The study of marine toxins includes identifying common types and sources of these toxins. The study of marine toxins includes identifying common types and sources of these toxins.

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MARINETOXINS
Name: Swapnil S. Tirmanwar
GUIDE: Dr. Mrs. Sonal P. Motghare
DEPARTMENT: Pharmacognosy
COLLEGE NAME: Priyadarshini J. L. College
of Pharmacy, Nagpur

2. • Marinetoxinsarenaturallyoccurringchemicals
thatcancontaminatecertainseafood.
• Theseafoodcontaminatedwiththesechemicals
frequentlylooks,smells,andtastesnormal,butcan
makepeoplesickif theyeatit.
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 Those caused by eating fish, including:
– Scombrotoxic fish poisoning
– Ciguatera poisoning
– Tetrodotoxin poisoning (fugu or pufferfish poisoning)
 Those caused by eating shellfish, including:
– Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)
– Red tide/neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP)
– Diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP)
– Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP)
 Those caused by contaminated water,
including:
– brevetoxins
– Blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria)
– Pfiesteria and the Pfiesteria-like organisms (PLOs)

4. SCOMBROTOXIC FISHPOISONING
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Also known as histamine fish poisoning
is caused by bacterial spoilage of certain finfish such as tuna,
mackerel and other fish.
As bacteria break down fish proteins, byproducts such as histamine
and other substances that block histamine breakdown build up in
fish.
Eating spoiled fish that have high levels of these histamines can
cause human disease.
Symptoms begin within 2 minutes to 2 hours after eating the fish.
The most common symptoms are rash, diarrhea, sweating,
headache, and vomiting. Burning or swelling of the mouth,
abdominal pain, or a metallic taste may also occur.
The majority of patients have mild symptoms that resolve within a
few hours.
Treatment -antihistamines or epinephrine
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5. CIGUATERAPOISONING
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 Ciguateraiscausedbyeatingcontaminatedtropicalreeffish.
 Ciguatoxinsareactuallyproducedbymicroscopicseaplantscalled
dinoflagellates.
 Dinoflagellates aresingle-celledmarineorganismsthatareextremelydiverse.
 Thetoxinsbecomeprogressivelyconcentratedastheymoveupthefood chainfrom
smallfishtolargefishthateatthem,andreach particularlyhighconcentrationsinlarge
predatorytropicalreeffish.
 Barracudaarecommonlyassociatedwithciguatoxinpoisoning,but eatinggrouper,sea
bass,snapper,mullet,andanumberofotherfish thatliveintropicaloceanshas
causedthedisease.
 Ciguatoxinandtheclosely-relatedmaitotoxinarebothproducedby dinoflagellatesand
causesymptomsbyinterferingwithionchannels oncellmembranes.Ciguatoxin
openssodiumchannelsandmaitotoxinopenscalciumchannels,disruptingthe
signalingbetweennervesandmuscles.

6. • Common nonspecific symptoms include nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, excessive sweating,
headache,andmuscleaches.
• Treatment is generally supportive; mannitol (an
osmotic diuretic) may be used to increase urine
output
CIGUATERAPOISONING
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7. TETRODOTOXINPOISONING
• Tetrodotoxincausesthistypeofpoisoning;
• it isfoundtheliver,gonads,intestines,andskinofpufferfish(fugu),aswellasin
less-commonlyeatenanimalslikeparrotfish,frogs, octopus,starfish,angelfish,
andcrabs
• Thediseaseispotentiallydeadly.
• Symptoms include numbness of the lips and tongue, tingling in the body, and a
sensationoflightness.Nauseaandvomiting,diarrhea,andbellypainmayoccur.
• Treatmentissupportive,andmayincludegivingthepersoncharcoal,pumpingthe
stomach,givingIVfluids,andplacingthemonaventilatorinseverecases.Thereisno
antidote
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8. SHELLFISH PARALYTICSHELLFISHPOISONING
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 Paralytic shellfish poisoningis causedbyadifferentdinoflagellate
with adifferenttoxin thantheoneresponsiblefor ciguatera poisoning.
 Thesedinoflagellates haveared-browncolor, andcangrowtolarge
numbersthattheycauseredstreaks toappearin theoceancalled
"redtides."
 Thistoxin is knowntoconcentratewithin certainshellfish that
typically live in thecoldercoastalwatersofthePacificstates
 Shellfish thathavecausedthis disease include mussels, cockles,
clams,scallops, oysters, crabs,andlobsters. Saxitoxin is the
poisonous moleculein theseorganismsthatcausesparalysis by
blocking sodiumchannelsnecessaryformusclestocontract.

9. AMNESIC SHELLFISH POISONING
 Amnesicshellfish poisoning is arare syndromecausedbyatoxin made
byamicroscopic, red-brown, salt-water plant, or diatomcalled Nitzchia
pungens.
 Thetoxin produced bythesediatomsis concentrated in shellfish such as
musselsandcausesdisease whenthe contaminatedshellfish are eaten.
 Theactive molecule involved in amnesicshellfish poisoning is domoicacid,
andworksbystimulating glutamate receptors in thecentral nervous
system.
 Patients first experience gastrointestinaldistress within 24hours after
eatingthecontaminatedshellfish.
 Otherreportedsymptomshaveincludeddizziness, he
disorientation, andpermanentshort-term memoryloss.
 In severepoisoning, seizures, focal weaknessor parlay headache,sis,
anddeath mayoccur.
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10. CONTAMINATEDWATER
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 ThedinoflagellateKareniabrevisannuallyblooms
 Thesebloomsarecalledredtides.
 Whenit doesso,it releasesbrevetoxinsintotheair.
 Thisleadstofishandmarinemammaldeathsas
wellasirritation oftherespiratorytractinhumans.
 Thesearethesamebrevetoxinsthatleadto
neurotoxic shellfishpoisoningin contaminated
shellfish

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12. BLUE-GREEN ALGAE (CYANOBACTERIA)
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 Blue-greenalgae areactually atypeofbacteriacalled cyanobacteria.
 Ex.: Anabaena,Aphanizomenon,andMicrocystis speciesproduce
toxins sporadically, while Cylindrospermopsis produceit all thetime.
 Thesealgae,alsoknownaspondscum,havebeenknowntokill
livestock thatdrink thewaterin whichthealgaearegrowing
 Blue-greenalgae canproducebothneurotoxins, whichaffect the
nervous system,andhepatotoxins, whichaffecttheliver.
 Thesetoxins canquickly kill livestock whodrink contaminatedwater.

13. BREVETOXINS
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• Brevetoxinsareknowntobindtosite5ofvoltage-gated
sodiumchannelsinnervecells, leadingtochannel
activation.
• Thisleadstodisruptionofnormalneurologicalprocesses
andcausestheillness clinically describedasneurotoxic
shellfishpoisoning(NSP).

14. CYANOPEPTOLINS
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Cyanopeptolins are cyclic non-ribosomal peptides
isolated from various
cyanobacteria.
Okadaic acid is a polyether from the
dinoflagellate that is the causative agent of
diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP).
Okadaic Acids

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