Essay On The Medicare Debate

Essay on The Medicare Debate
The long awaited Medicare bill is finally on the horizon. President Bush is advocating the biggest
expansion of Medicare in 30 years saying, "Medicine is modernizing and Medicare isn't"(Bush). He
is promoting privatization and expansion in prescription drug benefits of Medicare to help
"modernize" it. Simultaneously, a new bill pushing generic drugs – far cheaper than name brand
prescriptions – into the market is being endorsed. Opponents of the bill, Republicans and
Democrats, argue it will only increase the government debt and will not help senior citizens pay for
new lifesaving technologies. Nonpartisan economists suggest the proposed $400 billon prescription
drug benefit will drive the national debt skyward. If the federal government ... Show more content
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To add to the volatility, Medicare is going broke, and the government has to keep pumping money in
it to keep it going which in turn adds to the debt. For the proposed changes in Medicare, congress
has reserved $400 billion to be used over a 10–year period. With the current prescription costs, that
covers less than a quarter for every dollar spent. In the next few years baby boomers are going to
retire and according to a report by The Consumers union "drug spending will continue to explode,
rising 17 percent a year" (Meckler). This would increase the number of citizens relying on Medicare
and the cost of prescriptions strapping Medicare even more.
If congress would focus on making generic drugs available the cost of prescriptions would not be as
high, and Americans could save approximately $35 billion during the next decade. Compared to $72
a month for brand name drugs, generic versions average $17 a month or 25 to 89 percent lower.
Under current legislation original manufacturers of a drug may file multiple lawsuits to prevent
other companies from producing a generic version of their drug after the patent runs out. Each
lawsuit that is filed delays the production of the generic version by 30 months. If the new bill is
passed only one lawsuit will be allowed which would speed the production of generic drugs. The
proposed law would also decrease the time it
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Consumer 's Response And Reaction Of Brand Named Products...
Introduction
Consumers are considered a very valuable asset to any major company, so observing why they are
more likely to purchase one brand of the item over another is important to investigate. Also, it is
vital to recognize how to retain their loyalty for years to come. With the help of grounded theory
methodology, this research paper will evaluate a consumer's response and reaction to brand–named
products versus generic products that have been examined and studied for many years. For many
years, researchers have questioned the reason that a consumer grows attached and likes vs. dislikes
certain branded products, the answer remains open–ended. Many things can interfere with the
consumer's resistance to new products being introduced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the marketing of non–branded products were to receive specialized equivalent advertising, the
demand for brand named products will decrease. The term "Brand Love" is a connection and
emotional attachment to a brand of products because of the pleasures, satisfaction and feelings that
it gives the consumers. As discussed in the Marketing Science Institute article, "it might be
explained with reference to the psychological literature on interpersonal love. But the deep sense of
fit between customers and brands like Apple, Harley, and Starbucks." (MSI 2012).
Hypotheses
To examine this hypothesis I will have to make sure this hypothesis is ample to research, has been
explored with previous data collected, so that the question is opened for observation and will be able
to provide answers. In a past research study, Brand image as a function of self–image and self–brand
connection describes, "How brand image relates to a self–image and how brand consumption
contributes to the construction of self. Most of the research on brand image refers to brand attitudes.
Day (1970) considers attitudes "a central integrating feature" in marketing theory and advertising
evaluation." (Mocanu 2013)
The research question guides the basis of activities of any research study. The research questions on
which this study will be centered are discussed below:
In your opinion, "How do brand–name items differ from generic products?"

Generic Vs Brand Ativan Essay
Which is Better: Cheap Ativan (Generic) or Brand Ativan?
When you surf the internet, you will find that there are two kinds of lorazepam on the market. One
version will be very costly while the other kind of lorazepam is relatively cheaper. Should people
stick with the costlier brand–name version of Ativan medication or choose the cheap version?
Brand vs. Generic
The original company to introduce lorazepam to the world intended the medication to act as a cure
for anxiety and other stress–conceived problems. During the first few years of Ativan being on the
market, the original company, also known as the mother company, had exclusive rights to the FDA–
approved drug. Since that company had incurred millions of dollars in expenses during the testing,
researching, and marketing of lorazepam, the price of the medication was very high. After the
mother company's patent rights had expired, a lot of other companies started to make their own
version of Ativan. Since the research and testing processes were already done by the mother
company, the companies can produce cheap, generic versions Ativan ... Show more content on
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This is why we have both the costly brand–name medication and the cheaper generic medications.
Can I buy the cheaper generic medications?
Though the chemical composition of the cheap Ativan is the same as that of the branded Ativan,
some of the generic medications have unique inactive components. Not all generic brands are
approved by the FDA. Only a very few manufacturers have gotten approval from the FDA for their
lorazepam medications. These verified generic brands are as effective as the brand name one.
You should avoid the few manufacturers who are not approved by FDA. Surf the internet to
discover which manufacturers have gotten their generic medications approved.
Why should the non–approved cheap Ativan be

Different Types Of Consumers And Buying Items
There are many different types of products out there many of which have the same or offer similar
functionality to each other. The differences in these products can include price, quality,
functionality, and whether it is new or used. There are different types of shoppers that are attracted
to different types of products. The differences between these products can increase or decrease the
appeal of these products to different types of shoppers. These different types of shoppers include
bargain hunters or retail–only buyers. When buying items such as groceries, textbooks, and cars
bargain hunters will attempt to save money by purchasing on sale or used items, conversely, retail–
only shoppers may choose to purchase items they believe to be better products or they do not wish
to spend the time required to seek out the best deal. When going to the store and buying items such
as food, toiletries, and other household items bargain hunters will attempt to save as much money as
possible. Many of these items are essential to the modern way of life and because of this a
substantial amount of money is spent on purchasing these items over the course of a lifetime.
Bargain hunters will spend the time needed to locate the best prices or cut coupons in the attempt
reduce the cost of these needed items. Another method used to save money may be buying products
in bulk form stores like Sam 's Club or Costco. Buying in bulk allows the consumer to purchase a
large amount of the item at a lower

Generic vs. Name Brand
You Get What You Pay For
When you shop for groceries where do you stand in choosing either a generic vs. brand name
product? Do you reach for the brand name box of Kraft macaroni and cheese, or would you rather
pick up a generic box of macaroni and cheese to save that extra 10 cents? Is your decision based off
a difference in taste or is it simply a matter of paying for quality of the product? What does spending
more money on a brand name food product have to say about who we are in our culture today?
Today there is an idea that by buying a brand name product a person is buying something of more
quality, which can strangely in turn determine our importance in society. My mother stood firm by
the phrase "you get what you pay ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, a brand name tends to have a little bit higher quality of products than the generic version.
While the generic may list the exact same ingredients, it may not be as good of quality which
"could" affect the taste. The individuals that usually buy brand name products have a tendency to
believe they must buy them in order to get good quality. Meaning of course better quality is overall
"better" in taste and health. Although, the qualities of ingredients between products are almost
always identical to one another, making this argument nearly useless. The idea of better quality in
name brand versus generic moves on still into a more psychological aspect rather than just
economic. Society continues to buy into the belief that if it costs more it must be better. Why is that
a fancy picture and a higher cost for a product give a person the impression that owning this item
makes them feel better about themselves? Pride of ownership comes to play, and something about
buying better quality makes a person feel better about a their own status in society. Perhaps a person
may feel they work hard and deserve the best or that if they buy the name brand, they will
experience better health, happiness, or appearance. This is supported with the fact that even though
the spaghetti sauce taste test proved to my mother that there was little or no difference between
sauces, she still buys and insists the name brand sauce is better. To this day you will rarely

The Pros And Cons Of Generic Drugs
Currently, generic drug plays an important role in the pharmaceutical industry. A generic drug is a
type of drugs which are nearly a copy of brand drug. When a brand drug is approved, the branded
company will have drug patents to protect the new drugs from being copied for twenty years.
Generic manufacturers may copy the drug formula and change some of the ingredients of the drugs
and sell them after twenty years. Generic drugs have now been commonly used to be prescribed to
patients (Razmaria & Aria, 2016). Generic drugs are known for its low price. Patients may come
across the choice between generic drugs and brand drugs. While acknowledging there is a
considerable amount of debates concerning generic substitution, this essay holds the view that
generic drugs should ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fischer et al. (2003) state that the potential savings of generic substitution can reach up to six
million U.S dollars in Wisconsin in 2000. Generic drugs are often sold at a relatively low price
because generic manufacturers may not need to pay the cost of innovating the new drug formula.
They may just wait for the release of the brand drugs' formulas. They only need to pay the cost of
performing clinical trials to show that the generic drugs are effective. The cost of producing generic
drugs is low. Hence, the generic manufacturers do not need to set up a high price for the drugs to
earn profits. However, this argument is less convincing for the patients when they are considering a
generic substitution. Masson et al. (1985) argue that some stores may try to draw customers into the
store by lowering the prices of the brand drugs. When the prices of brand drugs are lowered, the gap
between the prices of the brand and the generic drugs is also narrowed. Thus, it may reduce the
chance that a customer will perform generic substitution due to few profits. Therefore, some
customers may not prefer generic

Physician Prescribing Negative Effects
Negative effects on the health care profession
Physicians' privacy concerns
Data mining companies and pharmaceutical manufacturers are able easily access information about
physicians' prescribing behaviors. For instance, IMS Health, an American healthcare IT company,
sends weekly updates to pharmaceutical sales representatives outlining the drugs that physicians
prescribe. Data collected over time can reveal a physician's prescribing history, his or her preference
for brand–name drugs, and the probability of prescribing new drugs. The data can help
pharmaceutical companies identify which physicians prescribe their companies' drugs and can
reinforce the physicians' choices if needed. Drug companies are able to find out exactly when a
physician ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The University of Kentucky and the University of Alabama School of Medicine with the Children's
Hospital at Stanford conducted two separate studies, both of which revealed that medical students
and physicians believe that it is acceptable to receive gifts from pharmaceutical companies because
they do not affect their prescribing decisions. Most physicians agreed gifts below $100 were
acceptable, but gifts valued at more than $100 were inappropriate. Another study conducted by
McGill University in Montreal, Quebec revealed that the number of drug prescriptions increased by
physicians who attended industry–sponsored CME events, including funding for lodging and

The High Cost Of Drugs
The continuous rising cost of drugs in this country is inevitable. Americans every year are paying
more for their pharmaceuticals. Americans are not getting any younger, and the rising cost of
medication is becoming more expensive for people to pay. Pharmaceuticals are experiencing a rising
cost due to both an ageing population and more so the demand to produce a drug superior to the
many products already commanding the market. The cost to produce and manufacture a drug is
high, which incurs a higher cost on the consumer once reaching the market. In order to understand
why pharmaceuticals are so expensive, one must understand the extensive processes of drug
manufacturing, the differences between brand and generic medication, and lastly the economic
impact branded and generic medications have on the drug market. The process of a drug all starts
with an idea. Before a compound can officially be identified as a drug, it must go through what is
called a preclinical phase. In the preclinical phase, the probable drug has to go through intense
detailed research. Before the potential drug is allowed to be used for human trials, it must pass this
research phase. The new drug also has to pass a safety test in order to keep going in the drug
production process. In order for the drug to pass this safety test, it must be tested in animals or in a
laboratory ("Research and development"). The drug can move onto the process of drug
manufacturing and phase 1, if it shows that it is safe

Manufacturing Problems And Technological Efficiency
Manufacturing Problems and Technological Efficiency
Part of the challenge regarding the drug shortage is the concept of efficiency in production. Prices
for generics are lower than brand name drugs and therefore profitability margins are very narrow.
For this reason there is little incentive to ensure that equipment is well maintained as this adds to
costs and further decreases net income to the manufacturer. Quality is not rewarded in any tangible
way and offers no significant advantage, so companies are further disincentivized to make sure that
quality inspections and processes do not fail (Woodcock, 2013). Having functional equipment that is
reliable is an input into the production process. Additionally, meeting regulatory ... Show more
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Until manufacturers have some motivation to address the lack of efficiency in the production
process, which result a shift in their indifference curve; these production problems will continue
being inefficient resulting in ongoing availability issues.
Pricing
According to the FDA, Generic Drugs have the same quality and performance as brand name drugs.
The FDA requires generic drugs have to have the same active ingredient, strength, dosage form, and
route of administration to be approved. They are required to have the pass tests proving they have
the same bioequivalence as their brand name counterpart. For an example, for the generic drug to
qualify as a generic drug, it must have the same blood concentration level as the brand name drug
(U.S Food and Drug Administration, 2015). Even though brand name and generic drugs must pass
the same quality and performance measures, they do not sell at the same price. On average, generic
drugs are 80–85% cheaper than brand name drugs. (U.S Food and Drug Administration, 2015)
While there are several reasons for their pricing differences, one of the main reasons is the research
and development (R&D) capital costs the pharmaceutical company must recuperate from brand
name drugs in order to stay in business. Creating new drugs in the pharmaceutical industry is
incredibly expensive and competitive. The California Biomedical

The New Walgreens Boots Alliance
The New Walgreens Boots Alliance
The first phase of the merger between Walgreens and Alliance Boots began in 2012 when Walgreen
Co. bought 45% stake in Boots for $6.7 billion with the option to buy the remaining 55% within 3
years (Walgreens Boots Alliance, 2015). Shareholders approved the 2nd half of the merger on
December 28, 2014 (Walgreens Boots Alliance, 2015). Walgreen Co. purchased Alliance Boots
remaining stock for $15.3 billion (Walgreens Boots Alliance, 2015). Walgreens Boots Alliance
common stock began trading on the Nasdaq stock exchange under the symbol WBA December 31,
2014 (Walgreens Boots Alliance, 2015). Under a reorganization merger agreement approved by
Walgreens shareholders, Walgreens became a wholly owned ... Show more content on
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The recent merger has increased Walgreens Boots Alliance' retail pharmacy network, which now
spans throughout the United States, Europe, Latin America and Asia. The merger gives Walgreens
Boots Alliance opportunities in many developing and underserved markets throughout the world.
The global enterprise integrated the largest drugstore chain in the USA, the market leader in
European retail pharmacy and Allithe leading international wholesaler and distributor. Collectively,
Walgreens Boots Alliance has a presence in more than 25 countries, over 12,800 stores, 370,000
employees and more than 340 pharmaceutical distribution centers that serve over 180,000
pharmacies (Walgreens Boots Alliance, 2015). Additionally, the merger brings together several
unique brands, wholesale, service and product brands, and the world's largest pharmaceutical
wholesale and distribution network. In April 2015, shareholders decided that Walgreens Boots
Alliance would be housed in Deerfield, Illinois at Walgreens corporate headquarters.
Walgreens Boots Alliance Leadership
For proprietary reasons, Walgreens does not provide detailed information on specific topics, such as
their corporate strategy, internal systems and corporate structure ((Walgreens Boots Alliance, 2015).
At Walgreens Boots Alliance, Shareholders select the Board members to oversee and direct the
affairs of the Company in the interests of enhancing the long–term value For Walgreens Boots
Alliance. The day–to–day operations

The Food Of A Brand Cereal And A Generic Brand Food On The...
You stand in your local supermarket trying to decide what cereal to buy. Being in the middle of the
aisle, you can't help but notice that the most popular brands of cereals are placed in the middle of the
aisle and at eye level. The most popular ones totally take up more of the entire aisle too. Upon closer
examination, you notice that those brands are definitely more expensive than the generic ones on the
bottom shelves. You take a look at the nutritional contents and weights of a popular brand cereal and
a generic brand cereal. They're essentially the same: same sugar content, same calories per serving,
same vitamin content, and on and on. Shortly after your curious observation of brand shelf
placement and price, you shrug and buy your go–to box of Lucky Charms (which was placed at
eye–level and was slightly more expensive than the other equivalent brands of toasted oats and
marshmallows). As Americans, we as a society have a general consensus that we have the power to
make a choice. We make choices constantly throughout our everyday lives, whether to eat this or
watch that or whether to buy this or walk away from that. But do we really have that inherent ability
of choice? Some can argue no, our choices were already fixed, that our sense of free will is an
imaginative construct of our predetermined minds. Meanwhile others argue that yes, we can make
choices that are entirely of our own volition or that we are only partially influenced by external
forces, but in

Mylan 's Generic Epipen Vs. Other Generic Auto Injectors
Mylan's Generic EpiPen vs. Other Generic Auto–Injectors EpiPens are arguably one of the most
important devices for those to carry who suffer from life–threatening allergies. The auto–injector
pen contains the drug epinephrine, which treats an allergic reaction, anaphylactic shock, in
emergency cases. Recently, there has been an uproar among the public about the increasing prices of
Mylan's EpiPens. In 2007, the products cost was around $100.00 for a two–pack of pens. Now,
however, the name brand is selling for over $600.00 a pair; resulting, in a 400% price increase.
Different companies are now creating similar products in hopes of being more affordable and as
efficient as the original EpiPen. Mylan Pharmaceuticals is even creating their own version of an
authorized generic form of the EpiPen as well. In the first article, "Mylan Tries Again to Quell
Pricing Outrage by Offering Generic Epipen," by Andrew Pollack, focuses on just Mylan 's version
of their EpiPen along with their increasing prices. The second article, "Can You Get a Cheaper
EpiPen," by Ginger Skinner, emphasizes on not only Mylan 's' product, but also other generic
products as well as a do–it–yourself. Both of these articles focus around the idea of an affordable,
effective, and accessible off brand version of the EpiPen while also providing important side
information about all of the products and risks; however, the second article offers more information
about different generic products rather than just

Kraft Macaroni and Cheese VS generic brand
Justin Damato
4/23/14
Micro Econ Writing Project
Kraft Macaroni and Cheese Vs. Generic Brand
Everyone has his or her own personal preference towards buying generic or name brand products.
When shopping in a grocery store does the type of pasta really matter to you? How about the type of
macaroni and cheese you reach for? Same ingredients, same directions on how to mix and stir up the
final manufactured goods but is it really the "same". To a lot of people it might not make a
difference, but like me, a lot of people prefer spending the extra 50 cents on a box of "Kraft
Macaroni and Cheese" and it's worth every penny. Is it the taste that you are paying for? Or maybe
it's the quality of the product that you're basing it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Kraft Company has been around for a long time now. Personally I believe you must have a
protective firm, not allowing other companies to steal your ideas and product. This will give the
firm advantage over others. Kraft Macaroni and Cheese is dominating the market with almost 1
million boxes sold a day. They have to keep up their revenue by attracting a new fan base. Shapes
and designs of pasta are surprisingly essential for Kraft. Over 2000 patents of shaped macaroni and
cheese have been officially signed for and used, only about 280 have been obtained by Kraft
Macaroni and Cheese. One of their biggest selling characters and patents is SpongeBob Square
Pants, a TV show that has been on air for about 12 years now. Kids thrive for the little macaroni
shapes of SpongeBob, Sandy, Patrick, and Mr. Crabs. When Kraft came out with these shapes they
couldn't produce enough of them for mom's and their kids. Sales rocketed through the roof and Kraft
Macaroni and Cheese monopolized the competition with this brand new shape that no one else
could use. Knowing exactly what to market at a specific time is huge when it comes to any company
that wants to be successful. This is what sets them apart from the rest and has given them that extra
economic profit. Macaroni shapes are not the only ingredients that set them apart from the rest.
Have you ever

Analysis Of The Internal Working For The Company Church &...
This essay will serve as an analysis of the internal working for the company Church & Dwight. The
author of this essay will include various journals, websites, and textbook citations to support the
overall essay. In this essay the reader will see the analysis of the structure, culture, management,
marketing, R&D, information systems, and competitive advantages of Church & Dwight. Third
Personal Assignment
Church & Dwight is a company that has been around for decades, but what does the internal
mechanics of the company look like? This discourse will attempt to address the analysis of the
structure, culture, management, marketing, R&D, competitive advantage, and information system of
the internal working of the company Church & Dwight.
Structure
Church & Dwight have a divisional structure composed of ARM & HAMMER and the specialty
and consumer products that the company owns. Strategic Management textbook says the definition
of "divisional structure is appropriate for a large corporation with many product lines in several
related industries" (Wheelen, Hoffman, Hunger, and Bamford, 2015, pg. 137). Church & Dwight
have ten different brands all within the same specialty and consumer product industry. The author
believes that this is a very good fit for the company because Church & Dwight have many brands
that they own. Church & Dwight have also made it known that they hire employees who have
experience in the specialty products and consumer products industry. Another

Modern Day Intellectual Property: The Alice V. CLS Bank Case
Modern Day Intellectual Property
In modern times, the faith that society has in the intellectual property system of the United States of
America is fading. "[Patents] include a wealth of attempts to reward friends of the government and
restrict or control dangerous technologies. Trademark law has shuttled uneasily between being a
free–floating way to police competition so as to prohibit actions that courts thought were "unfair"
and an absolute property right over an individual word or symbol." (Boyle. n.d.) Today, the patent
office routinely approves patents that are broad and vague without demanding more information
about the patent. This allows the patent owners to claim ownership of a broad range of topics,
leaving little room for new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The answer to this question is simple, the generics have to have the same number of milligrams of
medication that is included on the label of the brand name medication. In addition to this, the pills
need to get within ten percent above or below the blood concentration of the original brand name
drug that was approved by the FDA. However, the generic drugs usually only vary by three to four
percent in one direction or the other. Most people never notice the difference between generic and
brand name medication. The only major difference between the generic and brand name medication
is that according to the FDA, generic drugs do not need to contain the same inactive ingredients
such as gelatin or flavoring. Therefore, if the original brand name drug is marketed as a one hundred
percent vegan, cruelty free, organic, gluten and soy free product, then the generic version of the
medication may have different inactive ingredients that could change the medication. This is why
medications made by different manufacturers may look different, however they still contain the
same active ingredients. (Levine,

Persuasive Speech Outline Essay
Outline INTRODUCTION I. (Attention Getter) Opening with a question. How many of you believe
brand name drugs are better than generic drugs? II. (Reveal Your Topic) Today, I want to talk about
generic drugs versus brand name drugs. III. (Establish Credibility) I have been with CVS for four
years. I am a nationally certified pharmacy technician (also known as a CPhT). I work alongside
many pharmacists and come across many drugs. I have to call doctors every day to change a
person's medication. IV. (Preview) Today, I want to talk about generic drugs. I want to talk why they
are equal to brand name drugs, why they are cheaper than brand name drugs, the different inactive
ingredients in both generic and brand name drugs. I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
II. Generic drugs have different inactive ingredients in them. D. If you can only get the brand name
drug, and you are allergic to the inactive ingredients in it, then you are out of luck. E. Generic drugs
can have different manufacturers, which mean they can also have different inactive ingredients in it.
F. Scenario – You have a really intense blood pressure issue, and only one medication on the market
works for you; however, it is only brand name, and you are allergic to the inactive ingredients in it.
Now that generics are released and have different inactive ingredients, you can safely take the drug
that works for you. TRANSITION: Now that we know some key difference between brand name
drugs and generic drugs, we can take a look at their prices. III. Generic drugs tend to be cheaper
than brand name drugs. G. Myth – generic drugs are cheaper because they are made in poorer
conditions than brand name drugs. 12. The FDA would not let unsafe replications of drugs onto the
market, prescription or over the counter medications H. This is not the case. In fact, a little over fifty
percent of prescription generic medications are made by the same manufacturer as the brand name
drug. I. The reason brand name drugs cost more is because the manufacturer invented the drug 13.
This is an expensive process that could

International Surplus
Description
International Surplus The known challenge for creating strategy for larger stores with a mixed
variety is the manner in which they can meet the needs of several segments within the same physical
facilities. With the vast increase in US population, it is difficult to go to one supermarket and
purchase a specific type of food at a great price or purchase clothes that caters to all nationalities at
one store. The International Surplus is a wholesale clothing store and supermarket that caters to all
cultures. Currently, there is a certain store that you have to shop at for Indian goods, African goods,
Asian goods, etc. The International Warehouse is a place where everyone can shop for a low price.
The nation's foreign–born population ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In regular clothing stores, they will try different styles and make them their own. In supermarkets,
they try different types of foods to just be experimental. The bulk shoppers are in a shopping class
of their own. They are not searching for anything in particular. They are seeking quality items by the
bundle.
Value Proposition A company's value proposition communicates the number one reason why a
product or service is best suited for a customer segment. (http://www.investopedia.com) The
International Surplus is a store that would accomodate all cultures as well as working classes. This
store will be a key resources for all ethnicities to be able to purchase products that may be difficult
to purchase here in the United States. Consumers will be able to purchase any item from clothes to
food from their native country either by walking into the store or by ordering online. Residing in a
different country can be a challenge within itself, but being able to have certain resources available
can be very beneficial. This can be vital with to person who is becoming acclimented to a totally
different environment and could possible help make the transition better.

Swot Analysis : Financial Analysis
Financial Analysis According to INVESTOPEDIA the definition of the DuPont analysis is that
"assets are measured at their gross book value rather than at net book value in order to produce a
higher return on equity (ROE)" (INVESTOPEDIA, 2003, pg.1). The DuPont analysis breaks down
the return on equity into three parts. These three parts include: operating efficiency which would be
measured by profit margin, assets and there use of efficiency which is measured by total asset
turnover, and financial leverage which can be measured by equity multiplier (INVESTOPEDIA,
2003). The basic formula to measure the return on equity would be profit margin (profit/sales) X
turnover (sales/assets) X equity multiplier (assets/equity). In September 2015 Church & Dwight had
a return on equity of 20.16%. In June of 2015 Church & Dwight had a return on equity of 19.99%,
and in March of 2015 Church & Dwight had a return on equity of 20.45% (YCharts, 2016). The
growth potential of the company looks very promising according to their return on equity
percentages. R&D Analysis "A company's R&D intensity is a principal means of gaining market
share in a global completion" (Wheelen, Hoffman, Hunger, and Bamford, 2015, pg. 144). Due to the
fact that Church & Dwight are not as present in foreign countries as many other companies are,
Church & Dwight does not have the R&D intensity as many other company's they are competing
against. With the majority of company sales concentrated in the United States

Pharmaceutical Patents And Its Effects On Society
Everyone loves a good bad guy. It seems to make complex issues easier to deal with when there is a
scapegoat defined. Disease kills many people on a daily basis all around the world. However, many
people view the big drug companies as evil profiteers in the fight against disease, wielding patents
to protect their profits rather than wielding medicine to combat disease. Medicines have been
created to combat disease which greatly improves survival outcomes and daily quality of life. Many
of the large pharmaceutical companies are responsible for inventing and manufacturing a majority
of the medications that have had this positive impact on society. Although it may seem that many
view pharmaceutical companies as profiteering from illness via patents, people world–wide benefit
from the process, especially when generic production is authorized. This would never happen
without the current model utilizing pharmaceutical patents.
Patents give intellectual rights to a person or a group of people that invent something. Patents fuel
innovation because they give a temporary monopoly to the inventor that received the patent.
Otherwise, the originator of a product may not receive the credit, more specifically, the financial
reward for creating something useful and sharing it with the world. This applies to medicine just as
much as anything else. Pharmaceutical companies spend enormous amounts of time and treasure to
research and develop new, effective and safe medications to

The Generic Vs Brand War
Imagine yourself walking down the aisle of your pharmacy like Rite Aid, CVS, or Walmart. You
have been suffering from some headaches and you want to get some pain killers. As you reach for
you a box of Extra Strength Tylenol (also known as Acetaminophen) that costs $8.95 , you spot a
bottle of Equate Extra Strength Acetaminophen for only $41. Not only is this generic store brand
less than half the price of Tylenol, it also had double the product! You mind wavers on which
capsules to buy. Does the lower cost of generic indicate a lack of effectiveness compared to
Tylenol? Or are generics created equally to brand name medications, but the cost of brands is driven
up due to their marketing? Should doctors prescribe generics as an option for patients that are
covered little or not covered at all by insurance? In the essay, we are going to put an end to the
Generic vs Brand war. Every medicine has its own generic name, which is also known as its
chemical name. The generic name is authorized by creators of the drug and usually describes the
chemical effects that drug takes once it is taken. Medications that have comparative actions tend to
have chemical names that resemble each other (Patient.co.uk). For example, ibuprofen, flurbiprofen,
and fenoprofen are all painkillers. In addition to their generic names, many pharmaceuticals have a
brand name which is also known as their trade name. Generic medicine receives it brand name from
the company that makes it. The brand name

Xyrem Case
The pharmaceutical industry consists of intensive marketing, production, and research meant to
develop drugs that provide the entire world with the capabilities to cure infectious diseases and
support daily needs. An aging world population and greater work loads has given an incentive for
pharmaceutical firms to rigorously produce and sell numerous variations of drugs to treat cancer,
allergies, diabetes, and pain. Some trends to be considered include: greater technological
improvements, cheaper drugs, and increased investment/R&D spending. Technological
improvements have guaranteed higher purities and cheaper drugs. However, increased research has
dramatically driven patented drug prices to an all high premium; Byetta, a type 2 diabetes pen ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is done by creating a research and development team to improve current production operations.
If a company invests in new capital and on a R&D team, they create greater opportunities for
innovation. Innovation in terms of the production and quality of a yellow fever drug ensures that
less resources are wasted, more of the drug can be produced, and consumers benefit by having a
high quality and an effective drug that doesn't pose a threat to their lives. A company must properly
decide whether or not they choose to enter this market, in addition to considering a dynamic
efficiency stance. If the company does decide to develop a drug and the country that it resides in
doesn't honor a patent, the company will perish under the competition. If they are honored a patent,
the company might flourish in this competition, but with great difficulty and cost. Not developing
the drug, but being honored a patent is hurtful for the company and the country, since applying for a
patent and approving it is costly. Not developing the drug and not being honored a patent would
mean that the company loses potential

Essay on Fixing the Health Care System in America
For the last five years of my life I have worked in the healthcare industry. One of the biggest issues
plaguing our nation today has been the ever rising cost of health care. If we don't get costs under
control, we risk losing the entire system, as well as potentially crippling our economy. For the sake
of our future, we must find a way to lower the cost of health care in this nation. Last year the
average cost of an insurance policy for a family of four was $20,728.00 according to the Milliman
Medical Index (2012 Milliman Medical Index, figure 1). The median household income for 2012
was $51,017.00 according to Steve Hargreaves for CNN Money (2013, para. 1). This means the
average American spends almost 40.62 percent of health ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Rather than having the other claims adjusted, the provider insisted that we not look into the matter
further because they did not want us to take back any money. Sadly this is just one example of
fraud; it is not uncommon to see providers change the coding of claims to get something that they
know should not be paid to process for payment. Cracking down on this type of fraud will reduce
the amount of money paid out on claims by insurance carriers. Since claims payments directly affect
the cost of insurance, this will also help in lowering premiums. Another issue contributing to the
high cost of health care is inefficient use of premium dollars from insurance companies. I am proud
to say that the insurance company I work for does a great job of making proper use of insurance
premiums. As a company we use on average 8 cents of every premium dollar. This means that 92
Percent of each dollar goes to paying patient's claims and building reserves. Unfortunately this is
not as common as it should be. According to Harvard's David Cutler who is among the country's
foremost health economists, our administrative costs for health care equal one quarter of the cost of
health care today. By comparison, the next closest country spends around 10 to 15 percent on
administrative costs (2013, para. 4 and 6). There are many things that could be done to lower
administrative costs. One such solution would be to move to a paperless system of medical records.
During

Brand Name Vs Generic Medication
Brand Name Medication vs. Generic Medication
In the 1950's, medication was first introduced into society (Psych Central website, 2). It is a drug
used for treatment of pain, illnesses, and other problems with the human body. It can treat medical
conditions, cure diseases, relieve symptoms of illnesses, and prevent diseases. According to the
BDS Medication Administration Curriculum, the way the medication enters the body is considered
the "route" and the most common route is taking the medication orally. Three other different ways
are nasally, by eye drops or ear drops, or transdermal, which is the medication(s) being patched onto
the skin. Medications can have a localized effect or a systematic effect. A localized affect is when a
medication ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to an online article, a 2000 study published in the Journal of Health Economics estimated
that bringing a new drug to market costs the innovator on average eight hundred and two million
dollars over a period of ten to fifteen years. In 2008, the average price of a brand–name drug was
$137.90, while the average generic prescription was $35.22 (Health Smart website, 6). The
copayment also costs less for the generic medication than the brand–name because the generic did
not have to have years of extended research. Today, almost half of the prescriptions are generic
(Health Smart website, 7). Price and differences in these medications have an impact on how society
looks at the medications they need or

Impact of Lipitor Patent Expiry on Pfizer.
IMPACT OF LIPITOR PATENT EXPIRY ON PFIZER.
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO
Executive Summary 3
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 What is Lipitor 5
1.3Expiry of Lipitor patent 5–6
CHAPTER 2: CHALLENGERS
2.1 Challengers 6
2.2 Pfizer's strategies 7
CHAPTER 3:FINANCIAL IMPACT ON PFIZER
AS LIPITOR GOES GENERIC 8–9
Recommendations 10
Conclusion 11
Executive summary:
This report is about the impact of patent termination of Lipitor on Pfizer pharmaceutical company.
Lipitor has been in the market since 1997 and is the mother of all drugs. (wsj_live, 2011) As of
November 30th 2011 Pfizer lost the patent of Lipitor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the first year it generated revenues of 67.8$ billion and net income of 8.26$ billion. (philippidis,
2011)Pfizer is the largest player in the pharmaceutical market having the best power in marketing
and forming associations. It also posts the highest dividends in the industry. Pfizer faces challenges
common to all pharmaceutical companies such as patent expiration and FDA regulation. It is
dedicated to applying science and global resources to progress health and well–being at every stage
of life. Subsidiary members are Agouron pharmaceuticals, G.D Searle & company, Greenstone,
Park– Davis, Wyeth, Pharmacia, Upjohn, Warner &lambert. (control, 2011)
Pfizer's ceo Ian Reid announced that company would dissociate substantial portions of the company
with the aim to focus on pharmaceuticals. Its business is divided into two divisions which are
biopharmaceutical with 86% of revenues which consists of primary care, speciality care, established
products, emerging markets and oncology. The diversified makes 14% of revenues which consists of
consumer healthcare, animal health, nutrition among others. Some major products of
biopharmaceutical (86%of total revenue) are; (sanburn, 2011)
Lipitor– statin that decreases LDL levels, best–selling and and the most important for Pfizer as it
contributes significantly to the growth of the company. However, the patent expired opening it to

competition with the generic drugs.
Enbrel– for arthritis, plaque psoriasis ankylosing

Generic Drug Sector Of The Healthcare Industry
The principles of supply and demand pertain to any economic policy, and the generic drug sector of
the healthcare industry is no different. The alignment, however, is an anomaly to schools of thought
that we are accustomed to. Demand for generic drugs in the United States is unquestionably high.
Designed to help offer lower cost options for medications, this market provides financial relief for
individuals who need medication to help with a common virus or a life–threatening illness. The
disparity of medication costs can be significant for generics, with estimates that costs can be around
80 percent lower than brand name drugs (McGee, 2015). This drastic reduction in prices when
changing medications to generic form is the cost effective measure consumers are attracted to. As
demand levels are safe since consumers need drugs for a variety of reasons, prices have risen to test
the threshold of acceptance. Drug manufacturers will change prices to reflect their perception of
what a market can bear. Medications have been the topic of much debate recently, with increases
rising as high as 5000 percent this year (Velshi, 2015). Supply, on the other hand, is not so directly
outlined for the generic drug sector. Across the board, generic drugs are high in demand and low in
supply. In 2010 alone there were 240 almost 650 different generic drugs that were of limited supply,
no supply, or on back order for almost a week (Ventola, p. 740). Sadly, there is no one particular

Pharmaceutical Cost Pricing
Ocean Watts
Professor Sanderson
ENG 1123
24 October 2016
Price Gouging in the Pharmaceutical Industry Every year in the United States millions of Americans
go without taking their prescribed medications. This is not because they simply do not wish to take
their medications or they forget their daily doses but rather something more heartbreaking. A multi–
billion–dollar company won't allow these Americans to take their medications. In this case the
company has not recalled the medications or sent out representatives to retrieve the medications
from these individuals. You may ask yourself why these people are going without their medications
if there is no risk involved. Well the reason is that these pharmaceutical companies raise their prices
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although this is not a popular concept in the United States this method is used in various countries
around the world. Many critics argue that if it were implemented in the United States, it would have
a negative effect on the pharmaceutical industry. It is believed that this would cause investment and
innovation in the pharmaceutical industry to cease thus compromising the health of future patients.
Although there is always a negative risk associated with such a drastic change it would stop
pharmaceutical CEOs from running the industry as if it were a hedge fund operation. There is the
high publicized case of Martin Shkreli, a former hedge fund manager turned pharmaceutical CEO
who raised the price of Daraprim, a drug used to treat AIDs patients, from $13.50 to $750 a tablet

Healthcare and Drugs in America Essay
Healthcare and Drugs in America
It is no secret that the cost of American healthcare is on the rise. Already the nation is spending
about $1.65 trillion a year on healthcare. That represents 15 percent of gross domestic product, the
total output of goods and services. It consumes one–fourth of the federal budget, more than defense.
(Allan Rubin) This is due to the factors of expensive technology, less stringent HMO cost
management, and more specifically to this paper, rapidly rising drug costs. Surveying nearly 3,000
employers, Mercer Human Resource Consulting finds that their health–benefit costs rose 10.1
percent this year, while inflation hovered around 2 percent.
And as the research and development of these drugs continue to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
And just like the predecessor the generic drug company that has this 6–month exclusivity period
will charge a higher price for the drug during this period of time. (Allan Rubin)
Secondly the U.S is also the only drug market that that does not have government price controls.
And due to this fact U.S. consumers typically pay at least 30 to 50 percent more for prescription
medicines than consumers in other countries. (David R. Francis) By comparison, Canada spends
about 10 percent of GDP on a universal, government–run healthcare system. Further, Canadians live
a bit longer on average than Americans. That suggests lower costs haven't damaged the health of
Canadians and more importantly suggests that the answer to lower healthcare might just lie beyond
U.S borders. However the pharmaceutical industry disagrees. They claim that the difference in
world prices reflects the cost the companies need to recoup their research, development, and selling
costs, not to mention the filing and protecting of their patents. These patents they claim are needed
to ensure incentives to develop these drugs in the first place. Drug companies do the research and
development work needed to discover the new drugs, and as a reward for this they have free rein to
set the

Instructional Purpose-Discussion Web-Post Reading Strategy
Instructional Purpose – Discussion Web – Post Reading Strategy
Instructional Purpose:
a.) The goal of this activity/assignment is to have the students reflect on the material we have
discussed and state reasons for and against an idea or question. The question I decided roots within
the subject matter the class just finished reading the day before. The question is "Should nuclear
chemistry be studied and practiced?" Students will analyze the text, observe and reflect on the
positives and negatives of the study of chemistry, and come up with their answer to the question
created. 2.) What content in the reading may be used to extend thinking?
a.) Nuclear chemistry is category of chemistry that has seen controversy throughout the years.
Nuclear ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Does anyone have a debating statement and/or question that they would like to share? *Allow
students to respond* Thats a great question, so we are going to base our discussion web on this
statement. "Should there be summer breaks?" I would like you all to partner up and write down
some reasons for both sides of the question. This will test your ability to avoid biases when
completing a discussion web. *Allow students to work on reasons* Alright I would like a group to
come up and write some reasons for all year schooling. Then I would like another group to come up
and provide reasons for keeping the summer break. *Allow students to write on the boards*
Alrighty well it looks like we have two great reasons for each side of the question. For against all
school year, we have 1.) summer breaks allows students to relax in between school years and 2.)
provide students with motivation when the end gets near. For the all year reasons we have 1.)
prevents students from losing knowledge during summer break and 2.) students tend to lose
motivation at the end of the year. Interesting that you could have a discussion web based on student
motivation at the end of the school year. Now meet with your partner again and create conclusions
based on the reasons listed. *Allow students to work* Please share with me some of your
conclusions. *Allow students to respond* So you are saying that school years should include the
summer break because the summer break allows the students to take a couple months off to rest and
come back feeling motivated to complete the next year. That is a nice conclusion, but you modified
or added a reason so make sure you have that listed on your

Comparison with Other Countries: United States of America
COMPARISON WITH OTHER COUNTRIES: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; USA is the
leader in Pharmaceutical industry. It can be noted that more than 80% of the total worlds research
and development takes place in USA. Even most of the patents or highest numbers of patents are
held by companies in USA. It employs about 272,000 people (source: Bureau of Labour
Statistics).Even the bestselling drug in the world "Lipitor" which is a cholesterol drug is Produced
by Pfizer which is a US company. Incidentally Pfizer is also world‟s largest Pharmaceutical
Company. Pfizer has sales of more than 40,000 US million dollar. The total revenue of USA
pharmaceutical market is about 289 US billion. Prescriptions have also been on a rise in the US over
the past decade where there is an increase of more than 64%which is about 3.4 billion annually. The
pharmaceutical market is said to grow at a CAGR of 2.7% from 2011–2016 which will plummet the
market to a value of 299.5 US billion dollars by the end of 2016. UNITED KINGDOM: United
Kingdom is the Tenth largest Pharmaceutical market in the world as of 2011. United Kingdom has
an open market policy about the pharmaceutical market, which has led to many foreign firms having
an upper hand in the country. The NHS (National Health Service) covers about 98% of the UK
market. GlaxoSmithKline is the country‟s biggest Pharmaceutical Company. Total market value of
UK market is about 21564 million US dollars18. UK spends the least on medicines when compared
to

Micro Chips Consolidated Statement of Operations for the...
LOS Angles times Drug makers try to stall generics March 17, 2008|Melissa Healy | Times Staff
Writer For the makers of brand–name prescription drugs, generic competition is about as welcome
as a virus. In the first year that a generic competitor goes on the market, a brand–name drug loses on
average more than half of its market share, and its price drops with each new generic company that
produces a copycat, May 2005 study said. So companies that are about to face that competition have
big incentives to delay the entry of new generics to the market –– and to erect obstacles to switching
to the cheaper upstarts. Even a few months' delay in a generic's entry can salvage billions in revenue
for the makers of a blockbuster pioneer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Generally, legislators cite patient–safety concerns for limiting generic substitution. Last year, some
30 state legislatures considered about 60 such carve–out bills, and three passed. An additional 26
bills, including a California proposal that would limit generic substitution of epilepsy drugs, remain
under consideration. Such laws "have a major freezing effect on physicians and patients and
pharmacists, and that's what [the brand–name drug companies] are hoping for," Jaeger said. But
physicians and medical societies that have filed citizens' petitions and lobbied for laws limiting
generic substitution reject the charge that they are doing the bidding of brand–name drug
companies. "We're advocates for the patient. We have no conflict of interest with the drug
companies, and we're not against generics," said Dr. Flavio Vincenti, president of the American
Society of Transplantation. Last September, Vincenti's medical specialist group filed a citizens'
petition calling for more stringent FDA review of generic immunosuppressant drugs for transplant
patients. And it has backed a wide range of state laws that would constrain generic substitution. "We
just want to make sure that when they're approved

The Competitive Landscape Of The Industry
INTRODUCTION To understand the competitive landscape of the industry in which one is
competing, it must understand how to formulate strategies that will create a profitable business. A
business must know what it is good at to be able to effectively have a competitive advantage over
other businesses within that industry. The profitability of Mylan Pharmaceuticals largely depends on
their ability to discover and market new drugs. The desire to cure illness and disease is what
demands pharmaceutical companies like Mylan to be empowered to do their very best. Companies
like Mylan Pharmaceuticals, profit from their economies of scale in research, manufacturing, and
marketing. A competitive strategy analysis will show why Mylan Pharmaceuticals is one of the
leading generic and specialty drug manufacturing companies in the world. MYLAN
PHARMACEUTICALS In 1961, Mylan (Milan in the beginning) started their business in White
Sulphur Springs, West Virginia. From the back of a Pontiac Bonneville, Army buddies, Milan
"Mike" Puskar and Don Panoz, started distributing their products to doctors and pharmacists
("About Us," 2015). In 1965 Mylan moved to Morgantown, West Virginia, and in 1976 it relocated
its corporate headquarters to Pittsburgh suburb Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, and then to its final point
in 2004 in Southpointe, in Cecil Township (Adam, 2013). Mylan is one of the top leading global
pharmaceutical companies in the world. Their medicines include generic and brand name

U.s. Patent Law And United States Essay
In the United States, both U.S. Patent Law and U.S. " Food and Drug Administration" (FDA) law
govern the exclusivity rights for new pharmaceutical products. As Chinese companies invest
research time and money in developing new drugs, it is important to keep in mind both the relevant
U.S. patent law and the applicable FDA law that could affect the exclusivity period for that drug in
the United States. Mistakes in not obtaining proper patent coverage or satisfying the FDA laws
could cost the drug company valuable exclusivity rights when that drug is sold in the United States.
For a successful drug, the lost of exclusivity rights usually means the loss of substantial revenue and
profit.
How can a drug innovator have exclusivity in the United States without a patent? The FDA will give
a five year exclusivity period for a "new chemical entity" (NCE) used in a drug. What does this
mean? During this five year exclusivity period, no other company can submit an "Abbreviated New
Drug Application" (ANDA) to the FDA seeking approval of a drug product containing the NCE.
This exclusivity period rewards the innovator for all of the research and development effort,
including expensive clinical tests to show the safety and efficacy of the NCE that must be done to
support a "New Drug Application" (NDA). The five year exclusivity period allows the NDA holder
to recoup this investment. Importantly, this exclusivity occurs regardless of whether or not a U.S.
patent has been issued.
An ANDA

What Are The Strategic Elements Taken By Glenmark To...
Describe the Strategic elements taken by Glenmark to overcome the key challenges faced by the
Pharmaceuticals Industry?
In the United States, due to the reduction in opportunities in generics specifically of small molecule
domain, Glenmark shifted its focus from this domain to mainly respiratory, dermatology and
oncology. Glenmark was also facing challenge from the entry of new companies in the market
which was increasing its competition; hence they identified the strategy of differentiation and started
releasing novel products. Glenmark was noticing that all its competitors were crowding around
United States of America and United Kingdom, moreover these markets of the first world country
were offering a lot of pricing pressure. At the same time they were also facing the challenge of shift
to local manufacturing of generic drugs in the important emerging market. To this, the company
started focusing on its R&D for its specific niche and complex commodities, Glenmark also started
focusing on newer dosage sizes which had lesser competition. The company also increased its New
Molecular Entities pipelines and it also expanded its partnerships in the market to cater to the local
requirements.
Roadmap taken into a innovative research led firm and launch proprietary products by Glenmark?
The current position of Glenmark shows that it has major sales share i.e. over 60% from India and
United States market. Currently the company is seen as a generic manufacturer in the United

Brand-Name Company Case Summary
other generic company. Once the generic company enters the market, they can begin to make money
and the consumer can start saving on those products. Although congress attempted to satisfy each
person that will be affected by this Act, the patent holder was not completely satisfy, so they
engaged in activities such as reverse payment. This is when the pioneer company pay millions of
dollars to the generic company to postpone generic company application as long as possible to keep
the market focus on the brand–name longer. This also created problems with the consumers not
saving as much as they can because it would be an extended period before the generic medication
make it on the shelf. Brand–name company began negotiating settlement with the generic
companies to file their application after the expiration of the patent and this added to 18 more
months to length before the generic product come out. The brand–name company would also make
minor adjustment to prolong the process. There have been several court cases regarding the reverse
payment, and most the federal courts rule this settlement is not illegal if it doesn't restrain
competition past the time preempt competitors. In 2003, Congress decided the reverse payment
settlement must be monitored, so the pharmaceutical companies must file settlement agreement with
the FTC. The FTX thins that if this settlement was not checked it will leave the consumer in a $35
billion loss of generic cost saving (Royalty, Oliva, & Fix,

Eco/365 Final Paper
Running Head: Final Project University of Phoenix ECO 365 April 20, 2011 Introduction The
evolution of Wal–mart from the early 1960s to the present day has set a benchmark that few can
achieve. Wal–mart executives have been successful nationally as well as globally. The knowledge
and expertise in economics have made Wal–mart a global giant. The research completed is the final
recommendations by the members of research team C and will address questions regarding global
competition and issues of the organizations ability to expand or reduce current operations. Price
Wal–Mart continually advertises their prices to be substantially lower than their competitors. The
truth is, most Wal–Mart items do not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wal–Mart excels in customer service; and the wages provided to their employees is beyond just
minimum wage. "Wal–Mart's success is the direct result of the dedication of its associates, and they
reward their hard work with benefits that work for them. Their benefits include more than medical
coverage and a competitive pay package: They offer associates retirement savings plans, pharmacy
benefits, the opportunity to share in bonuses and valuable discounts at their stores
(walmartstores.com, n.d)." Global Competition Global competition has a direct impact on Wal–
Mart. Global companies offer competition for consumer business and companies within the United
States and other countries who compete with Wal–Mart. The global competition for consumer
business primarily takes place in the e–commerce domain that Wal–Mart dominates. Wal–Mart
offers their consumers a convenient one–stop website with all the merchandise and products offered
in the store, and some that are not. The exchange is significantly sped up by the convenience and
availability of the internet. The internet allows transactions to take place at a faster pace than the
standard face–to–face or telephone method. Target, a major competitor of Wal–Mart, also has a
Website that is reached by consumers all over the world. This added competition, especially from a
competitor in the same industry, forces Wal–Mart to keep their prices low while offering

Competition Within The U.s. Pharmaceutical Industry
Competition within the U.S. pharmaceutical industry is very high. With less elastic demand than for
other industries, profit potential is enormous. Demand is more inelastic as prescription drugs are
necessary for many individuals with illnesses such as diabetes and high blood pressure. Within the
industry, there are two types of manufacturers: brand name and generic. These groups compete not
only among one another, but with each other as well. Brand name pharmaceutical companies often
try to, and succeed in preventing or delaying approval and circulation of generic equivalents. The
most common tactic used is a reverse payment settlement agreement, otherwise known as "pay–for–
delay". Generic firms promise to delay the circulation of their ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand, generic companies' primary activities include developing, producing, marketing,
distributing, and gaining regulatory approval for generic drugs (Philips, 2014). While generic
companies do engage in research and development (R&D), it's goal is to create similar drugs that
the brand name manufacturer just patented. If successful, the generic company files an Abbreviated
New Drug Application (ANDA) for approval and must make a certification against each patent by
the brand name manufacturer. To do this, the generic company must make a Paragraph IV
certification which states that the patent is invalid or will not be infringed by the generic product
(Fitzpatrick, Cella, Harper & Scinto, 2012). In a reverse payment settlement agreement, brand name
pharmaceutical manufacturers provide compensation to generic pharmaceutical manufacturers in
order to settle the challenge to their patent. In order to receive the compensation, the generic
company must agree to drop its patent challenge and is restricted from marketing and distributing its
product for some stated period of time. These settlements act as patent extensions, providing the
brand name firm with more monopoly time on a drug. Reverse payment settlement agreements
appeared as an unexpected result of the Hatch–Waxman Act of 1984, which

Epipen Case Summary
The question of liability in this case is a little unclear. The problem for the DOJ is a letter dated Oct.
23, 1997 from the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program that said:
"Regarding your newly purchased products, EPIPEN and EPIPEN–EZ, product numbers 0301–01,
0302–01, 0303–01 and 0304–01 under labeler number 00268, I have been in contact with Mr. Herb
Gerstenzang, FDA in order to determine the Drug Category for you to use when reporting them to
us. Because these products are included in a package with a new delivery system, they are listed by
the FDA under an NDA (New Drug Application). The products themselves, however, are listed
under an ANDA (Abbreviated New Drug Application) because they are very old products and made
by many generic drug companies. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If there is any doubt about just how different the latest version of the EpiPen is from the one that
Mylan acquired in 2007, then perhaps a statement from a Mylan spokesperson given in an article by
NBC News may be of interest:
"As anyone who has used the product knows, the epinephrine auto–injector we have in the market
today is substantially different than the one we acquired," said Mylan spokeswoman Lauren Kashtan
in statements emailed to NBC News."
In the Washington Post article:
"The pattern of large, biannual price increases for EpiPen began in 2009. In an earnings call that
year, Bresch, Mylan's chief executive, told investors that the company would be introducing a new
version of EpiPen's autoinjector device, one with patent protection that would make it more difficult
for a generic competitor to enter.
...
The month that the company launched the improved product, Mylan boosted the list price of the
drug by 20 percent.
'Having a new version of the drug ... you're essentially wiping the slate clean – if any generic
company wants to create a generic version, they're going to have to start a lawsuit,' said Jacob
Sherkow, an associate professor at New York Law School. 'You get to start the pricing strategy
process all over again.'

Medical Insurance and Different Types of Coverage Essay
Are you aware that many Americans do not have medical insurance coverage? The recent passing of
the Affordable Care Act, mandates that Americans must have an insurance policy that provides
minimum essential coverage. Because of this, many Americans have been looking into different
types of healthcare coverage. Insurance companies can tailor a customer's health insurance plan so
that it meets their specific health needs, and budget. Good coverage, however, does not come cheap.
The customer will typically get what they pay for. Many different types of healthcare insurance
offer different types of coverage, such as premium cost, prescription costs, and co–pays for
emergency visits.
PREMIUM COSTS
When a person choses a health insurance plan, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The average cost of health insurance in the United States is approximately $411 per month for
individual coverage and approximately $1155 per month for family coverage" ("How Much Is
Average Health Insurance per Month?", n.d.). As you can see, monthly premium costs can also
become expensive. Premium costs are not the cost associated with health insurance. Healthcare
coverage commonly has other annual costs. The most common annual cost is called an annual
deductible. It works in the same manner as a deductible for damages to an automobile. Deductibles
are paid in addition to the premium cost. You pay the premium cost to keep your insurance
coverage, but when you use health care services, you must pay your deductible before your health
insurance begins to pay. "The average deductible was $2,086 for a single person and just over
$4,000 for a family" (Fuquay, 2013). The costs seem to be piling up, but there is good news: not all
health plans have a deductible. On average, if you pay a higher premium, there tends to be little or
no deductible. And on the other hand, low premium plans usually have a high deductible. Cost for
health insurance coverage can become very expensive when you calculate premium costs and
deductibles together.
PRESCRIPTION COSTS There are usually some types of cost that a person must pay when they
need prescriptions. These costs can change depending on what pharmacy they get the prescriptions
filled at. Recent

Porter's Five Forces Analysis Of The Pharmaceutical Industry
Porter's Five Forces Analysis of Pharmaceutical Industry
Porter's Five Competitive Forces Analysis is a framework developed by Michael E. Porter of
Harvard Business School for study of industry analysis by analyzing five competitive forces which
define industry and its business strategy. These five competitive forces determine the competitive
advantages, disadvantages and attractiveness or profitability of industry.
We analyzed the Indian Pharmaceutical industry on these five forces and the findings of industry
competitiveness and profitability are written under the relevant competitive forces.
Bargaining Power of Buyers
In pharmaceutical industry, the end user of the product (patient) is different from the influencer
(doctor) influencing his decisions. This is a unique feature of pharmaceutical industry.
Consumer/Patient behavior in India suggests that he will buy whatever medicine is prescribed by his
doctor or physician. Therefore we can say that doctors influence the buying power of buyers. In
branded market like India patients/pharmacists cannot usually substitute ... Show more content on
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In pharma industry the raw materials mainly consist of organic chemicals. The need of different
organic chemicals depends on the chemical formulae of drug. Pharmaceutical industry depends on
various different organic chemicals for the production of end drugs. The chemical industry itself is
very competitive and also very fragmented because their products (organic chemicals) are
standardized and steps to produce them are also standardized. The chemicals used in pharma
industry are commodity as pharmaceutical companies do production on economies of scale to lower
the cost. The suppliers have low bargaining power because companies can switch to a new supplier
without incurring a high cost. But there is a threat from supplier if it decides to go for forward
integration and become a pharma industry

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