Kidney Stones Research Papers

Kidney Stones Research Papers
A healthy diet has undeniable benefits, and while there are many different diets to try, even the
smallest of changes can have great rewards. Many problems arise in a person from a health
standpoint; at the root of these problems is the diet. Kidney stones are one of those problems that
can arise, due to dietary choices. Editor of the Harvard Health Publications Robert H, Shmerling,
MD, reports that 19% of men will experience kidney stones, fortunately only 9% of women will.
Kidney stones can be painful and recurring, however through knowing the causes, solutions and
simple lifestyle changes to make, kidney stones can be easily prevented.
Kidney stones, stated by the Mayo Clinic are small, hard mineral deposits that form inside your
kidneys. The stones are made of minerals and acid salts. Minerals, acid salts, calcium, and uric acid
will build up and crystallize due to urine becoming concentrated, and lacking necessary ... Show
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The first being dehydration and the second being family history. Being dehydrated is a common
reason for developing kidney stones, because urine requires water to properly flush harmful
sediments that build up. Another key risk factor is family history, which has a significant impact on
kidney stones occurring. The University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health reports
that 40% of people that develop kidney stones have a positive family history for stones, furthermore
the Harvard Health Publication published that men with kidney stones in their family history are two
and a half times more likely to develop them. There are several diet factors that contribute to kidney
stones forming as well, that being; high sodium intake, high animal protein intake, high sugar and
fructose corn syrup intake. When looking at causes for the occurrence of kidney stones, three areas
should be examined, hydration, family history and
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Nephrolithiasis And Kidney Stones
KIDNEY STONES
What are Kidney Stones?
Kidney Stones are also called Renal Calculi. Nephrolithiasis is the condition of having Kidney
Stones . These stones come about from chemicals in the urine, forming a tough crystalline mineral
deposit from within the kidney, that stick together inside the kidney or urinary tract. Typically, they
develop in the inner surfaces of one or both of the kidneys. Supersaturation urine is what actually
creates the stones, this happens when there is an imbalance in the waste chemicals in the urine,
which then causes the stones. As to under saturation urine crystals cannot be formed due to lack of
calcium produced. They can be as little as a grain of sand that can be invisible to the naked eye, or
as large as a golf ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Any one person can contract kidney stones, on average men are more affected than women are, 13%
of men to 7% of women who develop kidney stones in their lifetime. Non–Hispanic white people
than Non–Black people and Mexican Americans, generally, overweight and obese people have a
tendency to be affected than people who are normal weight.
Symptoms
Furthermore, kidney stone may not cause any symptoms until it moves within the kidney and or
passes into your ureter, which also can be dreadfully painful when passing through. However, it
does not cause any permanent damages. Some of the symptoms that you might experience are,
severe pain in the side and back, pain below the ribs, pain that spreads to the lower abdomen and
groin. The discomfort can come in multiple waves, fluctuate or be very intense. The pain may last
for a brief or extended time. Some individuals experience nausea and vomiting with the pain.
Diagnoses
Kidney stones can be diagnosed by your provider through physical exams and medical history. They
will order urine, blood and imaging tests like X–rays or CT scans will be ordered to complete the

Kidney Stones Research Paper
(i) What are the symptoms of this disease?
(Symptoms are signs that show a disease, eg spots, fever, coughing, etc)
Some symptoms caused by Kidney stones include Severe pain in the side and back and below the
rib, nausea and vomiting and effects on the Urine.
Pain: One of the symptoms of kidney stones is pain. The pain from kidney stones is caused when the
stone tries to push it way through the muscles in the wall of the ureter and into the bladder. The pain
is usually felt throughout the sides off the affected Kidney and reaches it way into the back after a
short period of time. The pain is also felt in the lower abdomen and the groin area. The pain changes
dramatically, from server to minor throughout a period of time. The pain comes ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Does the doctor use it on the patient at the start of the disease or as a last resort when other
treatments such as...... are not effective? )
The technology is used only if the stone is big or if the stone is blocking the flow of urine. The
doctor will tell the patient to book for an appointment, so a Endoscopic surgery can be performed, to
take out the stone.
(iii)Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using this technology.
There are a lot of Advantages with the use of Endoscopy. Endoscopy is a great technology because
the surgery can be done without any incision by using the urethral orifice as the entry point. The
surgery can also be done in a day, meaning you probably only need to stay at the hospital for about a
day or so. The recovery is also quick, you will be able to go on with your daily activities normally
within one to two days.
Even though there are a lot of Advantages, there are also some disadvantages when using
Endoscopy. Some disadvantages are there is about 0.5% risk of damaging the

Common Symptoms Of Kidney Stones
There are some common symptoms of kidney stones that include the presence of blood in the urine,
pain and obstruction in urinating, acute pain in the lower abdomen and groin, fever, nausea and
vomiting.
Kidney stones are asymptomatic. Many people may have kidney stones but never realize it, as they
continue to pass them in urine without any pain. But if the stones become larger or get stuck
between the kidneys and the bladder, that could result in severe pain.
The symptoms of kidney stones may vary from person to person. Some may feel a dull pain in the
lower back or pelvis. This is a clear indication that something is wrong with your body. The level of
pain may go up and down, or it may be continuous.
Sometime pain is not so acute initially, but then after a few days it starts hurting you more and more.
As it increases, some patients can feel tension in their kidney area and obstruction in urinating. The
pain may be tolerable, but that doesn't mean it should be left unchecked. ... Show more content on
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The fever could be the result of infection caused by kidney stones. Sometimes patients don't have a
fever but they feel groggy.
Kidney stones often make walking and bending a difficult task. Along with this, if one feels that his
or her energy level has come down drastically, that could be another symptom of kidney stones.
One of the most common symptoms of kidney stones is a shooting pain in the lower abdomen and
groin. The pain is so acute that one may not be able to walk even a few steps to reach for medical

Gout Case Study
Introduction Along with the development of modern society and lifestyle activities, gout is formed
by the impact of the environment and daily activities, is becoming many people's fears, so the
understanding of the disease to early preventive measures, effective treatments play an extremely
important role. Gout is a metabolic disease uric acid, leading to deposition of monosodium crystals
in the organization (synovium and organizations around the joints, kidneys and kidney tissue tube),
the contributory factors can find in some certain common medication, alcohol, and dietary foods
(Gout 2016). The frequency of occurrence of gout increased significantly with age, and correlated
with the increase of serum uric acid concentrations. The pathogenesis ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These crystals are usually formed in and around the joints, possibly because the temperature in the
area is slightly lower than the rest of the body. If it into the space between the joints, these crystals
can cause arthritis and painful. There are many outstanding risk urate salt if high levels of uric acid
in the body. However, increased uric acid syndrome and gout is necessary to distinguish two issues,
although they are closely related to each other. Uric acid is a waste product formed by the natural
destruction of purines in the body. People whose drinking habits, dietary habits unreasonable not
only to increase the amount of purine metabolism, but also a source of countless unfinished generate
free radicals, hike cycle in the body and are ready to mount at any risk gene variation. Frequent gout
by patients with underlying medical history and other diseases including obesity, family history of
kidney disease, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, alcoholism and use of certain medications. There
are some factors can cause of gout disease: Age and gender can cause of gout by middle–aged men
or postmenopausal women, drink more alcohol, obesity, metabolic syndrome, prolonged
hyperuricemia, family history of gout, long–term use of medications that increase blood uric acid.
The cause increased blood uric acid production

Transferring Kidney Stones
Transferring kidney stones is an unwanted occurrence that could impact many people inside their
lifetime. Various might experience the circumstance several instances. Once you might have been
diagnosed with all the ailment, your medical doctor will ascertain the suitable therapy. Those will
modest stones which are in a position to pass on their personal will frequently be told to basically
wait it out. Consuming plenty of water each day can assist you with passing kidney stones. Your
urine need to be pale yellow or almost clear if you happen to be ingesting adequate water. Though it
may be very helpful to maintain your kidneys operating effectively, you ought to not surpass the
suggested eight glasses a day. Seeking to flush out the organ to ... Show more content on
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Taking the advisable dosages each few hours will enable you to to continue your day–to–day
activities. A heating pad positioned around the region with the organ may also be useful in
minimizing the discomfort you happen to be enduring.
Strain your urine each time you make a trip for the restroom. This will enable you to catch a stone,
or a minimum of particles of the stone. These might be positioned in a sterile container and taken to
the health practitioner as soon as feasible. With transferring kidney stones, it may be very helpful for
the physician to have a sample. From this, he can ascertain the type and make up with the stones you
are dealing with.
As it is possible to see, there are many methods in which you'll be able to assist you body with
passing kidney stones. These might be widespread incidences for some people, so knowing how to
assist the method along may be particularly useful. All you actually have to do is take care of one's
kidneys and other organs involved in expelling urine from the entire body. Staying hydrated and
minimizing your consumption of caffeine will aid to stop these stones from developing within the

Kidney Stones
Has your father ever had gout? If he has, he probably has also had kidney stones or Nephrolithiasis.
Although gout may cause kidney stones, they do not cause the most common form of kidney stones,
that title belongs to hypercalciuria. Hypercalciuria can form types of kidney stones like calcium
oxalate, or calcium phosphate. Gout causes uric acid based kidney stones. Other forms of kidney
stones are cysteine and struvite stones which are caused by various reasons. Struvite stones are
caused by kidney infection and cystine stones are due to a common disorder. The disorder called
cystinuria is the defect in transporting amino acids and causes too much cystine is in the urine. The
more common types of kidney stones involve calcium. Hyperparathyroidism is when the gland over
produces its hormone, parathyroid hormone (PTH), that will increase the amount of calcium in the
blood. However, just calcium in the blood or in the urine will not cause kidney stones, they need
oxalates or phosphates and must form in the kidneys. The reason I specify the kidneys is that if you
consume calcium and oxalate together and they form in the stomach. They will be dissolved and are
less likely to form stones. People with too much vitamin C, probably through a supplement, will
have oxalate rich urine. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ketorolac decreases inflammation and aspirin will usually be used to counteract and help with the
passage of the stone. Although, if those are used, a lithotripsy should avoided at the increased risk of
bleeding. A lithotripsy is a procedure, in which shockwaves are used to break apart kidney stones
into smaller pieces. Various factors may increase the passage of kidney stones such the size of the
kidney stone, enlargement of the prostate, or pregnancy. Surgical techniques have been made to
remove kidney stones whether through an incision, or by using a urethroscope to go up the urethra
and bladder to the

Hyperuricaemia Research Paper
Hyperuricaemia which is distinguished by abnormal high levels of uric acid is present in 5–30% of
the general population and appears to be increasing worldwide (1). It has been considered as an
important risk factor for gout and may be associated with development of several oxidative stress
diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases (2, 3). The control of uric acid production has
been widely regarded as a key factor in the prevention and treatment of hyperuricaemia (4). Liver
xanthine Oxidoreductase is the key enzyme in the catabolism of purines, and catalyses the oxidation
of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid. This enzyme occurs in two distinct forms.
Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) is the frequent active form under physiological conditions. Under
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, some severe adverse effects such as hepatitis, nephropathy and allergic reactions limit the
clinical use of allopurinol (3). Several in–vitro observations confirmed the XO inhibitory activity of
some phytochemicals such as flavonoids (7–10). Flavonoids are non–nutrient polyphenolic
compounds that occur in plants and consist of six major classes based on specific structural
differences: flavonols,flavones, flavanones, catechins, anthocyanidins, and isoflavones (11).
Therefore, a promising approach for hyperuricemia and its complications might be a combination
therapy utilizing dietary flavonoids and hypouricemic pharmaceuticals at a suboptimal dosage to
minimize any potential adverse side effects. The present study was designed to screen natural
compounds for their xanthine oxidase inhibitory potential. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOI) are
used in the treatment of gout. Gout is a common worldwide health problem. It arises due to elevated
serum levels of uric acid. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors block the production of uric

Kidney Stones Essay
We are told that nothing could be worst than the pain of childbirth. But it seems that we have a
contender for the pain title. Kidney stones have been said that is just as painful as giving birth to a
child. And like giving birth, there is a likely chance that you will once again have kidney stones.
They do not just go away and stay away. They will keep coming back. Therefore if you have ever
had the terrible pain of kidney stones then you need to inform yourself of what causes kidney stones
and how to can avoid it happen again in the future.
If you are not paying attention to your diet and water intake then you will need to pay closer
attention to these two to avoid kidney stones coming back. A very poor diet and lack of or low water
intake ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If your parents had kidney stones, the likelihood of you having them has just increased. You should
consult with your family doctor to see if you might be at risk. Talking to your parents will also give
you some insight on the probablity of your developing kidney stone.
Lack of exercise can sometime lead to kidney stones. There are many different types of kidney
stones that one can encounter in his/her lifetime.
Some may form stone due to higher calcium levels or more uric acid in bloods. You will suffer to
pass the urine as the stone size increases.
Diseases such as renal tubular acidosis, gout, cystinuria and urinary tract infections may cause the
onset of kidney stones beginning to grow. You should never try to self medicate yourself when this
happens. You alway to consult your doctor so tha he or she might be able to advice you on the best
course of action. But you should also try to read on the topic so that you are an informed individual
on the choice of medication to treating your kidney problem. You might be able to get rid of them
without harmful medication
The causes kidney stone is a very easy answer but it is important that it is detected early. Once you
know what are the causes ans sympthoms then you will know how to deal with and

Kidney Stone Research Paper
I have chosen the topic about kidney stone because my favorite comic book series featured it as a
character. Kidney stones, also known as, Nephrolithiasis or Renal Calculi, are crystalized lumps
formed by insoluble calcium compounds (Kidney Stones). Normally, the two kidneys in the human
body are in charge of filtering blood to produce urine. The urine travel down to the ureters, then into
the urinary bladder, and finally excreted through the urethra (Baxter, 2016a). When there is not
enough water to dilute the waste products, they stay in the kidney and increase the risk of stone
formation. As waste stayed in the kidney, it start to build up and form into a kidney stone.
Depending on the size of the kidney stone, some may slide down the urinary tract without causing
any discomfort. However, because of the small diameter of the ureters, large usually get stuck and
block the flow of urine (Baxter, 2016c). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the size of the stone are less than five millimeters in diameter, it should pass through the urinary
tract without the need of surgery or medicine. However, if the diameter of the stone are bigger than
ten millimeters, then it must be removed by surgery or lithotripsy (Baxter, 2016b). In order to
determine what kind of kidney stones have formed, a 24 hour urine sample, blood screen, calcium
loading tests, and stone analysis has to be performed (Baxter, 2016b). Men between the ages of
twenty to thirty are most likely to be diagnosed with kidney stones (Kidney Stones). Approximately
70% of men and 10% of women are diagnosed with kidney stones by the age of seventy

Comparing Kidney Shaped Stone 'And The Shinagawa Monkey'
Junpei from "A Kidney Shaped Stone" and Mizuki from "The Shinagawa Monkey" have the same
stance on self identity, family life, and love. Both of these character's mask their issues with tangible
items such as the loss of a name, or the company of women. Even though these characters encounter
these issues in different ways, Junpei and Mizuki are both incapable of understanding the concept of
love due to their childhood family life and are unfamiliar with who they really are as a result of
these conditions. Throughout "A Kidney Shaped Stone", Junpei's relationship with his father appears
as a constant struggle. Even though they are father and son, they do not open up to one another. His
father's wisdom regarding women and the negativity his father personified haunts Junpei into his
adulthood. Junpei is unable to be with a woman without thinking of his father. "Whenever Junpei
met a new woman, he would ask himself, is this a woman who has real meaning for ... Show more
After her name disappears, she seeks therapy because she believes it's a mental disorder that is
causing her memory loss. However, the real source is deep within her. On the other hand, similarly
to Junpei, Mizuki's family life created a snowball effect of mental issues. All of her life, Mizuki ran
from the exactitude of what her name entailed; this lead to her not knowing who she is. She was
never able to see past the wall she had subconsciously built around her heart and refused to accept
her family's hatred toward her. Even though the truth upsets her deeply she realizes it was best to
face what she was always afraid of: "... I've known it for a long time but I always closed my eyes to
it, blocked my ears... I'll have to think them over on my own for a little while." As her eyes open to
the truth, so does her mind and her heart. From this point forward, she can begin to move on with
her life and fully discover

Gout Research Paper
MT: foods that causes gout
MD: what is gout? What causes gout flare–ups? List of foods that causes gout flare ups
Foods That Causes Gout
Gouts are a very painful form of arthritis, caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the
joint space, and inflame the joints. These crystals only form when there is excess amount of uric
acid in the blood; uric acid (a waste product that is usually filtered from the blood by the kidneys
and expelled from the body through the urine) is formed when the body breaks down some
compounds called purine. Purine has always been a part of your body, your body cells contain
purine, and it can also be found in a lot of the foods you eat. In other words, when your diet contains
too much purine, you have a very high level of uric acid, which eventually leads to gout. ... Show
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Seafood: oysters, lobsters, shrimps, salmons, tuna, sardines, oily fish etc are notorious for worsening
gout symptoms, they also trigger them, staying away from them is very important if you want to
recover, but if you must eat them, then it must not be more than 5 ounces a day, it doesn't matter the
type of seafood you choose to eat.
Meat: animal foods contain very high quantity of purines it doesn't matter the type of meat you
enjoy, whether it is beef, pork, chicken etc just ensure that you do not take them, because such foods
causes gout attacks, it is best to reduce the
Beans and legumes: beans peas and legumes also have high purine contents, which is not good for

Nifedipine Kidney Stone Case Study
Nifedipine can be used to help patients pass kidney stones after shock wave lithotripsy. Nifedipine
inhibits smooth muscle contractions in ureter; this allows for the stone to pass.1 There have been
numerous studies that compared tamsulosin to nifedipine for kidney stones.
One double blind, randomized, placebo–controlled trial by Vicentini and colleagues compared
adjuvant nifedipine, tamsulosin, or placebo after lithotripsy. They found that overall stone expulsion
rates were 48.6% for nifedipine, 60.5% for tamsulosin, and 36.8% for placebo. Nifedipine and
tamsulosin were more effective on larger stones (10–20 mm) compared to placebo. The pass rate for
10–20 mm stones was 60% for nifedipine, 61.9% for tamsulosin, and 26.15% for placebo. The ...
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All of the studies took place from 2004 to 2013. The meta–analysis found similar results compared
to those of Vicentini and colleagues. Three of the studies found no significant difference in the
expulsion rate between the two drugs. Yet overall, tamsulosin had a significantly higher rate of
passing of the kidney stones. The meta–analysis also addressed time differences in passing the
stones. One study had no significant difference in expulsion time. The others found that tamsulosin
was faster by variable amount of days. This time difference varied from as little as 2 days to up to 14
days. Location of the stone was also mentioned by the meta–analysis. The analysis found that
expulsion rates were 48% for proximal ureteral stones, 60% for mid ureteral stones and 75% for
lower ureteric stones. They also found that adverse events were slightly fewer in those that received
tamsulosin. However, the difference was not statistically different. It is important to note that there
were two reported serious adverse events in the nifedipine group. The severe adverse events were
hypotension and palpitations and both disappeared upon discontinuation of nifedipine. The rate of
the serious adverse events was also quite low (2 in 1,778 patients). While 20 mg was used by
Vicentini and colleagues, 30 mg was the

Urate Pro-Oxidant Summary
The pro–oxidant effects of urate could be the link between hyperuricemia and inflammatory disease,
yet the mechanism is poorly understood. In humans urate builds up in our serum from dietary
purine. Urate is an antioxidant of reactive oxygen species, yet, high serum urate (hyperuricemia) is
associated with gout, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. The link between
hyperuricemia and inflammatory disease is oxidative stress. Urate acts as a pro–oxidant by
generating reactive oxygen species and promoting the oxidation of LDL. Urate's switch from
antioxidant to pro–oxidant could be concentration dependent, ergo the 'dose makes the poison'.
Novel oxidant urate Hydroperoxide could be responsible for the pro–oxidant effects of urate by

Symptomatic Kidney Stones Essay
The authors Curhan, Willet, Knight & Stampfer (2004) were interested in examining the association
between dietary factors and the risk of incident symptomatic kidney stones in an eight–year period.
The Nurses' Health Study II sampled 96 245 female participants between the ages of 27 to 44 years.
Each of the subjects had no history of kidney stones. The self–administered food frequency
questionnaires assessed the subject's diet in 1991 and 1995. The incident of a symptomatic kidney
stone was the main outcome of the study. A total of 1223 incidents of symptomatic kidney stones
were mentioned in the 685, 973 person–years of follow–up. The study findings supported that a
higher dietary calcium intake was associated with a reduced risk of developing kidney ... Show more
The sample consisted of: the Health Professionals Follow–up Study (n = 45,821 men; 18 yr of
follow–up), Nurses' Health Study I (n = 94,108 older women; 18–yr of follow–up), and Nurses'
Health Study II (n = 101,837 younger women; 14–yr of follow–up). The DASH score was generated
based on eight components: high intake of fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes, low–fat dairy
products, and whole grains and low intake of sodium, sweetened beverages, and red and processed
meats. The combined total of 50 yr. of follow–up, there were a total documented cases of 5645
kidney stones incidents. The subjects with higher intake amount of calcium, potassium, magnesium,
oxalate, and vitamin C and had lower intake amount of sodium were directly consequently had a
higher DASH value. Subjects with a higher DASH score were associated with a reduced risk. The
showed even the subjects with a high DASH score and low calcium where also at a low risk. In
conclusion, one of the benefits of the DASH–style diet correlates with a reduced risk in kidney stone
form. (Taylor,

Every year more than 500,000 people go to the hospital emergency rooms for issues related to
kidney stones. 1 in 10 people will experience some sort of issue with kidney stones and the
complications that arise from them. The prevalence of kidney stones in the United States has
increased from 3.8% to 8.8% from the year 1970 to the year 2000. (National Kidney Foundation
2015) Kidney stones can be related to various complications such as high blood pressure, diabetes
mellitus, and obesity but a majority of the cases seen in the United States, and especially more
recently, can be caused and prevented with simple diet changes. (Nutrition MD 2015)
For patients that are prone to forming stones, making changes in their diet can be a primary control
for prevention. In a lot of cases a patient that forms stones that are diet related have an excessive
intake of foods and a low intake of fluids. (IKSI 2015) The number one thing that patients with
kidney stones are told to do is drink for fluids to help dilute the urine and prevent the molecules
from forming stones. The goad given to patients is to try and urinate 2 liters of fluid per day. If
patients live in hot or dry climates, they tend to perspire more than normal, in which they lose fluid
Kidney stones, if untreated, can cause blockage and atrophy in a kidney. If this happens, the kidney
can become dilated, thinned out and will function very minimally. (Nguyen 2015) Another issue that
patients see is a risk of kidney infections, which is caused by some stones due to their chemical
makeup. Patients that have a history of producing Struvite stones can experience chronic urinary
tract infections as a result of an enzyme that is secreted by bacteria and could possibly lead to sepsis
if not treated. (Sepsis Alliance

Kidney Stones Effect
The presence of kidney stones usually cause pain which is very very beginning on side or back,
under her hips and moves to the lower abdomen and groin. The pain changed along with the
movement of kidney stones in the urinary tract. Kidney stones can also cause urinary difficulties
You and this will increasingly worsen the condition. Avoid the formation of stones in the kidney you
with these steps. Drinking water and drink again Kidney stones are usually composed of calcium
oxalate or phosphate either. Minerals are absorbed from food and is usually disposed of through
urine. When the urine is too soupy, minerals can crystallize to form stones. Drink at least six to eight
glasses of water a day to keep the urine doesn't become too concentrated. Physical activity Exercise
can reduce your ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why? Because the fructose in these drinks can increase the levels of calcium, oxalate, and excretion
of uric acid, which ultimately contributed to the formation of kidney stones. Boost Your calcium
intake Because kidney stones usually formed of calcium, many people think that avoiding this
mineral can prevent the occurrence of kidney stones. But, the various scientific research makes us
know that precisely that sebaliknyalah is true. Calcium can actually help prevent the formation of
kidney stones by way of binding of colon in oxalic so as not to reach the kidney. Enjoy a cup of
coffee in the morning People who drink at least one cup of caffeinated coffee has a 26 percent lower
risk of suffering from kidney stones. While those who drink coffee without caffeine has a 16 percent
lower risk, and tea drinkers 11 percent lower, according to a study published in the Clinical Journal
of the American Society of Nephrology. Beware of this

Informative Essay On Kidney Stone
RIDING A ROLLER COASTER COULD HELP YOU PASS SMALL KIDNEY STONES Riding a
moderately intense roller coaster for just a few minutes might be enough to dislodge those pesky
kidney stones before they turn into an even bigger problem. Researchers have showed that riding
Thunder Mountain at Disney World in Orlando, Florida helped Kidney Stones dislodge! Kidney
stones are small mineral deposits that form in the kidney and can be very painful to pass through the
urinary tract. The idea for the study came after a patient came to see him after a spring break
vacation down to Disney World. The patient had gone on Thunder Mountain three times in a row.
After each ride the patient passed a small kidney stone, passing three stones in less than an hour.

Kidney Stones ( Renal Lithiasis )
Kidney stones (renal lithiasis) are small hard deposits,made of mineral and acid salts, that form
inside your kidneys. Kidney stones form when the urine becomes concentrated, and minerals
crystallize and bind together. Usually the chemical balance in urine prevents the crystals from
forming. If the crystals stay small , they will pass out of the body through the urine. This is not
always the case for everyone,so some people form stones. A common variety of stone contains
calcium plus other chemicals which is a part of our regular diet and are important parts of the
body,like bones and muscles.
What causes kidney stones
Kidney stones can be caused by dehydration, urinary tract infections, kidney disorders and certain
metabolic disorders such as over active thyroid glands. Developing stones may also be hereditary.
Indinavir, a medicine used to treat HIV infection, can also be a factor in the development of kidney
stones.Struvite stones can form as a result of a urinary tract infection. High calcium levels in the
urine creates crystals of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate to form in kidneys or in the urinary
tract. Stones may also form in individuals who experience chronic inflammation of the bowel or
have had an intestinal bypass, or ostomy surgery. People with a history of forming calcium oxalate
stones are usually advised to limit or eliminate high–oxalate foods which include
rhubarb,spinach,beets,swiss chard,wheat germ,soybean crackers,peanuts,okra,chocolate,black

Gout Essay
What is Gout and How it is treated
Kyle C. Cupp
DuBois Area High School
Abstract
What is Gout and How is it Treated Gout is a semi common form of Arthritis that can cause a lot of
pain and discomfort. As it stands there is no known cure for gout as it is a deposit of crystal
structures deposited in the joins. Medicine for gout is mostly tries to stop flare ups to help people be
more comfortable. Gout is very painful and crippling affliction that can cause a lot of damage to
joints and connective tissue and in the medical world there is not a definite cure for gout. LIving
with someone with gout INdomethacin and allopurinol have the best ability to treat and prevent flare
ups in gout patients.
Gout is a disease that is caused by a metabolic disorder known as Hyperuricemia. ... Show more
Its main objective is to get rid of gout from the kidneys. This type of treatment is given by syringe at
your doctor's office it isn't a pill like many of the other types of treatments. (Pegloticase 2017)
Ketorolac is a very powerful drug that is even compared to opioids and morphine. To have the anti
inflammatory effect it has to higher doses and a patient is usually only kept on it for about 5 days.
While it can be an anti inflammatory it still has the effects of a drugs such as opioids and morphine.
It is only considered in extreme cases and would not make a very good long term effective drug
(Non–Steroidal Anti–inflammatory drugs 2017).
Meloxicam is another type of drug used to treat gout. It is a selective cox 2 inhibitor. It inhibits
prostaglandins. "Prostaglandins also protect the lining of the stomach and intestines from the
damaging effects of acid, promote blood clotting by activating platelets, and also affect kidney
function (Ogbru, A, 2016)." It is extremely selective even with prostaglandins so that it is more
thorough (Non–Steroidal Anti–inflammatory drugs

Kidney Stones Effect
Kidney stones are little, hard mineral stores that frame inside your kidneys. The stones are made of
mineral and corrosive salts.
Kidney stones have numerous causes and can influence any piece of your urinary tract – from your
kidneys to your bladder.
A kidney stone may not bring about manifestations until it moves around inside your kidney or goes
into your ureter. But,some side effects are Severe torment in the side and back, beneath the ribs,
torment that spreads to the lower stomach area and crotch, torment that comes in waves and changes
in power, torment on pee, pink, red or cocoa pee, overcast or putrid pee, queasiness and
regurgitating, and steady need to urinate.
Kidney stones regularly have no clear, single cause, albeit a few components may build your danger.
Kidney stones structure when your pee contains more gem framing substances, for example,
calcium, oxalate and uric corrosive than the liquid in your pee can weaken. In the meantime, your
pee may need substances that keep gems from staying together, making a perfect situation for
kidney stones to frame. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Blood tests may uncover a lot of calcium or uric corrosive in your blood. Blood test results screen
the strength of your kidneys and may lead your specialist to check for other restorative conditions.
The 24–hour pee gathering test may demonstrate that you're discharging excessively numerous
stone–shaping minerals or excessively few stone–counteracting substances. For this test, your
specialist may ask for that you perform two pee accumulations more than two back to back days.
You might be requested that urinate through a strainer to catch stones that you pass. Lab
investigation will uncover the cosmetics of your kidney stones. Your specialist utilizes this data to
figure out what's creating your kidney stones and to shape an arrangement to avert more kidney

Kidney Stones Essay
Out of every thousand people in the United States, one person can say that they have experienced
one of the most painful episodes one can go through. Some have said that compared to this,
pregnancy is easy. Over half a million people will experience kidney stones this year, and a third of
them will be hospitalized.
Kidney stones are hard, crystalline deposits in the kidney. They are usually hexagonal, eighty
percent of which are made of calcium. These calcium stones are two to three times more common in
men, and are most likely to reoccur. The calcium oxalate versions most likely result from eating
specific food. One percent of stones are cystine stones, which have to do with ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Luckily, after the excruciating occurrence, the stone usually doesn't damage anything. Sometimes
there comes a situation where the kidney stone either becomes too big or for some reason gets
wedged in the urinary tract and the pain worsens. Also, the urine begins to get backed up, and the
bladder and urinary tract begins to get infected. Thus, an operation must be performed. Originally,
they were removed, either by slicing the bladder or kidney open, or by shoving an instrument up the
ureter. Fortunately, through the miracles of technology, one does not necessarily have to go through
this "invasive" treatment. Instead, there is a treatment that uses shockwaves to slice up the stone.
This is called kidney stone lithotripsy. A large machine uses sound waves to break up the stone into
small fragments that can be more easily passed through.
Lithotripsy can be administered in two different ways. One is a large bed in which you are immersed
in water and hundreds of sound waves hit the stone over a period of an hour. It is so loud that you
must wear earphones, but it is not painful because your body has the same properties as water, sound
wise. Afterward, one should walk around and drink plenty of water. Another way is a small
instrument with an ultrasound–producing end, which is shoved into you, and enters the bladder
through

Urinary Disorders: Kidney Stones
Kidney Stones
Today, there are many urinary disorders, but the most common one is renal calculi, also know
known as kidney stones Kidney stones can be one of the most painful experiences you can have.
Each year, at least three million people visit their doctor asking about the stones, and more then half
a million go to the hospital. If they aren't treated, they can lead to infections, kidney damage, or
death. There are four different kinds of kidney stones, ones containing calcium being the most
common. Currently, there are multiple ways of treating this disorder, some of which aren't very
comfortable. But you can avoid this by maintaining a healthy diet and drinking plenty of water
The four types of kidney stones are made up of calcium, cystine, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Other symptoms consist of sharp stabbing pain in the lower back that can last up to an hour. If you
experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and noticed blood in your urine, then you may have a kidney
stone. Some times you will have an urge to urinate and when you finally do you will feel a burning
pain in the urethra.
When it comes to removing a kidney stone, it depends on the size and location of the stone. If it is
less then 4mm it should be able to pass on its own, but if it is larger than 6mm there is only a 20%
chance of passing involuntary. To get rid of the bigger stones treatment consists of shooting
shockwaves at the particular kidney, or more drastically, surgery. After passing the kidney stone, no
matter the way, your doctor can examine it to determine what type of stone it is and what can be
done to prevent more from forming.
Kidney stones are very painful no matter the size of the stone. Surgery is the last option to eliminate
kidney stones. If the stone does not pass spontaneously and the pain continues, a visit to the doctor
is necessary. In most cases, kidney stones can be avoided by drinking lots of water to get rid waste
produced by your body and by maintaining a healthy

WHAT IS IT? – Kidney stones are small,hard rock like balls, that are composed of mineral and
small salts that form inside your kidneys and produce rock looking solutes that sit inside your
kidneys. Kidney stones can be caused from different things and can attack many parts of your urine
system, from your kidneys, to your bladder .These stones form when your urine becomes
concentrated, which caused it the clump up causing a hard ball like rock to form inside your kidney
This picture shows what a kidney stone looks like and contains
HOW DO I KNOW IF I HAVE A STONE? – If you suspect that you have kidney stones, you may
need tests and procedures like urine tests, blood testing, imaging (x–rays) will need to take place to
determine if you have these stones or not. A kidney stone will not cause any symptoms until it
passes the inside of your kidney or your bladder–or the tube connecting the kidney and bladder.
Once kidney stones are present you may experience severe pain in the side and back, below the ribs.
Pink, reddish blood like urine, and at the most vomiting and nausea.
TREATMENT – If a kidney stone is too big to be passed naturally, which is usually 6–7mm in
diameter or larger – you may need treatment to remove it another way.
This could include: extracorporeal shock wave or ureteroscopy. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The waves break the stone into small pieces that can be easily passed through your urinary tract
system. This is an easier way to remove the stone if it is unable to be passed through the body
naturally.Lithotripsy typically takes about 45 minutes to an hour for the procedure. After the
procedure, the stones debris is removed from your kidneys or ureter, through urination. This
procedure is efficient in many ways to the proper removal. It is also known as the traditional method
of removing kidney

Kidney Stone Lab Report
Kidneys stones are a solid piece of mass most commonly made up of calcium oxalate and are found
in the kidney or ureter. Kidneys stones are formed when there is a high concentration of a crystal
forming substance such as, calcium, phosphorus, and sodium, and the urine is unable to dilute it.
Also, if the urine lacks the substances which prevent the crystals from sticking together, this creates
an ideal environment for the stones to form. One type of a very common kidney stone is, calcium
oxalate. The build up of the calcium oxalate in the human body can be explained using equilibrium.
Calcium oxalate is able to break down into calcium ions and oxalic acid, and the reaction is able to
go backwards as well. When calcium oxalate (CaC2O4) is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The way the reaction shifts is dependent on various factors which influence the equilibrium and
Chatelier's principle. These factors include concentration, temperature, volume, and pressure. The
Ksp equation for this reaction is Ksp= [Ca+2][C204–2]. By looking at this equation, you can tell
that the reaction is very dependent on the concentration of the calcium ions and the acid. For
example, if the Ksp value is too large, that means that the concentration of the products is much too
high and the equation will shift to the left producing more calcium oxalate which means more
kidney stones will be formed. If the Ksp value is too low, than that means that that concentration of
the reactants is much too high and the right reaction will be favoured producing more calcium ions
and acid. Going back to Chatelier's principle, if the amount of calcium or oxalic acid is increased
from equilibrium then the the reaction will shift to the left making more of calcium oxalate.
Therefore if someone were to have a diet high in oxalic acid, they would be more likely to form
kidneys stones compared to someone who doesn't eat a lot of foods with oxalic acid. A very basic
and easy way to prevent kidney stones from forming is to drink plenty of water

Kidney stones are a very common condition where your urine contains crystal–forming substances
such as calcium, oxalate, and urine acid. When your urine contains more crystals than the fluid your
urine can dilute. Your urine may lack substances that prevent crystals from sticking together. This
creates a perfect environment for kidney stones to form. Kidney stones often have no definitive
cause, although several factors may increase your risk. There are also many types of kidney stones.
Knowing they types of stones may help determine the cause of the kidney stones. Most common
kidney stones are calcium stones. These stones usually form due to calcium oxalate. Oxalate is
usually found in food. Chocolate, fruit, vegetables, and nuts usually contains a high level of oxalate.
Another type of kidney stones are known as struvite stones. Struvite stones form due to infection,
for example a urinary tract infection. Struvite stones can grow quickly, and become very large. Uric
acid stones usually form in people who drink too little or too much liquids, people with a high
protein diet, or people who suffer from gout. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some factors may increase your risk of developing kidney stones. Family or personal history, certain
diets, dehydration, being obese, and digestive diseases are just some risk factors in developing
kidney stones. There are multiple tests that can be done to diagnose kidney stones. Blood test, urine
test, imaging, and analyzing passed kidney stones are just some of the noninvasive tests doctors can
do to determine a diagnosis. Most kidnet stones do not require any invasive treatment. Small kidney
stones can be passed on there own. Drinking water, pain relievers, and medical therapy may assist in
this process. Larger kidney stones that may be too large to pass on their own may require more
extensive treatment. Using sound waves to break up stones, surgery, using a scope, or parathyroid
gland surgery are some treatment

The kidneys are organs that are about four inches long, and are found in the back wall of the
abdomen on either side of the spinal column. Their main function is to filter waste and excess fluid
from the blood as it flows through these organs. They are not huge in size, but the role that they play
is significant. Though they are small (both of them together weigh less than a pound), they process
over 18 gallons of blood each hour and filter over half of all of the fluid that is taken in by the body.
In the end, the kidneys will excrete up to two quarts of urine during a day's time. (Source: Every
Woman's Health, 1993). The kidneys are prone to a number of diseases and conditions, some of
them very serious and even potentially life threatening. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An excessive intake of protein (defined as over 35% of daily calories) can cause calcium oxalate
stones. In addition, the rare, inherited metabolic disorder, cystinuria, can be caused by excessive
protein–derived amino acids being present in the body. When protein is broken down in the body, it
is broken down into amino acids, which are then absorbed and used to make new amino acids,
hormones and enzymes for a number of functions in the body. There are a number of amino acids,
eight of which cannot be made by the body. These are the essential amino acids and must be
received from food sources. These are leucine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, methionine,
phenylalanine, tryptophan and lysine. In children, there is an additional amino acid that needs to
come from food, but most adults are able to create the protein themselves (Source: The Vegetarian

Explain How To Get Rid Of Kidney Stones Essay
How to get rid of kidney stones?
Kidney stones are dangerous as a kidney helps in excreting toxins from our body. These stones are
crystal like material that are formed in the urinary system due to consumption of minerals that cause
these stones or dehydration. The size of stone can be really small or really large. There might be
other reasons too and there are plenty of symptoms as well but getting rid of kidney stones sound
painful and scary. Going through dialysis or surgeries for getting the stones removed is irksome.
Therefore, there are some health tips that help in getting rid of kidney stones.
Following are the well–researched health tips that will help in getting the kidney stone out.
Drinking lemon juice with olive oil
Lemon juice with olive oil is very therapeutic when one is dealing with kidney stones. It helps in
urinating which helps in reducing the size of the unwanted kidney stone which eventually drains out.
This is one of the best health tips for kidney stones. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cut down sugar, sweet syrups and the like from the diet to get rid of the nasty kidney stones that are
causing a lot of pain.
Increase water intake
The more the water intake, the lesser the size of kidney stones. One should drink a lot of water in
order to get rid of the stones. Juices help too, if they are not sweet. Water which has less minerals
work the best. Water intake will boost up the bladder's function and that will result in urination
which will help in getting rid of stone. This is one of the health tips suggested by doctors too.
Apple cider vinegar
The acetic content of apple cider vinegar can help in reducing the kidney stones. It also helps in
fastening of the urination. The apple cider vinegar should be drank along water as it can harm the
stomach if consumed directly.
Eat kidney

Kidney Stones: A Case Study
Which modality works best for diagnosing a patient with kidney stones?
Some believe the answer is digital tomosynthesis or ultrasound; while others continue to believe
multidetector CT (MDCT) is the best way.
Kidney stones, or renal calculi, are hard mineral materials formed in the kidney or urinary tract. A
kidney stone forms when the person does not drink enough water so as a result an increase of
minerals and decrease of urine volume accumulate in the urinary or kidney tract. The most common
type of kidney stone contains calcium combined with either oxalate or phosphate. A majority of
kidney stones are considered to be calcium stones. Other chemical compounds that can form stones
in the urinary tract include uric acid, magnesium ammonium phosphate, and cysteine.
While the ideal test to diagnose ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the various advancements of technologies in the field of radiography, sometimes it can be
difficult to choose with imaging modality can be used to provided the best care for the patient and
diagnose Clinicians must be aware of the potential benefits and drawbacks of each imaging modality
to balance its use with healthcare costs, radiation dose to the patient, as well as patient safety.
In pregnant women or those who should avoid radiation exposure, an ultrasound examination may
be done to help establish the diagnosis.
Multidetector CT (MDCT) is currently the most used in detecting kidney stones, but it also has the
highest radiation doses of all of the imaging modalities. As an alternative to MDCT, digital
tomosynthesis overcomes some of the issues of conventional computed tomography because it has a
lower radiation dose, and it can also remove overlying structures so that radiologists can see the
stones easier and faster. Ultrasound offers benefits such as convenience, low cost, and lack of

Gout Research Paper
Oly Salunga
MED 2047
VNPT031
Gout
Brittany Hallett
August 18, 2015
GOUT According to Rosdahl (2010), "The body produces substances called purines during
metabolism. If the body is unable to metabolize these substances, uric acid accumulates in the
bloodstream and forms crystal deposits in the joints" (p.1236). This arthritic condition called gout is
a condition of hyperuricemia wherein these uric acid accumulates and form hard crystals deposited
in your joints. It can harm your joints, tendons, and other tissues. It can cause an attack of sudden
blistering joint pain, stiffness, and joint swelling. It often affects the joints of the big toe, instep,
ankle or knee but it may appear in any joint. Primary gout ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Take analgesics and anti–inflammatory drugs for pain and inflammation. Take pain medication as
soon as the patient feels the pain and not to wait until it get worse. Colchicines may interact with
grapefruit juice and CNS depressants. Allopurinol can be taken together with uricosuric agents to
get an additive effect. Uricosuric agents such as probenecid or sulfinpyrazone should be taken with
milk, food or antacids to minimize GI distress. Notify prescriber if nausea, vomiting or stomach pain
persists, chills, fever and chest pain. Report immediately if patients noticed darkening of the

Kidney Patterns
Title: High concentrations of sodium diet causes kidney stones in the African American male
population?
Studies have shown that a person's sodium intake can contribute to an increase in blood pressure,
which can lead to heart disease and other health complications. Over the years many investigators
have continued to study the effects of sodium on the human body. African Americans living in the
United States have a higher risk of having diabetes, obesity, high blood pressure and heart disease.
However, not much research investigated the effects of high salt consumption on the odds of
developing kidney stones in African American men. While this study will not build upon any
currently published literature, it will help to create awareness of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also, it will be difficult to create an accurate analysis from observation alone, leading to my
observational case control study only telling one part of the story. Another limitation of this study is
convenience sampling and low generalizability due to a small geographic area, extremely high salt
intake in this case. To minimize recall and selection bias, I will have to clearly identify and provide
a clear definition of my study population. The control group of my study will reflect the exposure of
the population which gave rise to the cases; controls will be selected independently of the exposure

Low Oxalate Diet
What Is a Low Oxalate Diet (And How Can It Heal Your Strange Symptoms?)
Have you found yourself struggling with strange symptoms your doctor can't seem to find a cause
for? Are you beginning to agree with him that the problem might be in your head?
If so, you're not alone. Millions of people are living with hidden autoimmune conditions, allergies,
and food sensitivities that make them miserable but often don't show up on standard medical tests.
By now, I'm sure you've heard of celiac disease, lactose intolerance, and peanut allergies.
But, did you know that there are other food sensitivities just being brought into the mainstream?
Ones you may have not even heard of yet?
These include, but are certainly not limited to, histamine sensitivity, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to research http://kidneystones.uchicago.edu/how–to–eat–a–low–oxalate–diet/
, diets that are low in calcium can raise urine oxalate levels. This is because proper calcium levels
can inhibit intestinal oxalate absorption.
A randomized controlled trial (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1455427/) studied
men with hypercalciuria (elevated calcium in the urine) and placed them on one of two diets to
check which would be the most effective in the prevention of kidney stones (a common symptom of
oxalate sensitivity).
One group followed a diet low in calcium and oxalate. The other followed a diet higher in calcium
with restricted intake of oxalate, protein, and salt.
At the five–year mark, the latter group had a 51 percent lower rate of stone recurrence than those
following a low–calcium diet.
Talk with your doctor about testing you for calcium deficiency and/or hypercalciuria if you're
experiencing symptoms of oxalate sensitivity before following the low oxalate diet.
It could make all the difference in your health.

What Causes Oxalate

The Kidney Stone Research Paper
The Blarney Stone, according to legend, grants one with elegance and persuasiveness when he or
she kisses it. The Blarney Castle is the structure that contains the Blarney Stone and is 20 feet tall.
The castle's original wooden structure was built by the McCarthy's of Muskerry around 1010 and
they replaced that structure with a stone one two centuries later in 1210. Cormac McCarthy, the
King of Munster, supplied 4,000 men to increase Robert the Bruce's forces for the battle of
Bannockburn in 1314. The legend says that Robert the Bruce, King of Scots, was so grateful for
McCarthy's help that he gave him half of the Stone of Scone, now know as the Blarney Stone.
Queen Elizabeth soon found out about the castle and commanded the Earl of Leicester to take
possession of it, but whenever he attempted to consult McCarthy about the matter, Cormac always
suggested a banquet or some other form of delay, This meant that when the Earl was to send the
queen progress reports, a long memorandum was sent stating that the castle had still remained
untaken. The queen called the Earl's reports "Blarney", meaning hogwash or malarkey, out of anger
and disappointment because she still did not have possession of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This was then destroyed in 1446, but was rebuilt by Cormac Laidir MacCarthy, Lord of Muskerry.
The McCarthys left the castle forever in 1690 AD because Donagh was captured in battle and
escaped to France. The Blarney House was built in 1874 AD and in 1942, the United States Federal
Trade Commission started making greeting cards. The manufacturers of the greeting cards, however,
were not allowed to use any misleading artwork that can make customers believe that the rock
fragments were actually taken from the Blarney Stone. The message that there is only one Blarney
Stone had to be spread to save the unknowing customers

Kidney Stone Essay
Project 3: Formation and Dissolution of Kidney Stones
Pooja Patel
Chemistry 2 Lab
August 3, 2015
Introduction
Kidney Stone has been developing amongst individuals in the most recent 30 years and the purpose
behind it is still obscure. A large number of individuals every year have issues with kidney stones,
and there isn't a genuine cure to dissolving the kidney stone. Specialists can't do much other than
instruct them to keep hydrated and give them torment relievers; if nothing works they need to do
surgery. On the other hand, there are a considerable measure of theories in regards to home cures
including kidney stones. Specialists need help to check whether some home cures will really cure it.
Scientists ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Individuals asserting that certain systems work and others don't. As per Brenda Barron, she
composed that apple fruit juice vinegar couldn't cure kidney stone. Rather it could help keep the
development of kidney stones. A considerable measure of articles additionally appear to demonstrate
that drinking lemon with water could help too. Lemon is acidic and could help break down the
stone. In the lab done we utilized white vinegar and perhaps if lemon was utilized the outcomes
could be the same. It is intriguing to see individuals attempt and utilization numerous acidic
beverages keeping in mind the end goal to help cure/avoid kidney stone. I would have wanted to
attempt different strategies rather than

Kidney Stone Test
Several exams must be done to come up with an accurate kidney stone diagnosis. Some signs and
symptoms of these stones can mimic other conditions, which is why it is necessary for the doctor to
conduct series of tests for confirmation. The doctor must first have your medical history and
perform physical examination. The doctor will inspect several areas in your abdomen as well as
your back to locate the pain.
Laboratory tests are now ordered to see if other tests are needed to be done. Urinalysis is performed
to look for signs of urinary tract infection, as well as to test for presence of blood. Blood tests are
also done to test the function of your kidney such as creatine and BUN. Electrolytes are also
checked to see if you have problems with certain electrolytes that may precipitate formation of
stones, as well as to test for your hydration status.
Other tests done for kidney stone diagnosis are imaging studies. Spiral computerized tomography is
a high–speed CT–scan that produces two–dimensional images of your organs with the use of x–ray
beams. This test can help ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CT–urogram is a test that use an iodine–based dye injected directly into a vein. Once the dye is
circulated, CT scan pictures of the kidneys, bladder, and ureters are taken. The dye is helps by
locating areas where drainage is blocked or compromised due to the presence of a stone. Intravenous
pyelography also involves the use of a contrast dye that is injected into a vein. This imaging study is
useful in locating kidney stones and to assess the degree of blockage. Remember to inform your
doctor of any allergy to iodine, seafood, or any medications if he tells you that you are about to be
given a dye directly to your vein. The dye can produce and allergic reaction, and even anaphylactic
shock. Always bear in mind to give a full medical and health history to help the doctor with kidney
stone

Why Do I Have Kidney Stones Essay
Do I have kidney stones?" This was the first thing out of my mouth when I saw my doctor a few
years ago. I had heard of kidney stones before, and I knew that my dad had them once or twice.
Still, I didn't know what kidney stones were exactly, or the symptoms for them. For all I knew, my
kidneys were just littered with stones that could cause sudden pain at any time.
My doctor calmed me down and explained a few things to me. After we were done, I went straight
to the library and checked out a few medical books. As soon as I got home, I hit the books for the
rest of the afternoon. Here's what I found out.
Symptoms
Let's get to the good stuff first. You may know what a kidney stone is, but you don't know the
symptoms for it. Or you might know ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, most of them can. But there are a few out there that you can't really protect yourself from.
Luckily– kidney stones are preventable.
There are a number of things you can do to protect yourself. There is a chance you will still develop
a stone, but your risk is much lower if you follow these tips.
First, drink at least 8 glasses of water each day. If you can, try to drink 10 or more. There are a few
reasons for this, but the main one is to keep flushing urine through your kidneys. The more urine
flow you have, the less likely a kidney stone will form.
Another good idea is to avoid eating too many animal products. Dairy products particularly can
increase your chances of developing a kidney stone. This is because most kidney stones are made up
of calcium, and dairy products have high amounts of calcium.
Finally, talk to your doctor about going on a medical water fast. When you spend time without
ingesting solid food water, it gives your body's digestion system a break. It can then divert energy to
more important things, like flushing out any calcium oxalate deposits in your kidneys. In other
words, fasting can help your body remove the kidney stone before it gets too

Kidney Stone Diseases
Since the occurrence and progression of various human pathological conditions have been proposed
to have an involvement of uric acid (UA), a number of researchers have therefore attempted to
elucidate the potential roles of UA underlying the pathogenesis of UA–related diseases (1, 2).
Among these, UA is well–documented in kidney stone diseases since it serves as not only a main
crystalline composition of pure UA but also a principal risk factor for hyperuricosuric calcium
oxalate (CaOx) kidney stone disease (3, 4). These two kidney stones account for a significant
percentage of stone–forming patients and have an increasing prevalence worldwide over the past
few decades. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying UA–related kidney stone diseases
are still not well understood. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
UA can widely affect various cellular functions; therefore, the tight control of serum UA level is
necessary to maintain cellular homeostasis under normal circumstances. Kidney serves as a major
excretory organ to control a balance of UA by which excessive UA is eliminated from the body
through urine (5). Consequently, the defective renal handling of UA can cause an imbalance in UA
levels in plasma and urine, and contribute to the development of several diseases, especially kidney
stone disease (1, 4). Hyperuricosuria is typically defined as an excess of urinary uric acid; greater
than 800 mg/day in men and greater than 750 mg/day in women, which has been recognized as one
of the most common metabolic abnormalities in kidney stone patients (6). However, potential roles
of UA in renal system underlying kidney stone pathogenesis have been largely

Every year there are more than 200,000 cases of kidney stones that surface in the United States. In
fact, about one in every seven people will acquire a kidney stone in their lifetime, although the
intensity will vary. Kidney stones range in size from only a couple of millimeters to over ten
millimeters wide. With a greater diameter of the stones comes a lower chance that the stone will be
passed naturally. Bigger stones can even lead to the blockage of the ureters, which are the tubes that
filter fluids from the kidneys to the bladder. This blockage can cause pain and may require treatment
to be removed. Unfortunately, this treatment can often be expensive and may have to be performed
multiple times to be effective. With the number of kidney stones shown to be increasing in today's
times, one must wonder if they are at risk. Kidney stones are a mass of mineral crystals that forms in
either one or both kidneys. These stones form when the body has an abundance of crystal–forming
This occurs when the kidney and urinary tract has been obstructed for extended periods of time. As a
consequence, this prolonged blockage can lead to buildup, which, if not treated, can generate
hydronephrosis. Hydronephrosis is a condition in which the kidney swells and typically only
impacts one kidney, but can affect both when a kidney stone causes the blockage. During this time,
the hydronephrosis can lead to a urinary tract infection, pain in the flank area, and difficulty
urinating. At this stage, patients would need If so, after all of this has occurred, and the patient has
still not received treatment, the next outcome would be End–stage renal Disease, or total loss of
kidney function. However, this outcome is unlikely and can only occur is a kidney stone is large
enough to not be able to pass on its own, and the stone remains in the urinary tract for long enough
to cause a large enough blockage that will lead to

Lab Report On The Absorption Of Crystals
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The CoCaOxM crystals were grown by single diffusion gel
growth technique and the harvested crystals are analysed by FTIR, XRD, SEM–EDX, UV–Visible
and incubation studied.
3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy The FTIR spectrum of CoCaOxM crystals were as
shown in Fig 3. In FTIR spectrum, a strong band at 3434cm–1 and 3062cm–1 is due to asymmetric
and symmetric OH stretching while an intense absorptions band at 3261cm–1 show inters molecular
hydrogen bonded OH stretch. Intense absorption band at 1612cm–1 and 1318cm–1 can be assigned
to asymmetric and symmetric C=O stretching bands specific to the Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate.
The sharp band at 885cm–1 is due to C–C stretching vibrations which confirm the existence of
oxalate group in Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate. The sharp peak at 781cm–1 is due to O–C=O and
the wideband at 665cm–1 can be assigned to the bending modes of the water molecule. However,
the peak at 518cm–1 is assigned to the presence of metal–oxygen bond (18–21). Thus FTIR reveals
that the growth of COM crystals was due to the presence of O–H stretching, C=O, C–C, O–C=O
and M=O bonds.
There are some additional peaks formed due to the process of doping some absorption peaks due to
OH vibrations are changed because of the incorporation of dopant in the lattice. In the case of
CoCaOxM crystals additional peaks are found at 1285cm–1 and 1462cm–1 which are attributed to
the C=O stretching. These peaks are found to

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