1. Continuing 4.2

3. Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
 Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)
 Injured as soldier  Soldier for Christ
 Military background  chain of command
 Fourth Vow– absolute personal obedience to
Pope
 “The Spiritual Exercises”
 Intellectuals, theologians, missionaries
 Practical, this-world … not withdrawal, sacrifice
 Task for “soldiers”: Combat Protestantism

4. Vincentians/Charitys
 Vincent de Paul (1581-1660)
 Focus on the poor; preach to, teach
commoners
 Louise de Marillac  Daughters of
Charity
 Bypass cloister rules by taking private
annual vows

5. Christian Brothers
 John Baptist de La Salle (1652-1719)
 Educate poor children  escape poverty,
crime
 Began classroom teaching (not private
tutors)
 Considered a founder of modern education

6. Elizabeth Ann Seton
 1774-1821
 First American-born saint (canonized
1975)
 Convert; began Baltimore school
 Sisters of Charity (Emmitsburg) – first
religious order begun in the U.S.
 Credited with beginning the parochial
school system

8. Exploration Begins
 Events of 1492
 1493 ~ Pope Alexander VI draws line,
dividing the Atlantic
 Spain gets West; Portugal gets East
 1522 ~ Magellan sails around the world,
so a second line is needed
 Catholics travel to spread the faith;
Protestants for trade

9. Methods
 Religious Orders ~ Franciscans,
Dominicans, and especially Jesuits
 “Hard” vs. “Soft”
 “Hard” ~ by force & destruction
 “Soft” ~ missions; settlements & teach;
accommodation/adaptation
 In the Americas
 French in the North; Spain in the South

10. Challenges
 Conquistadors & Colonizers
 Enslave the “savages”
 Educated Christians  human
 Missions protected the natives
 Danger of Syncretism
 To what extent do you “adapt” the faith to
local customs, religious practices, etc.,
before it no longer is Christianity?

12. The American Colonies
 Established for “religious freedom”?
 Freedom of OUR, “perfect” religion!
 11 of the original 13 colonies had official
state religion; only two safe for Catholics
 Maryland ~ begun as safe haven for Catholics
○ 1649 Act of Toleration
 Pennsylvania ~ Quaker acceptance
 Constitution ~ God not mentioned
 No influence in EITHER direction

13. John Carroll
 1735-1815; elected bishop in 1789
(American Catholics feared foreign
bishop)
 Balanced democracy with Vatican
loyalty
 Began St. Mary’s Seminary (Baltimore),
Georgetown College (DC), dioceses
 1790 – 30,000 American Catholics
1815 – 200,000 American Catholics

14. Anti-Catholic Sentiment
 Nativism & Know-Nothing Party
 “Public” Schools
 Isolation  vicious cycle
 Politics/Presidental Candidates
 1929 ~ Al Smith
 1960 ~ John F. Kennedy
 John Kerry
 Paul Ryan & Joe Biden