The Critical And Conceptual Inquiry

The Critical And Conceptual Inquiry
In the early 1950's, Ludwig Wittgenstein (1953) openly condemned psychology as a discipline plagued with conceptual confusion, and rife with
experimental methods that are often completely irrelevant to the problems they set out to solve. Although written over half a century ago,
Wittgenstein's criticism actively reflects the distinct conundrum of modern day psychology, in which expeditious empirical expansion is coupled with
conceptual and theoretical turmoil (Hacker, 2007). Despite this ambiguity, the advancement of contemporary experimental techniques continues to
cultivate a naГЇve, unjustified assurance in the status of psychology as a physical science. Openly condemning 'metatheoretical psychologists', the
proposition under scrutiny is directly representative of the common neglect of philosophical investigation within the scope of contemporary
psychological research. Irony lies in the fact the critical and conceptual inquiry undertaken by such 'philosophical types' is imperative in the formation
of factual, scientific theories (Boag, 2011). In this sense, I will argue that to label metatheoretical psychologists as 'cowboy builders' is absurd. They
do not 'tear down' edifices in the lust for destruction as suggested by the premise at hand, instead, they play a much more important role by providing
conceptual critique in the hope of theoretical improvement and stability (Noaparast, 1995). Abstract analysis such as this can prove helpful in exposing
conceptual
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Technology, Elearning And Implications Of Learning Theories
Technology, eLearning and Implications of Learning Theories
Sagar Gadkari
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale – IL
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to describe the core learning theories and their implications on online learning or eLearning. The paper will also look
at how technology can be leveraged for knowledge acquisition under Constructivism theory and how technology can help in learning and knowledge
management. Analysis of various theories and their implications on online learning and as well as efficient use of technology for designing and
developing the courses can make a considerable difference to the learner in the learning activity. Lastly, the paper also briefly describes learning and
knowledge management and use of technology to support it. Introduction
Learning is defined as the change in behavior as a consequence of exposure to external stimuli or as defined by some major dictionaries, learning is an
activity or process of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practicing, being taught, or experience something. ELearning or online learning follows
the same principals but just differs in the method of delivery, which is through any electronic media. ELearning, in the recent days been gaining
momentum within the corporates and universities and is being considered as one of the best ways satisfy learning goals. A successful and an
exceptional learning experience, be it traditional or online, is an outcome of a thorough planning, design,

Learning Theories : Theory Of Behaviorism
Learning Theories Essay
Behaviorism focuses on a new behavioral pattern being repeated until it becomes automatic. The theory of behaviorism concentrates on the study of
overt behaviors that can be observed and measured (Good & Brophy, 1990). It views the mind as a "black box" in the sense that response to stimulus
can be observed quantitatively, totally ignoring the possibility of thought processes occurring in the mind. Some key players in the development of the
behaviorist theory were Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike and Skinner. Edward Thorndike did research in animal behavior before becoming interested in
human psychology. He set out to apply "the methods of exact science" to educational problems by emphasizing "accurate quantitative ... Show more
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Cognitivism and Instructional Design
Although cognitive psychology emerged in the late 1950s and began to take over as the dominant theory of learning, it wasn 't until the late 1970s that
cognitive science began to have its influence on instructional design. Cognitive science began a shift from behavioristic practices which emphasized
external behavior, to a concern with the internal mental processes of the mind and how they could be utilized in promoting effective learning. The
design models that had been developed in the behaviorist tradition were not simply tossed out, but instead the "task analysis" and "learner analysis"
parts of the models were embellished. The new models addressed component processes of learning such as knowledge coding and representation,
information storage and retrieval as well as the incorporation and integration of new knowledge with previous information (Saettler, 1990). Because
Cognitivism and Behaviorism are both governed by an objective view of the nature of knowledge and what it means to know something, the transition
from behavioral instructional design principles to those of a cognitive style was not entirely difficult. The goal of instruction remained the
communication or transfer of knowledge to learners in the most efficient, effective manner possible (Bednar et al., in

What Is Dewey And Vygotsky's Model Of Cognitive Development
Dewey (1959) sees experience and education as being dialectically connected. Hence, to Dewey, the experiences that the teacher designs and creates in
the classroom, e.g. tools, activities or the environment, have an impact on students' learning. The experiences must be relevant, authentic and
meaningful to the students for effective learning to take place. Besides individuals' experiences, Dewey gives space for social experiences as well. He
believes that students' interactions with others and the environment are crucial factors contributing to their learning. Dewey's belief is further extended
by Vygotsky's (1978) model ofZone of Proximal Development (ZPD). Vygotsky believed that collaboration with others helps one to complete tasks that
one could not have done without assistance from and collaboration with others. The ZDP is the level at which learning takes place. It comprises
cognitive structures that are still in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Social constructivists view the critical importance of interaction with people in cognitive development. Cognitivists view learning as occurring in the
internal structure, of mental processing of information, independent of the environment.
Learning occurs when learners can socially build, share, co–construct and apply knowledge.Learning occurs when information is transmitted through
and processed in a student's mind (information processor) to memory. Knowledge can be transmitted and students learn by passively absorbing
knowledge.
Expert knowledge is de–emphasized. Everyone is entitled to constructing knowledge according to his/her own experience.The development of an
expert requires one to employ optimal learning that is appropriate for that domain. Experts have extensive knowledge which allows them to perceive
large meaningful patterns, see and represent a problem at a deeper

Evaluation Of The National Curriculum Essay
A highly significant change to the national curriculum made at the 2014 update for KS3 is the introduction of assessment without levels (Department
for Education, 2014). The system by which children were assigned a numerical level based on their attainment was ceased on the commencement of the
new curriculum in September 2014 for all subjects, including science (Department for Education, 2013). This action was implemented based on a
report by the Expert Panel for the National Curriculum review, which suggested that due to changes made to the curriculum over various
reassessments, the concept of attainment targets, on which level descriptors were based, had been clouded, making levels difficult to understand and
apply (Department for Education, 2015). This meant that level descriptors were no longer clear and should be removed to allow assessment to focus
more closely on an individuals' specific strengths and weaknesses on the content within the curriculum, rather than simply focus on ensuring that a
child achieved a certain arbitrary level (Expert Panel for the National Curriculum Review, 2011). The abolition of levels has given schools more
freedom to design their own assessment framework and address the perceived issue that emphasis of levels as a tool for measuring school performance
had led to negative influence on the way individual pupils were assessed (Department for Education, 2015). Bell (2014) suggests that the introduction
of assessment without levels is a

The Effect Of Physical Activity On The Heart Disease And...
Over exercising and the effects on the heart disease and links to cognitive ability
The capacity to mentally process, reason, perceive, plan, understand and learn is called cognition. It is important as it help us understand the world and
people around us. It is the ability to interpret and comprehend sensory information by transforming, storing and recovering the said data ( (Neisser,
1976). Many studies have been conducted to explore the different factors that could decrease or increase cognition. Some of the factors include sleep,
stress, socioeconomic status (SES), and physical activity.
Regular exercise is believed to have a huge impact in increasing cognitive ability in individuals. The link between of chronic physical activity and
oxygenated haemoglobin in the anterior frontal gyrus of 52 healthy young women was studied (Cameron et al., 2015). The participants were split into
groups depending on the amount of physical activity they do regularly. This ranged from 0 being inactive to 3 which is the participant has met the
recommended physical activity level, set by the World Health Organisation (WHO), for more than 6 months. This was the participants CPAL or chronic
physical activity level. The participants were attached to an infrared spectroscopy that recorded the relative concentration of haemoglobin in their blood
every second. They then underwent a reaction time test which tested their inhibiting and switching abilities. The results of the study showed that the

Implications Of Ethical Theory
Ethical Theory
Author's Name
Instructor's Name
Ethical Theory
Introduction
Although humanity has always strived to understand the meaning of right and wrong, it is not any closer to getting any definite answers. However,
people need beliefs and values to live their lives. They require a system of moral principles to make decisions. In other words, people consciously or
unconsciously apply ethics in their daily lives, whether they believe in it or not. Whether people consider ethics to originate from religions, philosophies
and/or cultures, nevertheless it provides a moral map for resolving ethical dilemmas (BBC, 2014). Thus, it is important to identify and differentiate the
various ethical theories and their implications ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, metaethics is not about discovering the right action or doing good, it is about how humans determine if something is good or not and whether
we are obligated to take the right action or not (Sullivan & Pecorino, 2002).
Implications of Ethical Thinking
An ethical person is aware of the basic principles governing moral conduct and acts in consistency with those principles. Thus, ethical thinking
provides people with a moral framework to work through their ethical dilemmas (Pecorino, 2000). For example, given a patient who has been in an
irreversible coma for a long time and has no immediate family, is it morally justifiable to end his suffering by taking him off life support? Ethical
frameworks guide the doctors to make a decision in a seemingly impossible situation where a person's life is balanced with his suffering and the
hospital's resources.
From a moral non–realistic perspective, the decision depends upon the culture and beliefs of the people involved. Thus, the doctors might support
mercy killing, in order to allow the patient to die with dignity, rather than force him to live and let him experience the deterioration of his organs.
Therefore, in this case euthanasia is permitted, according to moral non–realists because it is best for the

Two Ways The Ted Talk Overlaps
In many ways, the Ted Talk overlaps with the psychology textbook. Two ways that it overlaps in my option is cognitivism or cognitive psychology
and social influences. To begin with, let's start with cognitivism. Cognitivism is the framework for understanding behavior. In this school of
psychology, they focused on the aspect of thinking; they believed that "thinking affects behavior in powerful ways" (Lilienfeld et al., 2016, p. 9). This
relates to the Ted talk because while Jill was talking about her experience while having the stoke, she says that hermind was going back and forth
between reality and "La La Land" while that was happening her behavior changed as well. In her La La Land she was not thinking rationally, she was
a carefree human

Learning Theories And Their Application
The different learning theories and their application in e–learning are discussed in this paper. This paper provides a clear idea of learning and the
various learning theories which helps people in the acquisition of knowledge through their environments; and also the history and the role of significant
people involved in the development of those theories. It also provides the information about the role of these theories in the process of making e–
learning materials, or in the process of e–learning.
INTRODUCTION
Learning, though seems to be an uncomplicated topic, it has a deep subject to go through. Firstly, what is learning? Learning is simply defined as the
process of acquiring, enhancing, or modifying one's prevailing skills, knowledge, behavior, etc. Perceptional, emotional, and environmental influences
play an active role in the process of learning. The information that is acquired, processed, and retained during learning is described by Learning
Theory. Simply, learning theory describes how the people learn.
There are three main categories in Learning Theories: Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Constructivism.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism is a theory of learning which defines that all behaviors are acquired through the interaction with the environment. As stated in the writings
of John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner, and others, behavior can be studied through careful observation, irrespective of the internal mental states. Behaviorists
believe

Difference Between Traditional Students And Adult Learners
Title There are more adult learners attending college than there were two decades ago, and it is expected to grow and double the rate compared to
traditional students by 2021 (Woods & Frogge, 2017). Adult learners have different needs and expectations from their education (O'Toole & Essex,
2012). It is important for higher education institutions to understand the differences between traditional students' and adult learners' learning styles.
Educators should include adult learning theories in their curriculum to meet the needs of these students. (76 words)
Difference Between Traditional Students and Adult Learners: Adult learners have a higher internal motivation to learn, and they find an internal
reward value for learning (Woods & Frogge, 2017). Adult learners want to achieve the learning objectives and to learn new skills, and traditional
students are more focused on the grade that is earned (Woods & Frogge, 2017). Since adult learners work full–time and raise a family, they want a
flexible schedule with their education courses (Woods & Frogge, 2017). Adult learners have a higher commitment to their studies compared to
traditional students (Woods & Frogge, 2017). Adult learners have a real–life work experience that they want to relate to their education (Woods &
Frogge, 2017). Adult learners have better time–management skills compared to traditional students (Woods & Frogge, 2017) and are more
self–directed learners (Merriam & Bierema, 2014). Adult learners want to know

Identifying the Components of Cognitivist Theories Used...
Lenora A. Mayne
American Intercontinental University
May 2013
EDU 622: Applying Learning Theories
Identifying The Components of Cognitivist Theories used in, "Kermit and The Keyboard."
Abstract
Cognitivism emphasizes on the explanation of cognitive structures and process, and the intervention of these structures and processes between
instruction and learning (Glaserfeld, 1989). The study of cognitivism has allowed for educators, theorist and psychologist to understand the concepts of
knowing, thinking and formulating feedback. In reviewing the sample texture, "Kermit and the Keyboard," has allowed for philosophers and
psychologist to review the interactional theories of learning process. Within this paper, will identify,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Philosophers and psychologist was able to determine three different cognitivist theories in relation to sample text to help capture the meaning of
information processing using cognitivism. The three theories of cognitivist that was evaluated relates to the sample text Cognitive Information
Processing (CIP), Piaget's Theory and Perspective of Interactional Theories of Cognitive Development. The theories of cognitivist used within the text
provided the essence of understanding and explaining Kermit's learning in the story.
The approach of using cognitive and knowledge development creates the mental process of attention, memory, producing and understanding the process
of learning (Smith, 2002). The three different cognitivist theories, Cognitive Information Processing (CIP), Piaget's Theory and Perspective of
Interactional Theories of Cognitive Development helps capture the significants of cognitive and knowledge development in capturing the true meaning
critical thinking. Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) develops the approach of problem solving and decision making. The concepts of cognitive
information processing provides the content of effective decision making including being knowledgeable about the content of personal human values,
interest, skills and preference (Peterson, 2008). Piaget's theory develops the idea of formal operational stage of development. Piaget's theory of cognitive

Learning Theories
As centuries changes, so too does the learning styles of students' changes. Hence different learning theories such as behaviorism, cognitivism, and
constructivism have been used to improve learning, performance and class involvement of student. Each of theories has distinctive features based on
their individual perspectives of the learning process. In this essay, I will mainly discuss 3 things: 1) the main tenet of behaviorism and constructivism, 2)
a comparison between cognitive and constructivism and 3) the implications that constructivism has for the classroom teacher with the central task of
teaching.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism is an approach which denies (with greater / lesser insistency) that consciousness has any relevance to ... Show more content on
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Thirdly, reinforcement and punishment is strongly embedded in this approach. Due to the fact that behavior is the result of external stimuli, theories
suggest that a behavior can be modified through the use of reinforcements and punishments. Reinforcements are stimuli that encourage a person to do
the behavior again, while punishments discourage the behavior. For example, preventing your child from using the computer when he breaks curfew
would be considered a punishment because you want the behavior of breaking curfew to stop. Behavior modification through reinforcement and
punishment is called operant conditioning.
Constructivism
According to KristinsdГіttir (2001) " the view of constructivist, learning is a constructive process in which the learner is building an internal illustration
of knowledge, a personal interpretation of experience." This representation is continually open to modification, its structure and linkages forming the
ground to which other knowledge structures are attached. Firstly, learning is an active process in which meaning is accomplished on the basis of
experience. Although both cognitivists and constructivists view the learner as being actively involved in the learning process ( student centric), the
constructivists look at the learner as more than just an active processor of information. Learners create their own meaning of knowledge. Therefore, the
goal of

Power Posing Psychology
Participants who power pose for 2 minutes will have a higher academic specified self–esteem compared to the participants who did not power pose. To
test this, 33 undergraduate Psychology Research Methods students were split into 2 groups. The power posing group were given 5 poses to choose
from and partook in 2 minutes of power posing. The controlled group was asked to wait outside without further instruction and waited 2 minutes. Once
the 2 groups reconvened after the 2 minutes, the participant took an 8 question survey to find out their level of academic specified self–esteem. The
results showed that power posing did not have a significant effect on self– esteem. The study did not take into consideration that past academic
performance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
74 healthy participants from New Zealand who could read and write in English were asked to participate in various different tasks. Before starting
the tasks, the participants were randomly assigned to 2 groups. The slumped group who sat on a stool with rounded shoulders, a stooped back, and a
bowed head. The other group was the upright group who sat on a stool with a straight back and shoulders (Nair et al. 2015). While in their positions,
the participants began their tasks. Such as a reading task, where the participant would read basic information aloud for 3 minutes, after the reading
task, the participant did a stress test. The stress test included participants being interviewed for their dream job and asked why they were the best
candidate. The results Nair et al. (2015) discovered was that being in the upright position had a substantial increase in perceived threat, self–esteem,
task persistence, and cardiovascular response. If upright posture and high power poses show a substantial difference in situations such as interviews.
Then performing power poses before partaking in academic activities such as tests or presentations should increase performance and

VARK Learning Style Analysis
The different possible ways I learn according to VARK.
VARK is a system created to help students understand their style of learning. The system was created by Neil Fleming. The VARK system stands for
Visual Learner, Auditory Learners, Reading/ Writing Learners, and Kinesthetic Learners. (Reserved, Training, Policy, & Policy, n.d.)
VARK
Using VARK questionnaire I found that mylearning style was read /. Write. The runner up style was Visual
The learning style read/write means I learn best when I am reading text from a web page, book, or illustration, while also writing down notes in the
form of essays reports or an assignments. I do find learning easier when I have the material in front of me in the form of a textbook, webpage,
graphs and demonstrations. While studying I will also use headings on table of context to look up subjects when researching. Now that the internet is
available for studying the answers are at my fingertips. The subject can be found by a few words in the google search bar. While at work I find
researching a subject is imperative. I must use different sites, text and also books to properly administer computer systems. ... Show more content on
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(Culatta, 2015)
John B Watson created the theory of Behaviorism. (Culatta, 2015) Behaviorism has a major impact on my learning style. The instructor dictated how I
will learn with the assignments that are given to me. By the instructor grading the paper, I am writing, as an A through F, positive or negative, will
change by behavior to adapt to the circumstances of the class and what the instructor wants

Learning Theories : My Sixth Grade Classroom Essay
IZT2, Learning Theories
My eighth grade classroom is set in a Jr–Sr. High school and is located in the Jr. High hallway, in the rear of the high school. I have thirty–two student
desks situated in rows and two small tables at the front of my room used for paper pick up. My desk and computer are in the back corner of the room.
The students all have their own Chromebooks and I have a desktop computer as well as a Samsung Tablet. Google Classroom is used daily as well
as many other applications suited for 1:1 schools. I also have a projector hanging from the ceiling and two large white boards located on the front
and side walls of my classroom. The class that I will be focusing on in this paper is made up of 26 students, 15 boys and 11 girls. One student with
learning disabilities, another is an ELL student. This class meets for 55 minutes.
We adhere closely to the Indiana State Standards and use the ISTEP and NWEA mandated assessments. Each teacher is given free rein to teach how
they see fit; however, we were asked to submit curriculum mapping outlining the content/topics, key terms, sources/resources, assessments and
standards we use in our classrooms. Overall, my classroom is teacher driven, that is, I introduce the stories and activities and guide the instruction. We
do use a textbook from time to time as well as websites, and additional resources found.
Lesson Plan Modifications Based on Cognitivism
The Social Cognitivism Theory, unlike behaviorism, reasons

Behaviorism, Constructivism, and Cognitivism: Multiple...
A. Behaviorism, constructivism and cognitivism are relatively common theories used in the classroom as ways to approach student learning.
Behaviorism focuses on observable behavior, such as students answering questions correctly, or being able to follow directions to complete a task as
instructed. Characteristics of a classroom that uses behaviorism might be memorization of facts, writing vocabulary words, or a token reward system to
inspire the desired behavior and decrease undesired behaviors. Constructivism, as indicated by the root word "construct," focuses on the construction of
new ideas, or expanding on what is already known. Students in a classroom using constructivism as a means for learning might seem more actively
engaged ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Constructivism in the classroom usually means students are engaged in activities like experiments, or real–world problem solving to increase
knowledge, followed by a reflection of how their understanding of the concept has changed (Brooks, Ed.D, n.d.). Cognitivism methods of instruction
are commonly integrated with the levels found in Bloom's Taxonomy: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation
(Bloom, 1956). The instructor must understand the prerequisite knowledge possessed by the student, and the student is encouraged to use appropriate
strategies to help make the learning meaningful.
B. Theories of Curriculum Design and Implementation For students in a self–contained classroom, cueing and behavior modification are frequently
used components of behaviorism. Cueing is using a method other than a verbal reminder as a way to encourage appropriate behavior, or discourage
inappropriate behavior (Standridge, 2002). Behavior modification, as outlined in Foundations of Workforce Education, is used "to elicit better classroom
performance from reluctant students" (Brewer, Campbell, & Petty, 2000, p.17). Behavior modification involves several components, such as
determining what is desired, creating specifics within the environment, identifying appropriate rewards, reinforcing behavior patterns,

Teaching Philosophy, Theories, And Pedagogies Work For...
Course Question Paper–
"In light of what we know about how people learn, how shall we best teach?"
Cindy Vang
Concordia University, St. Paul, ED514.671
Professor Chuck McGill
December 12, 2016
There is not a single "correct" way to teach, but the best way to teach is to discover what teaching philosophy, theories, and pedagogies work for your
teaching style. "The best way to teach" is unique to each individual teacher. Even so, there are some aspects of teaching that are important to being an
effective teacher. Some of the facets I will be discussing include understanding the Concordia University Educator as Professional Decision Maker,
ReflectiveвЂЁPractitioner, and Adaptive Expert conceptual framework,learning theories to consider, and effective classroom practices.
Concordia University's (2015) mission for the Department of Graduate TeacherEducation is to "prepar[e] professionals at the advanced/graduate level
to be decision makers, reflective practitioners, and adaptive experts for teaching, research, and leadership in diverse and global educational
communities" (p. 2). In order to achieve this mission, Concordia University will provide students with a broad, liberal arts education. The purpose of
this is to help expose and expand their knowledge of a variety of topics. The overall experience and knowledge gained from Concordia University will
prepare graduates with essential skills to help them succeed in the workforce. Concordia University's

The Theory Of Cognitive Theory
To certain extent, cognitivism could, nevertheless, be interpreted as a reaction to behaviourism. Similar to behaviourism, both families of theorists have
the mutual opinion of learning occurs when stimulus and respond is connected. Yet instead of consequences determine, cognitivists emphasize the
automatic innate mechanistic prevailing process in human brain which undergo intuitive receiving, organizing, storing and retrieving of information
(Bigge, 1982). Cognition starts with sensory registers which input data whereas perception helps convert their senses into conscious awareness which
later holistically kept in schema, or mental framework (Jordan, Stack and Carlile, 2009). The concept can be explained by one of Piaget's main
cognitive theory. Cognitivists tend to emphasis assimilation, the process which schema is expanded. When the newly added information does not
correspond to pre–existing schema, the process of rearranging schema, accommodation, takes place in order to eliminate the contradicts within schema,
enabling it to reach equilibration.
Besides, as opposed to Watson's postulation mentioned earlier, which suggests human mind frame is passively shaped after the birth, Piaget (cited in
Spelke, 1983) proposed that new–borns, who are in sensori–motor period as classified in his developmental stages theory, possess inborn sense and are
able to detect certain structural relationships among their actions innately (cited in Pritchard, 2009). The changes of behaviour

Behavioral, Social Cognitive, And Information Processing
Learning has become a central focus in this fast developing world. Education is becoming more and more valuable due to economic advancements.
According to text on page 307, "Learning can be defined as a relatively permanent influence on behavior, knowledge and thinking skills that comes
about through experience." Each person has a unique way of learning, and for a child, it is the teacher's responsibility to understand how each child
learns. There are several different learning theories. However, we will be discussing these three main theories Behavioral, Social Cognitive, and
Information Processing. Behaviorism is everything that we can directly observe. According to the text on page 308, "For the behaviorist, behavior is
everything ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Central to this approach is the cognitive process of memory and thinking." Information processing theory usually gets compared with computer devices,
in that it receives data( Sensory memory), processes it(Short–term memory), and delivers it(Long–term memory). The brain collect information from
the senses(input), processes it(storage) and brings a behavioral response (output). Information processing theory has been evolved and expanded over
the years. Most well–known at the beginning of information processing models is Atkinson and Shiffrin's "stage theory," exhibiting the following
method, as presented earlier, of input–processing–output. As an example, my son was having difficulty in learning reading and counting, e.g.,
remembering alphabets shapes or sound and counting numbers. He was notably behind from his first–grade class. However, he could remember the
shapes and would count his tiniest Lego. To get his interest, I started playing with his lego while making words and saying them and labeled his legos
with numbers. As he progressed in remembering and sounding the letters and numbers, presently he started reading books and is learning sight words
and addition and subtraction with the

Instructional Design Models Are Designed Systems That Focus
Instructional design models are designed systems that focus on the learner and educational objectives. Siemens (2002) defines instructional design as
"a systematic process of translating general principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials and learning". Mercadal (2017)
stated that instructional design is "any process aimed at the creation of instructional education, typically with the objective of improving some aspect
such as efficiency or appeal to instructees." As I have studied the multiple definitions of instructional design, I have observed a common theme.
Instructional design should be planned and prepared in a clear and effective manner to bridge students' learning styles to state curriculum. The ... Show
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As I have explored the different Cognitivism ID Models, I realized that I have been using concept maps as thinking maps. These maps provide students
the opportunity to create mental visual patterns for thinking.
One example of a concept map is a Tree Map. I often used this strategy with students to understand classification of different curriculum areas. For
example: place value can be broken down to represent numbers from 1 to 1000. Tree maps are also a great tool for science. Students can create a tree
map of the Georgia Habitats and then branch off into the different components of each habitat.
The next instructional design model we are going to discuss is the prescriptive model. This instructional model strives to identify the most effective
instructional strategies for students (Mutlu, 2016). After researching the prescriptive instructional design model, I feel the ADDIE model best suits the
success of students in middle school. Here are the steps my teachers and I would follow during our collaborative planning. The ADDIE model focuses
on five phases of planning: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. During the first phase, analysis, educators evaluate existing
data to identify and target the most important curriculum areas that need to be taught or retaught. The teacher examines the data to identify issues with
wording, vocabulary, etc. to make sure authenticity of

Behaviorism, Constructivism, And Cognitivism
A. Behaviorism, Constructivism, and Cognitivism
There are three approaches to learning that I will discuss in this section they are behaviorism, constructivism, and cognitivism. Behaviorism is a
learning theory based on the idea that any behavior can be learned through conditioning as long as the conditioning is done the right way. There are two
types of conditioning. The first type is classic conditioning. This type of conditioning is where a subject is provided a stimuli and based off of the
stimuli the subject learns a specific behavior which in turn becomes the conditioned response to the stimuli. The second type of conditioning is operant
conditioning which is reinforcement and punishment. This type of conditioning requires a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are four stages of cognitivism. The first stage is from ages birth to two years old, one discovers the world through their senses. The second
stage is from two to seven, one develops language and skills and their main focus is on self. The third stage is from ages seven to twelve, one starts
to see the world and how it relates to others not just themselves. One also starts developing the ability to think logically and critically which allows
one to see things and interpret things how they really are. The fourth stage is from year twelve throughout the rest of one's life. In the fourth stage one
develops cognitively logical and abstract thinking, which allows one to analyze things logically and draw logical conclusions in an abstract way.
A1. Support
There are several examples I could provide for each of the three learning theories discussed in the above section. The first example is in support of the
behaviorism learning theory. At the beginning of each school year, I establish procedures with all of my classes. This creates an optimal learning
environment for all students to allow for the greatest amount of success. Each student is then conditioned to follow each of the established procedures
the same way through practicing over and over again with a reward, if students carryout the procedure correctly. If the students do not follow the
procedures correctly, there is a

Social Cognitive Theory Main Concepts Essay
Social Cognitive Theory Main Concepts: According to the Social Cognitive Theory, people learn by observation and modeling behavior. Albert
Bandura developed the social cognitive theory in 1986. Bandura believes that people obtain knowledge and how to function by modeling behavior from
others by interacting with others. The main highlight of his theory is that people learn by observation, imitation and modeling behavior within the
social environment (Merriam, 2014)). Individual remember the consequences associated with individual behavior and used this information to guide
subsequent behavior. For example, an observed action elicits an instinctive drive to model the behavior. Although the social learning theory states that
people learn by observation, learning does not always lead to aggressive behavior. The social cognitive theory (SCT) integrates interaction between
behavior, personal factor, cognition and environment which is referred to as the "reciprocal causation model" However, Bandura does not suggest that
these three factors contribute to behavior (Bandura, 2012).
Andragogy:
On the other hands, andragogy is a theory developed by Malcolm Shepherd Knowles in 1980's. Andragogy focuses on the science of adult learning and
self–directive learning. The main highlights of this approach are self–concept, learner experience, readiness, orientation, and motivation. In
self–concepts, as a human matures they move from being dependent towards self– directed

Teaching Learning Theories From The Age Of Five As A...
Teaching Plan After identifying children under the age of five as a population at risk for obesity, the decision was made to educate both these children
and their parents on nutrition and exercise to help prevent obesity. This teaching is part of the process of health teaching and health promotion, which
can provide patients with the opportunity "to identify needed healthcare promotion, disease prevention, and self–management topics" (ANA, 2015,
p.65). This process of health teaching and learning takes into account the developmental level of the patient, as well as their learning needs, their
readiness and ability to learn and many other factors (ANA, 2015, p.65). Two teaching–learning theories were utilized to guide the development of ...
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Further research was conducted in order to select an appropriate intervention for each group. As part of the process of health teaching and health
promotion, the registered nurse "uses technologies to communicate health promotion and disease prevention information" (ANA, 2015, p.65). In the
article "Please Like Me: Facebook and Public Health Communication", it is mentioned that public health organizations have recently recognized that
they can utilize social media sites such as Facebook to engage their target population (Kite, Foley, Grunseit & Freeman, 2016). Kite et al. further
describe the benefits of using social media for health communication, which include "the ability to make health information more available, sharable,
and tailored; to provide peer, social, or emotional support; and to influence health policy" (2016). Also, the public is often open to the idea of
receiving health information through social media. Using social media sites as communication techniques has been shown to be effective in public
health promotion of things like tobacco control, where "they have been shown to influence attitudes, knowledge, and behavior change" (Kite et al.,
2016). Using this knowledge, the decision was made to develop a Facebook page for the parents, which would include daily tips, facts, quizzes and
more regarding nutrition and exercise.
The Facebook page created was titled HealthyPeeps2017 and was directed towards the parents of children

Learning Theories, Behaviorism, Constructivism,...
The point of this paper is to detail the three commonly used learning theories (Behaviorism, Cognitivism and Constructivism) on online courses. The
description of the implication of these learning theories can add to the procedure of learning for the learner. Online learning has developed quickly in
the previous couple of years in schools obliging educators to learn compelling approaches to fabricate online groups of learners. There are obstructions
to avoid and key segments to incorporate, while making online learning environments. In this paper, these three speculations are depicted to put it
plainly, and suggestions for acknowledging online courses are determined Keywords: Learning theories, Behaviorism, Constructivism, Cognitivism and
e–Learning. Introduction : e– learning has attained so much of importance in past few years. As per the name, 'e' in e–learning represents electronic
learning i.e., whatever the knowledge an individual acquires is all through browsing the internet. Hence, it is also called as Online learning. E–learning
is the conveyance of training including the exercises of direction, instructing, learning and evaluation through different electronic media . E–learning is
recognized as one of the rising zones as appeared by method for concrete numbers and has ended up being critical for instructive foundations and
additionally for organizations as highlighted by concrete application situations. For instance, a student can get constant preparing

8 Learning Theories Essay
Learning theories video script 8)
What is meant by learning theories?
Learning theories are essentially explanations of how learning occurs represented through conceptual frameworks in order to explain changes in
behaviour and how knowledge is absorbed, processed and retained during learning. The learning theory adopted during teaching as well as cognitive,
emotional, environmental influences and prior experience, all play a part in: A change in individual's knowledge Ability to perform a skill Or
participation in an activity with other individuals
All of which are referred to as representations of learning occurring in an individual.
Learning theories can be applied in different education scenarios in order to provide structure in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The behaviourist theory; contiguity is the close association of two events – commonly the cause and effect' principle that underpins behaviourism.
Contiguity is often used as a rewards system, such as a prize or sticker for achievement in school work.
Unlike classical and contiguity theories which are ultimately based on the association, operant conditioning is a learning strategy in which behaviour is
influenced by the threat of consequence or punishment – such as having to repeat a test if mistakes are made.
The behaviourism learning theory makes use of any number of these three main strategies as a learning tool.
Because behaviourism may incorporate many different teaching methods in it the results produced in regards to effective teaching may vary depending
on the individual student, age of student audience and subject of teaching matter.
Classical conditioning and contiguity are likely to be effective strategies when teaching for many students as they both establish close mental links
between ideas or phenomenon that allow memory recall and expansion of knowledge to occur at greater ease. Expanding and building on current

The Tenets Of Behaviorism
The term behaviorism referred to the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson based on the proposition that all things which organisms do–
including acting, thinking and feeling–can and should be regarded as behaviors (Staddon, 2001) . And this behavior could be researched scientifically .
According to Pavlov, "Respondent Conditioning" resulted from the association of two stimuli, such as causing dogs to salivate at the sound a tuning
fork. Consequently, Skinner developed "Operant Conditioning" where the "Stimulus–Response" association was elicited through selective
reinforcement (rewards or punishments) to shape behavior. In this regard, behaviorism assumed that a learner was a passive recipient and responding to
environmental stimuli. When applying the tenets of Behaviorism to teaching, Skinner asserted that the learner started off as a blank slate, and then his
behavior was shaped via positive or negative reinforcement. Behaviorist ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It combined new thinking in psychology, anthropology and linguistics. As for cognitivism, learning was seen as change in learner's schemata. Language
came primarily though the maturation that the environment triggered off and not through the environment itself. (Brown, H.D. & Gonzo, 1995).
Cognitive theorists may have wanted to understand how problem solving changed throughout childhood, how cultural differences affected the way we
view our own academic achievement , language development, and much more. (Feldman,1995). Unlike behaviourism, cognitivism emphasized that
learners were not a programmed animals or passive receivers that respond merely to environmental stimuli; contrarily learners are rational human being
and require active participation to

Applied Behaviourism
Applied behaviourism an educational settings, it implies the most successful in areas where there is a correct response or easily memorized materials.
If I looked at through the lens of behavioural analysis in context of my working environment, it seems that what happens in the classroom (between
students themselves as well as between teacher and students,) reinforces some aspect of behaviour i.e. giving thanks to students, for their contribution
to classroom discussions, that will encourage more discussion points to be raised (reinforced). This method typically rely heavily on the use of
positive reinforcements such as verbal praise, good grades, and prizes, which have been seen in the classroom when the students had been completed
their

Behaviorism contends that desired behavior from people is...
Behaviorism contends that desired behavior from people is formed by the actions and reactions of other people rather than an individual's own free
will. This means that by carefully and deliberately shaping desirable behavior, morality and information is learned by individual, so important causes
of, and motivations for behavior lie outside, rather than within an individual. Therefore for behaviorists, all learning is observable and measurable.
Learning occurs in a behaviorist classroom as a result of responses to stimuli in the environment that are usually reinforced by the teacher, as well as
feedback from actions on certain learning objects. The teacher helps the student learn through conditioning them by explicitly identifying the ... Show
Feedback and response, which are inherent in behaviorism, can also be achieved because the online teacher can post and send feedback and response
which the student can work on accordingly. Students remember and respond in behaviorism, and while students will be able to respond to the stimulus
provided, the long–term effects of learning might be minimal if this is the only approach that will be used in online learning.
Cognitivism or the cognitive learning theories came about in response to behaviorism. They thought that overt behavior is not the only basis to explain
learning. Instead, cognitive theorists believe that learning is also an internal mental process. There are two assumptions about cognitivism and these
are: the memory is an active, organized processor of information and that prior knowledge is an important part of learning.
The teacher in the cognitive approach builds intelligence and cognitive development because for the cognitivist, the individual learner and his/her
active processes are of utmost importance. The information processing model and the multi–store model of memory were both borne out of the
theories of cognitive learning. In the classroom, educators can utilize this into an instructional model called phases of learning. Developed by Gagne,
this model parallels

Essay about Humanism, Cognitivism and Behaviourism
In this assignment I shall be exploring three theories of teaching and learning. They are Humanism, Cognitivism and Behaviourism. I shall be
explaining the main factors of the three theories and then explaining how they can support effective teaching and learning in general and for myself
personally in my teaching role. The first theory I shall explore is Humanism.
'Humanism stresses [a learner's] interests, individuality and creativity – in short the [learner's] freedom to develop naturally and from teacher
domination' (Lunenburg p.467).
When teaching a lesson a teacher is more of a facilitator when planning and delivering a lesson. An effective humanistic approach is not one of teacher
control (behaviourism) nor does it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is an active type of learning and more intrinsically motivating but there are risks involved in delivering a lesson or task in this way. A tutor can
confuse the class with inaccurate explanations and a lack of knowledge on the tutor's part. The second sequence of learning is less intrinsically
motivating but can be better controlled by the tutor.
This second sequence of learning is known as deductive learning. This is preferred by the theorist Ausabel.
Meaningful learning, according to Ausabel, 'entails acquiring new knowledge that links existing knowledge and which can be easily retained and
applied.' (Gould p. 48)
Ausabel, in contrast to Bruner, believes that students need a structured set of instructions and when that builds on existing learning it can contribute
greatly to student understanding. Ausabel also encourages the use of an 'advanced organiser'. This can be applied at the beginning of the lesson so
the learner knows what to expect and the logical order in which they will receive information. As mentioned before this a less risky way of learning
but some may see it as 'mollycoddling'. I personally believe a mix of the two contributes to an effective lesson. To have an advanced organiser at the
beginning of the lesson, then being given the tasks in the logical order but with the learner discovering the answers for themselves with the tutors help
can

Learning Theories : Behaviorism, Constructivism, And Humanism
In this paper we will be reviewing the four major learning theories, Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Constructivism, and Humanism, as it may apply in a
corporate training proposal. Specific modules have been chosen from each of these theories. The goal is to inspire, propagate and promote the full
potential of the employees in relationship to their duties, responsibilities and adaptation to learning.
Behaviorism: Founded by John B. Watson in 1912, who published "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" (1913). Behaviorists postulate that all
behavior is learned from the environment, through either classical or operant conditioning. Classical conditioning revolves around reflex responses,
meaning the response is involuntary. Operant conditioning, on the other hand, revolves around reinforcement through either a reward or a positive or
negative punishment following a behavior. Behaviorists also believe that there is little difference in the learning styles of humans and animals, and that
all behavior can be simplified down to a response to stimuli (McLeod, 2007a).
Cognitivism: Founded by Ulric Neisser, who published "Cognitive Psychology" (1967).
Cognitivism is the concept of how a person learns, the physical process of thought, memory, and how one develops problem–solving skills and basic
intelligence. Theorists such as Jean Piaget, suggest to us that our mind is aware even as an infant. There is a cognitive thought process. Piaget
theorized that there were four stages of

Key Theories Of Learning
Learning theories are conceptual frameworks that describe how information is absorbed, processed and retained during learning. Theories of learning
explain how people learn and can help teachers to understand the meaning of things and review effectively and confidently their practice accordingly
(Wilson,2009). The main theories of learning are behaviourism, cognitivism and humanism. Behaviourism is based on the idea that people respond to
things around them. Behaviour is learned from things seen around them or from the environment and that learning and ability to learn requires a
change in behaviour. The key figures of behaviourism are P.Pavlov, S.Freud, J.B.Watson, B.F.Skinner. Cognitivism is based on the idea that learning is
a process... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Rogers(1959)only when a person is free from frustration and external impositions can grow and develop ,setting his/her own goals,
following universal values, such as honesty, love, responsibility and autonomy. Rogers idea suggest that an external and objective reality does not exist
and individuals observe the world in their own way, having their own reality and behaving accordingly to it. He emphasised the relationship between
teacher and students, recommending a climate of respect, trust and empathy. These ideas emphasising that the teacher should always treat learners as
unique individuals and listen to them. Maslow stressed the importance of positive experience in order to reach autonomy and personal growth. He
stated that self–actualization requires an accommodating and enabling environment, responsibility, maturity and achievement of certain needs in a
hierarchical order (Neto,2015).Based on these concepts Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs evolved, that involves Physiological need such as food and
shelter, safety needs such as stable and predictable environment, belonging needs such as affection from family and friends ,esteem needs such as
self–confidence and appreciation from others, self–actualization needs such as discovering and fulfilling one's own potential(Eysenck,2004).In my
subject specialism, science its

Skinner Vs Cognitivism
IntroB.F. Skinner and Jean Piaget were two influential theorists that have made a huge contribution to the field of education. Skinner's theory is
referred to as the behaviorist theory, and Piaget's is cognitive theory. Both theories of learning are based on the development from two completely
different perspectives while making an impact on educators around the world. Behaviorism is based off the belief that behavior is shaped through
positive and negative reinforcement. Cognitivism is based on the concept that individuals process the information they receive rather than responding
to stimuli. Characteristics of both theories illustrate the vast differences yet slight similarities in relationship to how individuals learn and how ... Show
"Skinner conducted extensive research into reinforcement as a method of teaching" (Good Therapy, 2015). Utilizingoperant conditioning, Skinner has
proven that reinforcement increases the chances of behavior to repeat. His theory is widely used today amongst teachers, animal trainers, counselors
and parents around the world.
Jean Piaget Cognitive Development Jean Piaget is another influential theorist who is known for his development of cognitive theory. This theory
focuses on the development of an individuals thought processes along with how these thought processes influence the understanding and interaction
with the world. Detailed observational studies of cognition in children, Piaget proposed that cognitive development occurs throughout four stages. The
first stage is the sensorimotor stage: from birth to the age of two. This stage is where the child experiences his or her world through senses and
movement. A child begins to understand that one action can cause another action. The second stage is the pre–operational stage, from two to seven
years old. At this stage, a child is aware of the separation from the environment around them. They are able to represent things with words and images
while using intuitive rather than logical reasoning. The third stage is concrete operations: from the ages of seven to eleven. This is a period in which a
child will begin to

Learning And Its Implications For Education Essay
Learning is an important process in education and in life in general. One cannot simply grow, adapt, and manage life without learning. However,
everyone learns in various different ways. Shuell (2016) states, "When a particular word is used, people usually assume everyone has a common
understanding of what the word means. Unfortunately, such is not always the case. In trying to understand the various theories of learning and their
implications for education, it is helpful to realize that the term "learning" means different things to different people and is used somewhat differently
in different theories." Shuell makes an excellent point, as even though one word can have a universal shared meaning, not everyone may see it the
way someone else sees it. According to Wikipedia, learning theories, "are conceptual frameworks describing how information is absorbed, processed,
and retained during learning. Cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences, as well as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding, or
a worldview, is acquired or changed and knowledge and skills retained." There are many different versions and theories on learning. Some of the more
common learning theories include behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. The first theory is behaviorism. Behaviorism is where individuals
believe that learning is conducted by outward change through behavior. According to Nemade (2007) he states, "To the behaviorist, human behavior
has nothing to do with

Design And Study : Design And Review : Cross-Successional...
4.1.Design and Study Overview
This cross–successional, two–group observational study is designed to compare postural control in ALL survivors and individuals with no cancer
history in both simple task and complex task situations.
For all the participants, first we will evaluate cognitive performance using the auditory N–back test. This test comes in various difficulty levels, we will
use 0–back which is more a measure of attention and 2–back which is representative of working memory.42
After cognitive assessment, we will use a computerized system to evaluate standing balance. We will repeat balance assessment two more times, once
participants will be simultaneously engaged in performing 0–back and once with the concurrent performance of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The cognitive–motor task paradigm is based on theories related to attentional resources. Attentional resources are defined as information processing
resources that are required to complete a task 19. The limited capacity theory states that one central attentional resource exists 43. When two tasks
are performed simultaneously, the central system must divide the total capacity between the tasks at hand. The performance of the secondary task
can provide an indication of the total processing capacity and the attentional demands for the primary task. If the primary task does not require a
large portion of the total processing capacity, performance of the secondary task will not be altered. If however, the primary task is more demanding
for processing capacity, the performance of the secondary task will decrease as the total capacity is reached 43. In this theory, the two tasks compete
for the same pool of limited resources. However, multiple resources theory states that there are several attentional resources, each with limited capacity,
and the amount of specific resources required for performing certain tasks depends on the tasks characteristics. Under the assumption of multiple
resource pools, the execution of two concurrent tasks only suffers if some of the resources required to perform one of the tasks are also necessary to
perform the other task. Thus, when two tasks are performed simultaneously, the competition for available

Learning Theories Provide Instructional Designers With...
Learning theories provide instructional designers with instructional strategies and techniques which facilitate learning. Each learning perspective
discussed in this essay is in terms of specific interpretation of the learning process. The information presented provides the reader with a comparison
and contrast of the differences in practical application in an instructional situation. The specific learning theories in this essay are behaviorism,
constructivism and cognitivism. The essay will compare and contrast how learning occurs in each theory, the roles of the teacher and the student, the
curriculum and learning goals, and lastly, assessments. Behaviorism focuses on behaviors and not cognitive or abstract activities. It involves thinking,
remembering and problem solving. Additionally, behaviorism relies on expressed, measureable behaviors and the repeat stimuli that cause behaviors.
Students respond to the conditions in the environment. Therefore, knowledge is given and absolute. Learning occurs when students are able to provide
the proper response to the given stimulus. The methods used by the teacher are the use of instructional cues, reinforcement (both positive and
negatively) and practice. When this learning theory is used, the students learn basic skills before moving on to more difficult skills. The role of the
teacher in the behaviorism approach is to be the transmitter of the knowledge. He/she is the expert that knows the material. The

Applying Learning Theories Of Learning
Applying Learning Theory to Life
PSY 331
Catherine Vivi
Ashford University
Instructor: Steven Peters
February 9, 2015
Applying Learning Theory to Life
Epistemology, or in other words, the theory of knowledge, is the study of knowledge, what it is, how we acquire it, and our justifiable beliefs that are
included in that study. Generally, the study of knowledge is done through a philosophical method. There are four basic theories oflearning; those are
behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, and humanism; this paper will address these four theories of learning, in addition, we will address
principles of learning, schema and scaffolding, adaption, metacognition, and strategies to ensure learning success.
The term behaviorism refers to the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson. Behaviorism theory is based on the idea that behaviors can be
measured, trained, and changed. In D. A. Lieberman's book Psychology of learning (2012, Ch. 2.3), he states, "Watson believed that psychologists
should be concerned with overt behavior rather than the hidden processes of the mind, and he argued for a greater concern with practical applications".
This this theory believes that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Behaviorism attempts to measure through observation of behavior, using
the observations to control behavior through conditioning.
The term cognitivism refers to the school of psychology based on how the brain processes information and memory. Cognitivism

Advantages And Limitations Of Behaviourism
Learning had been widely discussed among the researchers. It had become the subject matter that interests psychologists, educationists, scientists and
came up with a number of learning theories. There are many different theories that attempt to describe the learning process. The theorists came out with
some methods and approaches to be applied in the language teaching in the classroom. Approaches consist of specific principles in the language
teaching and to apply these approaches, methods are needed which include various procedures and techniques. In this coursework, I would discuss on
two theories, methods and approaches, two of their strength and limitations. In addition, I would further discuss on the implementation of one of the
theories in the English language classroom. 2.0 THEORY OF BEHAVIOURISM The behaviourism theory had its origin in the early twentieth century.
It was introduced by one of the most prominent psychologists in that era, B.F. Skinner. There are several psychologists such as Thorndike, Pavlov and
Watson believed that by studying the animal's behavior, they could predict and explain... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cognitivists such as Noam Chomsky (1957) in psycholinguistics and by Bruner, Goodnow and Austin (1956) in concept learning were some of the
examples (Ormrod, 1990). Cognitivism theory implied that learning is a dynamic process, complicated and multi–faceted. According to Chomsky
(1957) in Ormrod (1990), human's mind are like a "black box", it attempts to understands the way information is received, assimilated, stored and
recalled. The theory of cognitivism is beneficial as it focuses on the students' mental ability to think, analyze and organize knowledge. This theory
emphasizes on the short term and long term

Cognitivism And Constructivism Paper
Learning theories is a way of explaining how we learn to acquire, retain, and recall knowledge. By learning the different learning theories, teachers are
able to us them as a guideline to make teaching tools and to strategies instructional techniques in the classroom. This paper will be comparing and
contrasting three learning theories Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Constructivism. Behaviorism is a theory that originated from the works of Ivan
Pavlov's classical conditioning and B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning. The belief is that Behaviors are learned and changed through associations
between stimuli and responses. Learning is caused by a stimulus being introduced and there is a reaction to the stimulus rather it is a positive or ... Show
Zone of Proximal Development by Vygotsky is problem–solving skills of tasks can be placed into three categories. Those perform tasks independently,
those that can perform tasks with the help of others those that cannot perform tasks at all. Jean Piaget introduced Cognitive Constructivism. Cognitive
Constructivism is knowledge constructed by either assimilation or accommodation. In assimilation, incoming information is associated with a schema.
In accommodation, incoming information does not match a schema.
The advantage of constructivism is for problem solving and able to interpret and create new ideas from personal knowledge. Learning is all about
hands–on activities. There is a sense of ownership when hands–on learning occurs instead of just being told to the information. Students primarily work
in groups. The curriculum is presented whole to part with emphasis on a bigger picture. Unlike the cognitivism, Constructivism is a student base
learning vs teacher base learning. The teachers are facilitators and students learn by doing group work such as case studies, research projects, and
problem base learning. Students learn to brainstorm, collaborate with each other to learn through personal and other

Emotivism: Ethical Noncognitivism
The term emotivism refers to a theory about moral judgments, sentences, words, and speech acts; it is sometimes also extended to cover aesthetic and
other nonmoral forms of evaluation. Although sometimes used to refer to the entire genus, strictly speaking emotivism is the name of only the earliest
version of ethical noncognitivism (also known as expressivism and nondescriptivism).Also Emotivism is a meta–ethical view that claims that ethical
sentences do not express propositions but emotional attitudes. It stands in opposition to other forms of non–cognitivism (such as quasi–realism and
universal prescriptivism), as well as to all forms of cognitivism (including both moral realism and ethical subjectivism)The term emotivism refers to a
theory about moral judgments, sentences, words, and speech acts; it is sometimes also extended to cover aesthetic and other nonmoral forms of
evaluation.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It stands in opposition to other forms of non–cognitivism (such as quasi–realism and universal prescriptivism), as well as to all forms of cognitivism
(including both moral realism and ethical subjectivism)The term emotivism refers to a theory about moral judgments, sentences, words, and speech
acts; it is sometimes also extended to cover aesthetic and other nonmoral forms of evaluation. Although sometimes used to refer to the entire genus,
strictly speaking emotivism is the name of only the earliest version of ethical noncognitivism (also known as expressivism and nondescriptivism).Also
Emotivism is a meta–ethical view that claims that ethical sentences do not express propositions but emotional

The Critical And Conceptual Inquiry

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