some, crack addiction hits
too close to home for comfort. Seeing how easy it is obtained in lower class and poverty stricken
neighborhoods, many find themselves falling victim to the powerful substance, crack cocaine. Low
sociable economic systems are just one of the many factors that can lead to the use, and addiction of
crack cocaine, others include movies, music, peer pressure, alcohol and cigarette ads. In this report I
will discuss ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because the first high is so pleasurable, many continue taking the drug in search of the first high
they experienced. They try taking larger and larger doses to recapture a high that can never be
obtained again.
Pretty soon they'll find themselves having to use crack just to feel "normal" again. This is the
physical dependency stage. It occurs when the user has built up such a high tolerance from frequent
usage, that their body basically forgets what is normal so they have to maintain a continuum of the
drug to ward of the withdraw effects. As a result of usage, anxiety and depression can last for weeks.
Attempts to stop using the drugs can fail simply because the resulting depression can be
overwhelming, causing the addict to use more cocaine in an attempt to overcome his depression.
This is the point in which you get the more stereotypical crack addict. They begin to steal from their
family and friends, miss work/school, prostitute, and do just about anything they can to get the
money to support their habit. They begin to short or try to get over on the person who is selling them
drugs, which can result in violence. Some even become drug dealers themselves so that they can pay
for the drugs that they use.
The final stage of addiction is the deteriorative stage. This is basically the stage in which the user
has nothing left. They may be homeless because they've spent all their money on crack so they were
unable to keep up

Essay about The Crack Cocaine Epidemic of the Mid 1980s
"Just Say No!" A statement that takes us deep into yet another decade in the history of the United
States which was excited by controversies, social issues, and drug abuse. The topic of this statement
is fueled by the growing abuse of cocaine in the mid 1980s. I shall discuss the effects of the crack
cocaine epidemic of the mid 1980s from a cultural and social stand point because on that decade this
country moved to the rhythms and the pace of this uncanny drug. Cocaine took its told on American
society by in the 1980s; it ravaged with every social group, race, class, etc. It reigned over the
United States without any prejudices. Crack cocaine was the way into urban society, because of its
affordability in contrast to the powdered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The numbers speak loud and clear. This was part of the effects that where brought about by this
epidemic, the growing use of the drug. Crack cocaine pierced through urban neighborhoods; its
roots were tightly griped in Los Angeles California's black neighborhoods (Webb "Dark Alliance;
War..."). In effect, the growing use of cocaine in the US brought fort new types of profit and purpose
for the drug trafficking industry; thus the emergence of crack cocaine on American soil, especially
through the explosion in LA. This was due to a link between these areas drug dealers and the Fuerza
Democratica Nicaraguense (FDA), know as the Contras here in the US (Webb "Dark Alliance; the
Shadowy..."). The Contras imported the cocaine through one man, Oscar Danilo Blandon (Webb
"Dark Alliance; the Shadowy..."). The Contras revolution against the socialist establishment in
Nicaragua was being funded by the drug trafficking industry in other words (Webb "Dark Alliance;
the Shadowy..."), and this ius when a chain effect begins. The chains of effects begin in Nicaragua,
but ultimately it ends and harbors itself in the US within its urban neighborhoods. The CIA was
involved with the Contras is one way or another, this is where the conspiracy theories begin (Webb
"Dark Alliance; the Shadowy..."). Supposedly in the most extreme conclusion of them all is that the
CIA was allowing the Contras to import and deliver all their cocaine, in order for them to find the
monetary means for their

An Examination Of How Music Mirrors Societal Issues
An Examination of How Music Mirrors Societal Issues
Perspectives of Institutionalized Racism Although the United States government is currently
engaged in stopping foreign civil rights atrocities, it turns a blind eye to violence acted out against
African Americans within its borders (PR N., 2014, para. 4). In South Carolina, the "rebel flag
hang[s] from the state house walls" (Bryan, 1994, line 2), serving as a constant reminder of the
institutionalized racism that reflects U.S. social tensions today. Another discriminatory racial
injustice that occurred during the 1990s was the Anti–Drug Act of 1986. Possession of 5 grams of
crack (90% of crack defendants were African American) and 500 grams of powder cocaine (more
popular with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4). Not only is racial tension portrayed through brutality and violence, but it is also apparent in
various aspects of public education such as unfair character labeling, racial stereotypes, harsh school
punishments, and discrimination from teachers. These inequalities present in what is supposed to be
a "color blind" society create the notion that "America does not love [all] children" (Manzama,
2015, p. 11) and engender distrust in the education system. Moreover, impoverished minorities feel
a sense of resentment as a result of discrimination based on economic racism and injustice. These
minorities tend to rebel when they can no longer bear the weight of their anger and they believe the
sentiment favours change (Chavis, 2015, p. 4). Thus we discover that throughout the history of the
United States, racism has played a factor, ingraining its malicious effects into the moral fiber of
American Society.
Historical Perspectives
Several aspects of racial prejudice today, demonstrated in both police brutality and unjust treatment
of minorities, evidence atrocities that can be linked to a national history of violence and resentment
towards one another. To take racism back to when freedom seemed achievable is to travel back to
the Civil Rights Act of 1960s which sparked national controversy not exclusively in the South. The
modern interpretation of this backlash is most accurately portrayed in the movie Selma, in which
Martin

Movie Analysis : ' Boxing Films '
Vyom Thakkar
Film R1B: Boxing Films; Eliot Bessette, Harry Burson
Word Count: 3227
Saved by the Brother: Role of Family Dynamics in The Fighter and Raging Bull Masculinity
comprises the backbone of the boxing genre, with the boxer protagonist in an arena displaying
masculinity to an audience that cannot in as pure of a manner. This depiction of masculinity calls
upon the personality of the protagonist to portray a reclamation of a quality that may be repressed in
other individuals by society through success in the ring. This accounts for why the boxing genre so
frequently causes audiences to see themselves in the boxer protagonist. However, the burden of
masculinity can be portrayed by boxing films as a complex development of ... Show more content
As the film progresses, Jake's self–destructive tendencies cause him to lash out at his brother and his
wife, imagining cases of infidelity. The film does not culminate in Jake's victory and becoming
champion as is characteristic of the boxing genre, but instead goes further and shows how Jake
poorly adjusts to retirement, and ends up isolated from his family.
Raging Bull's approach to the boxing film focuses on the negative characteristics of the boxer that
account for his masculinity, rather than solely on the boxer proving his masculinity in the ring.
Joey's behavior supplements Jake's and validates it at the start of the film, mirroring some of Jake's
personality. Grindon depicts Joey and Jake's behaviors as representative of "the ideology of Italian
American machismo [which] promotes the crises of masculinity at the heart of the film." 2
Grindon's description is evidenced by Jake and Joey's treatment of Vickie, and their overall attitude
towards women. The relationship between Jake and Joey is what drives the actualization of Jake's
negative characteristics for the audience. Joey's role in Jake's career allows Jake to navigate the field
of boxing, but Jake's destructive personality alienates Joey, which becomes a major factor in Jake's
decline. The decline consists of Jake's loss of the following championship match

The Ronald Reagan Administration
I will be going over the discrimination of African Americans by the Ronald Reagan administration
during the cold war. The effects his policies had on African Americans, what he gained from it, and
the reasoning for his actions. How he used the C.I.A to target low income African American
communities. Plus, the overall effects this has on the U.S. to this day.
In 1982 the crack epidemic started, which shortly after Ronald Reagan expanded the war on drugs
that Nixon started, one of his top aides admitted that the war on drugs was used to "target African
Americans and hippies". The number of incarcerations before the war on drugs was expanded in
1980 was four thousand seven hundred forty–nine for drug related crimes, in 1990 that number
increased to twenty–four thousand two hundred ninety–seven, sixty percent of those incarcerations
were African Americans (sentencingproject.org). If you were caught with one gram of crack you got
the same sentencing as someone found with eighteen grams of cocaine, it was policies like these that
targeted lower income black communities because crack was much cheaper than cocaine and was
more likely for a white person to have cocaine. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lugar launched multiple hearings on whether the C.I.A was selling crack in America, the report of
the Committee, released on April 13, 1989, found that the C.I.A was working directly with drug
traffickers in bringing crack into America and the government knew about it the whole time. It was
sold mainly in lower income black communities of Los Angeles. "In 1982, surveys conducted by the
National Institute on Drug Abuse showed significant drops in drug usage over long periods for a
wide range of age groups" (academic.udayton.edu). We spent billions of dollars fighting the war on
drugs yet addiction continued to rise because of the help the Reagan administration gave to these
drug traffickers and in return Reagan would be able to secure his seat for his second

Cocaine verus Crack Cocaine
Cocaine originated from South America, from coca leaves. Originally, the coca leaves were chewed
by workers to decrease fatigue, improve endurance and have a greater resistance to the cold. This
was to benefit the workers so they could work longer hours and be more productive. In 1855 the
active ingredient in cocaine was isolated from the leaves, and in 1880 it was used as a local
anesthetic (Nunes,2006). It was also used in coca cola. In 1855, coca cola was a soda beverage that
contained sixty milligrams of cocaine for every eight ounces of the beverage. The idea behind this
was to give people energy and a sense of well being (Nunes, 2006). By the late 1880s Sigmund
Freud was using cocaine regularly and was even recommending it to others. ... Show more content
The third method is intraperitoneal which is in the stomach. Lastly, there is intravenous which is into
the veins. Intravenous injection results in intense affects within 30 seconds of the injection (Volkow,
2013). This method is thought to be most common when thinking of heavy drug users because of the
fast results. The next route of administration for cocaine is intranasal. This is where cocaine is
snorted or sniffed up the nose. This is the most common way that cocaine is administered. Intranasal
routes require ten to fifteen minutes for the desired effect of cocaine to begin. The last method is
inhalation. This is where cocaine is smoked. The effect of inhaling cocaine is felt almost
immediately; however, the effects do not last more than five to fifteen minutes (Volkow, 2013). This
method is less likely with cocaine since it is the only way for crack to be administered. Cocaine is
readily absorbed after oral and intranasal administration, but the onset of drug action is slower and
the peak effect is takes longer period of time to be reached than with other routes of administration.
Cocaine is processed rapidly with most of its effects vanishing twenty to eighty minutes after
administration (Volkow, 2013). Cocaine and crack cocaine is eliminated through the urine and is
detectible up to two to three days after administration. The route of administration is chosen by the
user, and is addictive from whichever route is chosen. They become

Essay On Crack Cocaine
Crack Cocaine the drug that has impacted so many lives; especially the life of rappers. Crack
Cocaine is the refined result of cocoa leaves. However, crack cocaine was not developed until the
cocaine boom of 1970. Large shipments of this drug was now making its way into the inner cities of
the United States, and the majority of residents living in those inner cities were African American.
Black on black crime was now more common than ever, incarceration within the black community
was skyrocketing, abandonment of children was typical and the spread of Sexually Transmitted
Diseases was devastating. Many factors were playing a part of this, and Hip Hop was a big one. Hip
hop from the golden ages of Grandmaster flash and to modern day Lil ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to Grandmaster Melle Mel's song, "The message", he clearly described an environment
where it was highly susceptible to crack cocaine. It wasn't just a couple of neighbors, but all the
neighborhoods that were being occupied by African Americans in America found themselves in the
environment that highly influenced by Crack cocaine. Miguel Martinez is a contributor on Rap
Genius, a website that provides annotation and interpretation of songs, news, and any documentation
that focuses on Hip Hop music. Martinez stated that, "Due to factors out of their control the
impoverished urban communities were a perfect mixing pot for the crack epidemic setting the
mostly black community, on a destructive path". Rappers that talk highly about drug consumption
grew up in these environments. These artists that talk heavily about drugs on their because it is
something their familiar with on through an intimate level from their past.
It is inevitable that crack has had a huge impact on rap music and hip hop culture in general.
Rappers from generations after generation used their music to express that. They used rap to uplift
themselves, although crack was part of their lives, it was also a part of them. They either had some
type of past relationship through distribution or consumption. It helped construct who they are, and
gave

Mass Incarceration Of Poor Black Male
Mass Incarceration of poor, black male, and increasingly female, young people in the Name of a
Bogus War on Drugs
Purpose of the Study Purpose Statement: to reveal the problem of mass incarceration of poor, black
male, and increasingly female, young people in the name of a bogus war on drugs from the 1980 's?
90 's.
The purpose of this study is to expose the process of mass incarceration of poor black males, and
females increasingly, within the context of a fabricated war on drugs which really is serving to keep
the prison population booming by exploiting traditionally disadvantaged minorities in society.
Alexander rightfully calls this a ?redesign? of the old racial caste system in America which was
supposed to have been destroyed by the civil rights movement. The war on drugs in the 80s merely
became the newest vehicle by which to exploit the black community in this country. The War on
Drugs is really the rationale for racial control, which targets black men and women and relegates
millions of citizens to what Alexander calls a ?second class status (Alexander, 2012).?
This is written as if not a call to action, then a call to galvanize. The purposes of this report is to
enable readers to through empirical and contextual description see the war on drugs for what is
really is: a public relations ploy whose end results are not fighting drugs, but

Drugs And Alcohol In The Criminal Justice System

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