Introduction To Aquaculture.

Introduction to Aquaculture.
Introduction to Aquaculture.
MCQS.
1. The science of raising aquatic plants or animals is: (a) Apiculture (B) Sericulture (c) Aquaculture
(d) Pisciculture
2. Aquaculture is totally dependent on the: (a) Quality of H2O (b) Quantity of H2O (c) Both quality
& quantity of H2O (d) None of above
3. The newest kind of aquaculture in which cleaning & reusing of H2O occurs is: (a) Pens (b) Ponds
(c) River (d) Recirculating tanks
4. Around 500B.C the earlier Chinese documents on fish culture was written. This paper called: (a)
Micrographia (b) Origin of species by means of Natural Selection (c) Fan hi on Pisci culture (d)
None of above
5. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
11. INTEGRATED FISH FARMING fish farming system is so broad in scale with so many models
that there is no comparative in the world.
12. Problem that the aquaculture in developed countries is facing, is HIGH COST of pelleted feeds.
13. COWS are ruminants.
14. The acidity or alkalinity of H2O represents the HYDRO CHEMICAL quality.
15. Trout is COLD WATER animal.
16. For fish pond, the best soil for bottom is LOAM.
17. American prefers CAT FISH than carps.
18. The residues & liquid part after anaerobic FERMENTATION to produce biogas are used for
fertilizing fish pond.

19. Silver carp is PHYTOPLANKTON eater.
20. The production of silk from silk worm is called SERI CULTURE.
Short Questions.
1. What is the procedure of pearl culture?
2. How early form of aquaculture differed from aquaculture practices today?
3. Give three reasons for aquaculture, only short headings required?
4. What is cage culture?
5. What are three advantages of cage culture?
6. What are three disadvantages of cage culture?
7. What is meant by fish forming?
8. What is significance of harvesting & stocking in rotation?
9. In points mentioned the advantages of integrated fish forming?
10. Define integrated fish forming?
Biology of major Freshwater cultivable Fishes of Pakistan.
MCQs.
1. The common name of
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Brish Water In Jamestown
The first reason so many colonists died was because, the lack of a proper environment of the
settlement Jamestown. Colonists of Jamestown were not only surrounded by the James River and
the Chesapeake Bay in what is now the coast Virginia. Allowing the newcomers to what they
thought was having more than enough of water sources. Although, it became polluted turning into
what is called brackish water. Brackish water is a mixture between fresh water and salt water. This
made finding fresh water extremely hard by the 17th century. Prohibiting the settlers to use the
water. Blanton states that the English men began digging shallow wells to contain non–contaminated
water. However the wells began to also get flooded and contaminated, by the rising

Parental Care In Pisces
Migration and parental care in Pisces
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: chordate
Subphylum: vertebrata
Class: Pisces
Some of the well studied characteristics of Pisces are:
1. The body is covered with skin from the outer surface. Presence of scale in the body.
2. These are cold blooded animal which means that their body temperature changes according to the
temperature of the surrounding.
3. The fertilization is external and reproduces numerous eggs having soft shell.
4. Respiration takes place through gill and in some lungs is also present.
5. They have limbs for the purpose of locomotion.
6. They can be seen in fresh water, marine water or brackish water.
7. Presence of fins helps in swimming as well as provides balance to the animal ... Show more
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Example: red horse.
Amphidromous: Fishes that come under this group are born in freshwater and are drifted by the
water current into the river then it again returns back to freshwater thus developing into an adult and
start reproduction. Example: mountain mullet.
Oceanodromous: These group of fishes are born near the breeding ground, and by the current of
water they get drifted in ocean before reaching the juvenile form and then once it get matured,
returns back to spawning ground. Example include: snapper This way fishes migrate differently for
the existence and fulfillment of all the basic needs.
Parental care:
Parental care means caring for the young ones for their protection and survival. The best example of
parental care is seen in human beings where parents look after the young ones with love, care and
affection. In other groups of vertebrates as well, parental care can be seen, not to the very high
extend but they do adapt some measures in order to protect the young ones. In fishes also parental
care can be noticed, not to the very high extent but some precautions to defend the young ones can
still be

Complexity Of Salinity
Consider the potential for complexity of salinity and circulation within an estuarine system, a
partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water that has freshwater input by rivers and salt water
input by marine processes. The circulation of an estuary can vary substantially across a range of
time scales such as daily, seasonally, or annually. Changes in freshwater input during periods of
heavy rain, fluctuations in tides, or changes in the direction that the wind is blowing can all
contribute toward how water moves around within the estuarine system. During periods of heavy
rain fall, freshwater input may result in a much lowered salinity in the estuary, whereas during
periods of drought and strong onshore winds salty water can be pushed

Tampa Bay Water is a seawater desalination plant located...
Tampa Bay Water is a seawater desalination plant located in Tampa, Florida. Their method of
desalination of ocean water or brackish groundwater is another method to obtaining water from
fresh surfaces or groundwater sources. This could be used to replace the need for a water supply
dam. There are several different technologies that exist to remove salt and other impurities from
ocean water. The two most commonly used methods are thermal distillation and desalination.
Thermal distillation copies the natural water cycle by using heat to create a vapor that is converted
into freshwater. Desalination is a process that removes some amount of salt and other minerals from
saline water. The traditional process used is vacuum distillation, which ... Show more content on
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The major advantage of dual–purpose facilities is they can be more efficient in energy consumption,
allowing for desalination to be a more viable option for the production of drinking water. The
advantages of desalination represents an opportunity to use oceanic water resources. If the
appropriate conditions are present, a desalination plant could potentially be used to replace an
existing or future dam. As existing sources of useable water run dry, desalination is a very effective,
alternative source of water. On top of that the distillation process produces one of the highest quality
water, with a range of 1 to 50 ppm tds, tds is also known as total dissolved solids. With the
recommended California standard being 500 ppm, this quality of water is far beyond any other water
quality seen before. The disadvantages of desalination is that in order for a desalination plant to be a
viable alternative to the water supply dam, the users must be located fairly close to a coast or large
source of oceanic water. The desalination technology can also have adverse environmental impacts
of its own. The plants are very energy intensive and must dispose of a highly concentrated saline
byproduct into the ocean, which can cause adverse affects to marine life in the surrounding and
exceeding areas. Waste brine can also

Tijuana River Wetlands
Background: Geology The Tijuana National Estuarine Research Reserve, administered by the U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service and California Department of Parks and Recreation, is the southwestern
most nature reserve in the continental United States. It is bordered by Mexico and the city of Tijuana
on the south, the Pacific Ocean on the west, the city of Imperial Beach (the southwestern most city
in the continental U.S.), the U.S. Navy Auxiliary Landing Field on the north, and South San Diego
on the East. The estuary itself extends well into Mexico. The Tijuana River drains a watershed of
1,735 square miles. Three–fourths of this watershed is in Mexico. The reserve is located on 2,500
acres of wetlands and coastal dunes. Of these acres, 1,660 are uplands, 120 are non–tidal fresh water
marsh, 400 are salt water marsh, 250 are tideland and 70 are open water. ... Show more content on
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The research reserve extends up river to include the Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge,
Border Field State Park, the Tijuana River as far as Saturn Street in South San Diego and a couple of
small canyons. The Tijuana River Wetlands is classified as a coastal plain estuary. It has been in
geologic development since the late Cenozoic Era, approximately 65 million years ago (Schoenherr,
59). As continental drift carried the North American continent westward, tectonic uplift raised the
shore line several hundred feet above the current sea levels. Over time, the river wore through the
uplifted terraces, though the narrowness of the floodplain indicates that the flow was generally not
large. In the Holocene Epoch(200,000 years ago), as the polar caps melted and the sea rose, the
exposed continental shelf was reclaimed by the ocean. As the ocean waters rose, rivers were covered
and lagoons were formed as sandy barriers formed deposited by long shore drift

Saltwater Effects On The Wetlands
Saltwater Effects on the Wetlands In John Grisham's The Pelican Brief, He brings up oil and gas
companies drilling in the wetlands, which is destroying them, and I decided to investigate further
about how these companies have been damaging the environment. The main way that the wetlands
are being killed is from the salt water that is intruding into the marshes from the canals, that gas and
oil companies use, are the way that most salt water gets so deep inside the wetlands (Barnowski).
Oil and gas companies are always trying to build more canals to invade different areas of the
wetlands when they find different reserves of oil and gas just like Victor Mattiece was in the Pelican
Brief. When they build more canals, The wetlands soil starts ... Show more content on
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"The state's many salt water lakes were once extensions of the sea that become cut off by ridges of
sand or deposits of silt" (Colten). This basically means that there are salt marshes that were already
in the wetlands and that weren't hurting anything. They are just there because the Mississippi pulled
silt or sand down to the ocean and it built up to create salt water marshes and then plants that could
handle the salt water grew and salt water creatures also started to inhabit the area. The marshes that
were just extensions of the ocean are harmless to the wetlands but when canals bring in salt water
they damage the other marshes that aren't supposed to have salt in them. When salt water invades
the freshwater marshes, the plants start dying off because the plants can't live in the salty conditions.
"The fewer plants that are in the wetlands the more unstable the soil is because the plants' root
systems hold much of the land together" (Barnowski). "The loose soil is then more easily eroded,
which connects the vicious circle of erosion and plant loss" (Barnowski). The higher amount of
plants that die off by the salt water will cause Louisiana to lose larger portions of its wetlands. We
are already losing about 35 square miles of the coastal land due to erosion annually (Colten). The
salt water doesn't only kill the plant life in the marshes, it starves the animals living in those marshes
as well. The

Food Production : A Essential Component Of The Earth 's...
1. Introduction
Fresh Water is a fundamental component of the earth's ecosystems. It is required for food
production, different domestic uses, industry, etc. All forms of life are in need to water to survive.
Egypt is located in an arid zone, which has small rainfall and the desert covers the most country
area. It has an area of about 1 million km2. The total cultivated area was about 4% of the total area
of the country in 2013, (FAO). Water resources in Egypt are limited to the quota from the Nile
River, ground water abstraction from shallow reservoirs in the Nile valley, Nile delta, the coastal
strip, and the deep ground water in the eastern desert, western desert, and Sinai. Beside few amounts
of rainfall and flashfloods. The non–conventional water resources include reuse of agricultural
drainage water, treated waste water and the desalination of seawater and brackish water as well.
(FAO). Agriculture is considered the main sector that consumes water in Egypt, followed by
domestic, industrial, and tourism but with a great gap. Another two sectors should be considered
users not consumers; navigation and hydropower generation.
2. Water scarcity in Egypt
The total population has been tripled during the last fifty years. It raised from about 27.07 million in
1960 to 89.60 million in 2014 according to the World Bank. The average annual growth rate is 2.15
percent over the period (2004–2014). The water demand in Egypt grow due to the rapid population
growth, the improvement

Feed Water Desalination
Water desalination processes separate dissolved salts and other minerals from water. Feed water
sources may include brackish, seawater, wells, surface (rivers and streams), wastewater, and
industrial feed and process waters. Membrane separation requires driving forces including pressure
(applied and vapor), electric potential, and concentration to overcome natural osmotic pressures and
effectively force water through membrane processes. As such, the technology is energy intensive
and research is continually evolving to improve efficiency and reduce energy consumption.
Methods of Desalination
At least three principle methods of desalination exist: thermal, electrical, and pressure. The oldest
method, thermal distillation, has been around for

Maine Lobster: Good Or Bad?
Lobsters are crustaceans that have been on earth for more that 480 million years and their average
lifespan is 70 years. Their scientific name is Homarus americanus. The word lobster is an old
english word that means spider. Lobsters are benthic creatures that are found in all of the world's
oceans, brackish water, and freshwater. A lobsters brain is located in its throat and its teeth are in its
stomach. They have poor eyesight but an amazing sense of taste and smell. They mainly feed on
fish, clams, sea stars, sea urchins, mussels and sometimes even other lobsters. Scientists have two
theories on lobster cannibalism. The first theory is that rising water temperatures are causing
lobsters to be more aggressive. The second theory is that lobsters ... Show more content on
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However this is very unfortunate for local fisherman because the over abundance of lobsters is
hurting their job opportunities due to cheap prices per pound. In 2012 the Maine lobster industry set
a record of their biggest year for lobster fishing at 126 million pounds of lobster caught. This
lowered the boat price to just $3.72 per pound. For comparison in recent years lobsters has sold for
more that $14 dollars a pound. This is the lowest price since the Great Depression. Even with the
abundance of Maine Lobsters there are still regulations. You are not allowed to keep a lobster if it is
pregnant or bigger 3–1/4 inches in length. Lobsters that are smaller than 1–1/2 inches hide in coral
or see weeds. This provides shelter from predators such as flounder, cod, ocean pout, monkfish,
sculpin, wolffish, and dogfish. When lobsters are adults they are much less vulnerable. The only
predator for adult lobsters is man. Big lobsters inhabit offshore areas and only return home
seasonally to shallow warmer waters. A female lobster can carry up to 50,000 eggs. A female lobster
can only mate after it has molted. The developing embryos remain attached to the female for an
estimated 9 to 11

Examples Of Invasive Species
What are invasive species? An invasive species is a plant, animal, or fungi that is not native to a
certain area. These species can cause great damage to an ecosystem, human economy, human health,
and other species that are native to the area. What are some examples of invasive species and why?
Green Crab: This crab has been carried all over by ships. It eats many forms of shore life, including
worms and mollusks. In certain areas, due to the appetite of the crab, it has affected the commercial
shellfish industry. Killer Algae: This green seaweed has escaped. It has been replacing native plants
and robbing marine life of food and habitat. In California, it was wiped out by using toxic chemicals
that were a considerable cost. Sea Walnut: This is native to the east coast of North and South
America. It was later discovered in the Black Sea and then it spread to the Caspian Sea. In both of
these places it multiplied and formed gigantic populations. This caused local ... Show more content
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The purpose was to limit the great majority of family units in the country to only having one child
per family. China began promoting birth control and family planning with the establishment of the
People's Republic in 1949. By the time that this policy was stating China had almost reached its
one–billion mark. First born children were often favored to be a boy. This is because the son would
inherit the land and family name when the father died. This resulted in the rise of abortions for
female fetuses. Efforts were made to families with a handicapped first born child. The government
was allowing those families to have more than one child. Also families that had a girl for a first born
were allowed to have another child. If the parents were both didn't have siblings they were also
allowed to have more than one child. Late into 2015, the Chinese government decided to put raise
the one child policy to two children per family that took effect in

Salt Shrimp : A Part Of Family Crustacean
Brine Shrimp are a part of family Crustacean. Artemia are closely related to the shrimp family and
belong to the phylum Arthropoda. Artemia occupies an important place in the aquaculture system.
Since the development of commercial marine fish culture in the late 1970s, the demand for the
Artemia cysts has gradually increased from a few metric tons to approximately 800 metric tons per
year, representing approximately 40% of the total aquaculture demand for feeds for early stages of
all types of fish. Artemia for feeding ensures a better energy balance in food intake and assimilation,
and thereby improves the performance of the fish. (P. Sorgeloos et al. 2001). Artemia can live in
water with much greater or much less salt than in normal seawater. They tolerate salinity in an
amount higher than 50% or nearly saturated solution, and can live for a few days in solutions very
different from sea water, for example, manganese or silver nitrate solution, but iodized salt is
harmful for them. In fresh water Artemia salina will not survive. Low levels of salinity does not
permit naupilii survive as well. The present study aims to examine the effect of different salinity
levels on the newly hatched brine shrimp. The dilemma presented under the new study in the
department of Fisheries and Wildlife at Utah State University and the U.S. Geological Survey in
Utah was aiming to analyze why the larvae that hatch in early spring from the overwintering cysts
are the only ones that survive,

El Rio De La Huma Research Paper
El Rio de la Plata (Spanish for "Silver River") it is an estuary located southeast of South America in
between the countries of Argentina and Uruguay, draining its waters into the vast Atlantic Ocean. It
is formed by the mixture between the Paraná River and the Uruguay River which extend the estuary
for a 274 km of longitude, with 48 km wide at the head of the estuary and 220 km wide at the
mouth, making it the widest estuary in the world. The waters of the estuary flow from the northwest
to southeast of South America, traveling through the countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Paraguay and Uruguay. The location of El Rio de la Plata allows the existence of two major ports
located in the cities of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Montevideo, Uruguay. The estuary is mostly
used for its commercial and sport fishing, access to other important ports, recreation, and tourism.
Also along the northern coastline is an important habitat for a variety marine life such as marine
mammals, fishes, aquatic birds, etc. El Rio de la Plata is characterized as a coastal plain estuary with
a south coastline of 393 km, and a north coastline of 416 km long, with a funnel shape orientation.
The estuary has a vast zone estimated to be 35,000 〖km〗^2 with depths ranging from 2 m at the
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This provides the river with a very active delta at the head of the estuary. A delta is formed when a
big amount of deposition of sediment accumulates in a specific place, normally at the entrance of a
river to an estuary. The waters of the estuary are mostly dominated by large shallow banks of sand
which interrupts with navigation of large boats. This leads to the formation of different natural and
artificial sediment channels which are utilized as access routes for large boats to travel from Buenos
Aires to the open Atlantic

Disadvantages Of Reverse Osmosis
ABSTRACT
The demand of fresh and pure water is increasing day by day and due to many problems around
different areas of world the supply of fresh water is not up to the desired level. Reverse Osmosis
plant, therefore, helps to prove reliable and energy efficient process in producing the fresh water
with many large plants presently being used around the world. Desalination by RO requires high
pumping pressure in the range of 45–80 bar which is usually supplied by electrical driven pumps in
steady state. This thesis is explaining the cost analysis of replacing these electrical pumps with a
wind turbine driven pumps and concluding that whether this replacement is economically feasible or
not. The paper will cover the comparison of operating and capital cost for these two plants with the
aim to determine that whether wind powered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The costs for installation are low
The production capacity ratio is very high ranging from 25000 to 60000 l/day/m2
It requires less maintenance, only the change of proper filters are required
The source for the RO process is unlimited sea water
It helps to remove inorganic and organic contaminants
It has almost no impact on the environment
RO technology uses very less chemicals Disadvantages:
Along with the advantages this technology also have some disadvantages as well which are as
follows:
The membranes are very sensitive to abuse
The pretreatment of feed water is needed
The plant requires high quality equipments and staff
There is a need to carefully discard the Brine as it contains some toxic materials
A reliable source of energy is required
The maintenance costs are relatively high as compare to other methods
(desalination by reverse osmosis)
Main requirement: The main requirement of RO process is the selection of membrane and energy
requirement is of the initial pressurization of the feed

A Case Study On Merredin Desalination
A Case Study on Merredin Desalination in Australia
Merredin town, located in Western Australia 's wheat belt, is the subject of detailed groundwater
studies. Studies involving groundwater modelling with computers imply that lowering the water
table through pumping would effectively control the rising salinity. This salinity could be turned into
a resource through desalination to obtain pure water that could be supplied to the town (Australia,
2002).
Scientific modelling shows that, in order to protect the whole town of Merredin, nine bores would
have to be dug. Each would produce 50kl/day hence keeping the level of groundwater at a safe
depth. This way, the water tables which are currently at 2.5m to 3m beneath would be lowered. As a
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The project is a double success where pumping groundwater will remove the salinity risk and
provide a source from which drinking water can be produced. This will also supplement the town
water and reduce the pressure and dependency on piped water. Once successful, the project being a
pilot programme, would see the installation of an expanded and longer term plant. Similar projects
would also be rolled out to other saline towns in WA.
Penneshaw Case Study
South Australian Water Authority runs a reverse osmosis desalination plant at Penneshaw which
supplies portable water to the township of Penneshaw on Kangaroo Island. This area used to have
farm dams which would be too unreliable for the current populations and too polluted by the
agricultural activities going on (Australia, 2002).
This plant is a South African Design and uses RO technology. The design of the plant was to
minimise environmental impacts and the use of the chemical cleaners to favour the high tourism
activities in the area. Seawater is used as the feedwater with a salinity level of about 39000mg/l.
From this plant about 38% of the 250KL of sea water is treated daily and is converted into portable
water.
The plant operates on a continuous basis, powered by the mains electricity available to all residents
in the area through an underwater power cable from the mainland. The cost of

Oligochaetes Research Paper
The seafloors of estuaries are composed of different species of burrowers, or animals that dig up
tunnels in the ocean floor. In particular, polychaetes and oligochaetes are species of worms which
are the most common types of burrowers. Polychaetes and oligochaetes are very abundant and
essential to the estuarine ecosystem. They serve as an important source of food for many species
including birds in shallow areas and the tunnels they build are also used as shelter by other marine
species. Polychaetes and oligochaetes also have various qualities, aside from being aesthetically
pleasant, they are able to absorb and release energy as well as dispose waste efficient all of which
allows them to receive food source by filtering water either from ... Show more content on
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Sponges Sponges are colonies many tiny individual animal cells. If a living sponge is crushed, all of
the animal cells living in it can survive on their own and find themselves again to regenerate
themselves into a whole sponge once again. Sponges are often thought of as incomplete organisms,
however, despite their simplicity, they function just as efficiently as any mammal. Sponges are
unable to move and have no bones or any way of physically defending themselves but they have
toxic chemicals that make them inedible by all but a few organisms that have been able to evolve to
tolerate them. Sponges are abundant in Florida's waters and have a higher phenotypic diversity than
one would expect. There are chimneylike boring sponges, loggerhead sponges that are taller than an
average human, other shapes include sponges shaped like vases and barrels. Other sponges are
adapted to live in specific environments. For instance, in beaches were wave intensity is low, a small
orange or green sponge may grow on top of small hermit crab shells and slowly dissolve its shells,
resulting in a shelter–less crab forcing it to carry the sponge around until the crab die or is able to
leave the

How Do Oysters Affect The Watershed
Oysters are a relly big importance to our watershed. They make habitats for other water oganizims
such as oyster spat and sea squirts. They also are one of the main filter feeders on the eastern coast.
Without them our water would be more brackish than it already is. They also give shore line
protection, so the shore will not have erosion done to it. Oysters exist in our community because
oysters have spat production which makes baby oysters, and then the current carries them here. Lets
move on to our problems of the oysters. Oysters face problems Like diseases such as perkinsus
marinus which is a parisite that infects the oyster most commenly at one years of age. they also face
over harvesting which is taking to much of

Why Did So Many Colonists Die?
Why did so many colonists die?" In early Jamestown, from 1607 to 1610, 452 colonists died even
though Jamestown was supplied with 560 colonists. This leaves only 90 colonists left after the May
of 1610. On May 14, 1607, colonists set off for Jamestown Island to build a settlement there. They
did not know that there were close to 15,000 Powhatan Indians in the forest. Most people who came
were from the ages of 17 to 35 years old. Some were servants that needed to pay off debt while
others wanted to get profit from the project and would become successful. It did not come without
the loss since a near eighty percent of the population died or 452 colonists as mentioned before. The
question of this mini–q is "Early Jamestown: Why did so many colonists die?" Many colonists died
in early Jamestown because of their relations with the Native Americans, the environment and the
settler 's lack of skills. Many colonists died in early Jamestown because of their horrible relations
with the Native Americans.
The tides also contributed in killing colonists because when it is a high tide, the salt water would
come into their freshwater rivers and creeks, making the water brackish and would make it bad to
drink. Drinking too much brackish water is not good for you and can give you a disease and kill
you. The tides also mixed the water which further contaminated the water. Droughts killed many
colonists in the Jamestown drought in 1607 to 1611 shown by document B that shows tree rings
which

Colonists: Relationship With The Indians
During the years between 1607 and 1611, many colonists died due to the following: Enviromental
issues, settlers skills, and the Relationships with the Indians. In those years many colonists were
traveling and seeking me lives but little did they know, their skill level was very low. As a result,
many of the colonists ended up dead. Most of the colonists that traveled were gentlemen. However,
these are not the nice men you're thinking of. These gentlemen are men that are usually to used to be
useful or doing any work at all. Other than mainly gentlemen, the only colonists they brought were
barrel makers, druggists, and people with jobs other than FARMING! Now let's dig deeper into why
so many colonists died between the years of 1607 and 1611. ... Show more content on
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This is a secondary source document with primary evidence written in it. The general of the Indians
was seeking to trade grain for Indians to last them through the winter so they wouldn't starve and
die. He got a giant shipload of grain. It seems that the shipload of grain disappeared just like that
due to starvation. All of the grain that they had was definitely not enough to last them through the
winter until springtime. (Doc D) The document suggests at least three reasons. 1) the settlers must
have been low on food. 2) the Indians had reasons to distrust the settlers for their Crewelle Dealinge
and therefore might later refused request for trade and food; and 3) one group of colonist got all the
traded food then left them. 299 people made it to Jamestown. Disease:84(50+6?+28=about 84 died
from disease in 1607 and 1608. Indian Relations: 7(2+3+2=7 settler killings by Indians specifically
mentioned in 1607 and 1608. The numbers of death by disease continued to be high; what is new is
the large number of settlers killed by Indians either directly or indirectly by the siege. Settler–
Indians relations got worse. Something cause the powhatans to become much more aggressive than
they were during the first two years. Perhaps it was continuing resupply of colonists. It was
becoming clear to the Powhatans the English were not just temporary visitors. (Doc E) Why can't
people just get

Factors Affecting The Environment Of The Water Of An...
Fish in an estuarine environment would in all likelihood be presented to continuous changes in
saltiness, as opposed to sudden changes, as displayed in direct exchange poisonous quality tests
(Bringolf et al., 2005). Some fish can adapt to higher salinities with steady increments in salinity
than with direct move into salty waters (Eddy, 1981; Chervinski, 1984; Anyanwu, 1991; Bringolf et
al., 2005; Sardella et al., 2007)
Exposure to high salt levels have been reported to cause physiological problems in fish for example,
increase in plasma cortisol (Tsuzuki et al., 2001; Tacchi et al., 2015), blood glucose (Carmichael et
al., 1983), plasma sodium and chloride (Tomasso et al., 1980; Küçük et al., 2013) or increased blood
ammonia (Tomasso, 1994) due to experience conflict between the mechanisms of salt uptake and
nutrient uptake in the gut. And decrease the appetite for several species (Ferraris et al., 1986;
Imsland et al., 2001). Culture freshwater fishes in brackishwater or seawater could require lower
protein levels for optimum growth than culture it in freshwater (El–Sayed, 2006). Furthermore,
lower protein digestibility at high salt levels might be related to shorter retention time of food in the
gut and increased drinking rates for osmoregulation (Laverty and Skadhauge, 2012). Salinity can
also affect protein utilization for energy relative to other dietary energy sources (i.e. lipids and
carbohydrates). Again this relies on upon the species ' ability to "spare" protein,

The Energy Supply And Usage Of Renewable Energy
Chapter 1: Introduction to Thesis
Introduction to Thesis
1.1 Statement of the problem
The world's energy supply and usage harnessed by humans are predominantly occupied by fossil
fuel combustion a non–renewable resource. On the other hand small fractions of the energy
harnessed by humans are renewable resources at only about 13% of the total energy sourced. With
fossil fuels emitting high amounts of greenhouse gasses that affect our climate negatively in the long
term in addition to its non–renewability, alternative sources of energy supply particularly in the
category of renewable energy can help alleviate the impact of the shortage of resources and the
harmful impact of our energy usage on the environment. Salinity–gradient energy can potentially be
a part of this alternate source of renewable energy as well as gas emission–free as it is based on the
mixing of solutions with different salt concentrations through the uses of Osmotic pressure and a
membrane.
Salinity–gradient energy is applied through the application of pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and
its use for power generation has made it a viable pairing for desalination plants that use reverse
osmosis/forward osmosis (FO/RO) in its processes.
Salinity–gradient energy has only gained substantial attention in the last 10 years due to increasing
cost of fossil fuels and because of its relatively new upbringing there is still a lot of research and
understanding to be achieved. One of the major reasons for this belief

How Salinity Affects The Amount Of Oxygen Duckweed Produces
How Salinity Affects the Amount of Oxygen Duckweed Produces
Question
How does the amount of salinity affect how much oxygen is given off by duckweed?
Manipulated Variable (Sodium Chloride)
The manipulated variable in our project is sodium chloride, commonly known as salt. Sodium
chloride is a cube–shaped mineral that is mined all over the world. It is known scientifically as
NaCL, and it is made up of 40% sodium and 60% chlorine. Sodium chloride is essential to most
living things on Earth. For example, the intake of sodium chloride is essential for the survival of
plants. All plants can absorb sodium chloride, but some are more tolerant of sodium chloride than
others, allowing them to withstand higher amounts of the chemical. As for all living things, too
much sodium chloride can actually be toxic. An accumulation of sodium can drastically alter the
chemical composition and nutritional imbalance of the plant, which can lead to changes in growth.
Aside from living things, sodium chloride can also affect non living things, such as the freezing
process of water. During the process of freezing, the water molecules fuse together to form ice
crystals. However, sodium chloride can slow these water molecules down as they are trying to
freeze into ice. Adding more salt to a consistent amount of water will prolong the amount of time
needed to freeze.
Responding Variable (Oxygen)
The responding variable in our project is oxygen. Oxygen is a colorless gas that is essential to the

The Pros And Cons Of Desalination
Another argument opposing desalination is the environmental concerns. Many believe that since
ocean water is being extracted, marine life will be disturbed. Therefore, affecting the entire
ecosystem: "With the majority of desalination plants extracting water directly through open water
intakes in the ocean, there is a direct impact on marine life. Fish and other marine organisms are
killed on the intake screens (impingement); organisms small enough to pass through, such as
plankton, fish eggs, and larvae, are killed during processing of the salt water (entrainment). The
impacts on the marine environment, even for a single desalination plant, may be subject to daily,
seasonal, annual, and even decadal variation, and are likely to be species– and site–specific"
(Cooley). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Advancements include such new and emerging technologies as forward osmosis, low temperature
distillation, membrane distillation, pressure osmosis, biomimetic and graphene membranes" (IDA).
Many claim that technology is not advanced yet and that using desalination while waiting for
technology to advance is too costly and will end up causing irreversible damage; "Randy Truby,
comptroller of the International Desalination Association, says that advances in manufacturing
processes have allowed 450 sq ft of membrane to be crammed into each cartridge, compared with
300 sq ft when they first came on the market. But treating seawater still requires pressure of about
80 bar, 40 times more than car tyres. That is why treating seawater is more energy–intensive than
brackish or wastewater, which require less force"

Bangladesh : A Industrial Country, Rich And Natural Resources
Bangladesh is a reveredagro–industrial country, rich in human and natural resources. Fishery, the
most practiced, is performed in both fresh and brackish water in coastal areas. Currently, the fresh
water areas, the overall ecology of fish habitats and migratory routes are disappearing due to human
activities. It is therefore difficult to meet the protein requirement of the population from the
freshwater sub–sector alone. Notwithstanding, priority is still given to the freshwater for fishery
despite the fact that marine and brackish water fisherysub–sectors constitute greater proportion of
foreign exchange earnings and development budget. This is reflected in the number of fishery
development projects that have been implemented since liberation. If equal attention is paid to
management and development of the marine and brackish water sectors, it would be possible to
attain increased production.
In the past,shrimp was much cheaper than fish and was considered unattractivelocally. In the early
seventies, Bangladesh entered the world export market for shrimp. Since then, shrimp has become
expensive. Farmers earned much from shrimp farming by meeting up with the demand of the
market.Today, diseases caused by biological and non–biological agents are becoming prominent in
the aquaculture industry.Despite the bonus, shrimp farming in Bangladesh is affected with a wide
range of microbial disease problems with no effective treatments due to poor production, leading to
great economic

Investigating The Distillation Apparatus For Operation At...
1.1 PROBLEM SUMMARY:
Solar still (distillation) is the process used to distil impure water using solar energy. The input is
muddy/brackish/saline water and we get pure water as output.
This project revolves around design and fabrication of a solar distillation apparatus, which will give
efficient distillation on a "round the clock" basis, and is capable of providing rural areas with pure
and healthy drinking water supply.
We will be concentrating our efforts on re–designing the distillation apparatus for operation at
maximum efficiency. The distillation tank will rest on a platform made of cast iron. A commercially
available storage tank will be used for storing the saline water. This tank will then be covered by a
glass cover, on top and other suitable materials will be used as thermal shield on the sides, to retain
the heat. Reflectors will be added to supplement the incoming solar radiation. To make this
apparatus function continuously, we plan to attach a solar–panel powered rechargeable battery to an
auxiliary heater which would help distil the water during night time. The sediment accumulated as
impurity can be removed by manual cleaning of the internal tank once a week /fortnight.
This entire process of designing and fabrication of this apparatus will take about 7–8 months after
which it will be put to rigorous testing for about 2 months, to validate our claims.
Due to rising sea water levels, increased use of chemical fertilizers and lack water distribution

How Did When Fresh And Salt Water Occur In An Estuary
Trial # Guess Observation Explanation Trial 1 The dyed red water will not seep into the blue cold
water. My guess was indeed correct and red water did not interfere with the blue water. Because the
molecules in the blue water are much closer together because its cold and well the red water has
warm/hot water and the molecules are everywhere. The molecules in the blue water are so dense that
they're making a layer so that the molecules from the red jar do not come through. Trial 2 I think this
time blue on top will fail and seep into the red. So my guess was correct again. The blue water did
slowly enter the red water. The reason for this is because of density and how dense the cold water
really is. That's why when you put ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3. Q–Thinking about what you learned in the lab and doing some additional research, if you mixed
fresh and salt water together in the marine environment, how would the water "layer"? Where would
the freshwater be and why? A– Salt water is more dense than fresh water, and therefore sinks under
fresh water – which is exactly what happens in estuaries, which are areas near the mouth of a river
where fresh water and salt water do mix. 4. Q– When fresh and saltwater mix in the marine
environment, this is called an estuary, or brackish water environment. Why would bottom dwelling
organisms in an estuary need to be able to withstand brackish water? A–Bottom dwellings in an
estuary need to be able to withstand brackish water because fresh water in an estuary flows out over
the surface and ocean water with higher amounts of salt flows in on the bottom 5. Q–Based on your
lab and readings, what two characteristics of water combine to form a thermohaline current? A–In
the deep ocean, the predominant driving force is differences in density, caused by salinity and
temperature (the more saline the denser, and the colder the denser). Note that ocean currents due to
tides are also significant in many

Desalination Plants And Its Effects
When one imagines southern California, they picture tall palm trees, crystal clear beaches, and the
bright, radiating sun creating a golden glow on the people's skin. However, as southern California's
four year drought drags on, the reality is the complete opposite. Rivers are drying up and run
through SoCal with a steady current. The once very fertile soil has turned into dust: superfine, dry,
and unpractical for farming. The almost too perfectly green grass has turned stiff and brown. At an
attempt to accommodate its water supply needs, the Huntington Beach city is now constructing a
desalination plant. Desalination makes millions of gallons of water by removing the salt and
minerals in seawater or brackish water. Desalination has been practiced for decades in Israel and has
been successful in other dry parts of the world. With the desalination plant, there are many benefits,
such as the production of water and jobs. Nonetheless, there are also setbacks that come along with
it such as the overuse of electricity and the production of brine. There are two sides on the
construction of the Huntington Beach desalination plant.
Understanding the desalination process is essential to determining whether desalination should or
should not occur in Huntington Beach. Desalination is the process of removing dissolved salt from
water, thus producing freshwater from seawater or brackish water. In desalination, the first step
includes saltwater or seawater being pumped through

Compare And Contrast Salt Water Vs Buoyancy
In water, you seem to be lighter than when on land. The reason that you seem lighter in the water
than on land is because of an upward power called buoyancy. The disturbance is different in
freshwater and saltwater as you will see in the following paragraphs. Buoyancy is a power that is
caused by a disturbance in the water. For instance, if a rock is tossed in the water there are ripples.
The ripples in the water are the disturbance. The disturbance makes a power from all sides. In the
ocean, your weight is lighter than when you are in freshwater. Your weight is lighter in saltwater
because the salt made the water heavier. The displacement is larger making the upward thrust is
greater. Therefore, if you weigh 200 lbs. on land you will be

Lacustrine Deposits
Lacustrine deposits at profiles 13–6 and 13–5, located within the maar crater near its eastern wall,
occur at elevations of 1921.5 ± 0.2 m and 1919.4 ± 0.2 m, respectively. The profile 13–6 deposits
are ~25 m higher than the modern lake level (1895.9 m) and ~10 m higher than highstand deposits at
~1911 m previously documented and radiocarbon dated by Bradbury (1967) on the northeast flank
of the west cinder cone. The ~1921.5 m lacustrine deposits in the eastern part of the crater thus
appear to represent the highest documented level of ZSL. Although Bradbury (1967:Figure 13)
apparently also documented the same lacustrine highstand deposits as we did at profiles 13–5 and
13–6, it appears he mapped them ~50 m west (and downslope) of their actual location. We were able
to more accurately plot their location and elevation using a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Scholar Award, and Dr. H. Wesley Peirce, Bert Butler, and Keith L. Katzer scholarships from the
University of Arizona Department of Geosciences. Bobby and Coy McKinley allowed access to
their deeded land. Bureau of Land Management archaeologists Brenda Wilkinson and David Simons
provided logistical support and permits to conduct fieldwork on public land. We thank
archaeobotanist Karen Adams for identifying charcoal samples, Manuel Palacios–Fest for
microinvertebrate analysis, Adam Hudson for GPS corrections, and Todd Lange, Lori Hewitt, and
Rich Cruz at the NSF–Arizona AMS Laboratory for expediting radiocarbon sample combustion and
measurement. This research greatly benefitted from discussions with Vance Haynes, Tammy
Rittenour, and Michael Ort, and various drafts of the manuscript were significantly improved by
comments and critical reviews provided by Greg Valentine, Jay Quade, and Vance

Indian Relations In Early Jamestown
Indian Relations was one factor that caused the death of so many colonists in the early Jamestown.
In early 15th century, Francis West and his group cruised up the Chesapeake harbor to attempt the
exchange for grains with the Indians. They were capable to fill his trifling vessel with corns. This
achievement would aid, but then it was not sufficient to last the settlers the wintertime. They finally
took the corns back to England. The "Affiliation" of the Natives and settlers was apprehensive, at
times unfriendly. The two philosophies were so diverse. The semantic, civilizations, and way of life,
were so conflicting that none of them distinguished what to anticipate of the other. Mostly, English
colonists saw the Inhabitants as uninformed heathens,

A Short History Of Desalination Technology
Approximately 72% of the earth is covered in water, however, of that amount, 97% is undrinkable
because of the saline content. Theoretically, the ability to make that portion drinkable would mean
creating a renewable source of fresh water–– a concept that, if executed properly would mean the
end of water insecurity worldwide. The first record of desalination technology being used came
from the writings of Aristotle, a Greek philosopher who lived during the fourth century BC. Ancient
Romans used evaporation to remove the salt from water to make it potable. Since then, desalination
has become much more sophisticated, but the latest technology being used is still decades old ("A
Short History Of Desalination – Abengoa"). Although ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the greatest reasons for water scarcity over the past decade has been population growth in
heavily concentrated in urban areas– an excellent example of this phenomenon being China. Already
the world 's most populated country, China 's largest cities have evolved into what the United
Nations have begun to call "megacities"– defined as cities with a population of over ten million.
With urbanization expected to increase 60–65% by 2030, water insecurity is already a concern for
the Chinese government and one that is emphasized by Shanghai and Beijing (populations 14.35 and
11.51 million respectively) being coastal cities with little access to water inland ("Market Report:
Developing Desalination In China"). In recent years, China has begun to rely heavily on water
sourced from desalination plants, and desalination has grown into a 4 billion dollar industry, but
both the economic and environmental effects have become apparent. Water from desalination plants
is, on average, twice as expensive as naturally sourced fresh water. Although energy usage accounts
for much of the total cost of a desalination plant, China current technology is almost completely
imported and therefore very costly to ship and maintain. Introducing domestic technology would be
one solution, however, in China,

Analysis Of John Grisham 's The Pelican Brief
In John Grisham's The Pelican Brief, He brings up oil and gas companies drilling in the wetlands,
which is destroying them, and I decided to investigate further about how these companies have been
hurting the environment. The main way that the wetlands are being killed is from the salt water that
is intruding into the marshes from the canals, that gas and oil companies use, are the way that most
salt water gets so deep inside the wetlands (Barnowski). Oil and gas companies are always trying to
build more canals to invade different areas of the wetlands when they find different reserves of oil
and gas just like Victor Mattiece was in the Pelican Brief. When they build more canals, The
wetlands soil starts to break up and that destroys the small amount of land that is left in the
wetlands. There are several different types of marshes with different salinities which are measured
using ppt which is the amount of salt in a thousand units. The types of marshes include freshwater,
intermediate, brackish, and salt marshes. Freshwater marshes have no salinity and are 100%
freshwater as the name would suggest. Intermediate marshes have a salinity from 0–5 ppt
("Louisiana's Oil."). Brackish marshes have a salinity from 5–15 ppt and lastly salt water marshes
have a salinity higher than 15 ppt ("Louisiana's Oil."). Salt water marshes are the ones that are right
by canals or are hit by ocean waves every day and are the easiest eroded because they have a lot less
plants than the other

Gammarus Puplex
Gammarus pulex:(freshwater srimp) is a species of amphipod crustacean found in fresh water across
much of Europe. It is a greyish animal, growing to 21 mm (0.83 in) long. As seen in figure 1,
Gammarus pulex have 7 pairs of legs, two of which perform a grasping function similar to human
hands whilst the other 5 are adapted to swimming. The species gills are provided with oxygen by the
vibrations of their legs and the 3 pairs of structures seen on the abdomen, the gills are located on the
inside of the back five legs Gammarus pulex are primary consumers that typically consume detritus,
i.e. they consume dead and decaying matter in order to provide energy for themselves. Gammarus
pulex main predators are fish which that rely on them as one of their primary sources of food, fish
commonly found to consume these shrimp ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Freshwater shrimp feed on the algae that grows as a result. The streams are kept clean by the
freshwater shrimp eating the dead matter . Organisms such as fish would then die as sunlight cannot
reach the other water plants, and the oxygen content of the water subsequently decreases too.
Oxygen then decreases more because of decomposition by bacteria breaks down dead plant matter.
According to Art Eutrophication is "The process by which a body of water acquires a high
concentration of nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates. These typically promote excessive
growth of algae. As the algae die and decompose, high levels of organic matter and the decomposing
organisms deplete the water of available oxygen, causing the death of other organisms, such as fish.
Eutrophication is a natural, slow–aging process for a water body, but human activity greatly speeds
up the process." This has a direct impact on fish, their main predators who cannot not survive in low
levels of oxygen, leading to an increase in freshwater shrimp

Can There Be A Reef In Freshwater Essay
Can there be a reef in freshwater? Yes it is possible for a coral reef to be able to grow in fresh water,
in fact a massive coral reef has just been found in the amazon. The coral reef that just been found
stretches for more than 600 miles. But the reef isn't really in freshwater it's in brackish water (where
freshwater and salt water mix). Scientists started catching reef fish around a continental shelf so that
suggested that a reef may be around that area. They said that the reef proved to be amazing
providing them with some of the most colorful fish they have ever seen. They recorded 73 reef fish
species many of them carnivorous. The reason there is so much diversity is the sunlight that the reef
receives especially the southernmost part ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the many factors that we see in other mammals we don't know why we classify ourselves as
"human". We basically have the same DNA as chimpanzees (that's why we conduct experiments on
them). Scientists just can figure out what really makes us different from everything else in the
world. Paleontologists have found skeletons that resemble humans but are really linked to apes or
other primates. For example we have the same tooth pattern but our jawbones are different. We have
the same attributes to gorillas such as we have somewhere where we stay and also families. Our
DNA and chimp DNA have been compared together and the match it gave was 95%. Although our
form of communication of speech is better and improved other things in the animal kingdom also
have their way of communicating an example of this is a wolf calling out or a whale calling a mate.
We have our distinct feature such as we are hairless and we also stand up straight unlike our cousins
the apes. We also dress unlike the other animals that are naked. And our brains are more advanced
and bigger much larger than the ones in the animal kingdom. We also use many different things such
as fire and tools unlike apes. Many believe this is why we are so much different from the other
entire mammals that

A Review On Seawater And Sea Ice Desalination Technologies
"A review on seawater & sea ice desalination technologies" Jadhav J.S.1, Apate A.D.2, Nilkanth
S.S.3 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Annasaheb Dange college of Engineering &
technology, Ashta, Maharashtra, INDIA 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Annasaheb Dange
college of Engineering & technology, Ashta, Maharashtra, INDIA 3Everest college of Engineering,
Aurangabad, Maharashtra, INDIA : Abstract: Life on our planet requires fresh water. According to
WHO, water scarcity affects roughly one–third of the world's population, and approximately 2.3
billion people. The World Water Council states that this water crisis will become more acute over
the next fifty years as the world population increases. Yet, water covers nearly three quarters of our
planet –– 97.5% of this water is saltwater. Therefore, a practical, economically viable desalination
process is crucial to overcoming this crisis. A number of seawater desalination technologies have
been developed during the last several decades to augment the supply of water in arid regions of the
world. Due to the constraints of high desalination costs, many countries are unable to afford these
technologies as a fresh water resource. However, the steady increasing usage of seawater
desalination has demonstrated that seawater desalination is a feasible water resource free from the
variations in rainfall. A seawater desalination process separates saline seawater into two streams: a
fresh water stream containing a low

Oil Production Through Horizontal Fracking
Summary More than 60% of New Mexico is currently in a moderate to extreme drought. Water is a
scarce resource in New Mexico, and care should be taken to limit excess water use. Oil production
through horizontal fracking requires large amounts of purified water. Each well drilled requires
between 3 and 7 million gallons of clean water. In 2012 alone, 482 new wells were drilled in New
Mexico, producing more than 3 billion gallons of water waste. Under current regulations,
wastewater must be cleaned or disposed of and cannot be reused. Fracking water is difficult to clean,
leading many companies to dispose of much of the water deep underground. The water is stored so
deep that it is essentially removed from the water cycle. New ... Show more content on
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Since the 19th century, natural gas has been able to be extracted from deposits that are shallow
(Schmidt 2013). Just recently, horizontal fracking has become a cost effective option to collect
natural gas in shale deposits. This development has caused a boom in the fracking industry. In fact,
"in 2010 shale gas contributed 23% of domestic natural gas production, compared with 2% in 2000"
(Schmidt 2013). Horizontal fracking involves pumping a mixture of water and chemicals deep
underground in order to fracture shale, thus releasing natural gas trapped therein. While natural gas
may be the "cleanest fossil fuel available," the process of collecting it is not without environmental
concern. At the forefront of environmental issues in fracking are the large use of freshwater in wells
and the production of large amounts of wastewater. Hunter (2012) points out that as the fracking
boom began, "speculators rushed into hydrofracking ... with little attention to how much water
would be needed or the best practices for managing the water when they were done with the wells."
As mentioned before, in the year 2012 alone, more than 3 billion gallons of fracking water waste
were produced in the state of New Mexico. While "conventional gas production generates 65%
more wastewater per unit of recovered gas than fracking does" (Schmidt 2013), the use of water by
fracking is still of particular to concern to a state like New Mexico

Creative Writing On St. Johns
On a cool, brisk summer evening, me and my family found ourselves going to the St. Johns river
harbor. We went on a walk down the wood trail that led to the harbor. The trail was full of seaweed
green moss, burnt orange decaying trees, and an assortment of dead leaves leaves. Squires jumped
from tree to tree, field mice ran to there holes in the ground, and cicadas could be heard from every
direction.
When we reached the harbor, we walked down the long wooden bridge. The water below was was
brackish, so we could only see halfway down to the bottom. That was when I saw a large slow
moving grey piece of lumpy rubber. I called my family to come see the mass of rubber. When they
had all come, something amazing happened. A small whiskery snout and

Properties Of Phosphorus 31 System Essay
1) Properties of Phosphorus–31 system: Ideal phosphorus system has Relatively high mass
difference between large and small isotope ratio (Large isotope: Small Isotope). It has high natural
abundance so, we can easily measure practically. It is also related to Even Magic mass number. This
type of system participates in many forms of fractionation. This system should be conservative in
the process. Generally, sources are limited to others and quantity. It may be related to the signal such
as high noise in the system. Phosphorus–31 is also little bit less sensitive than proton and somewhat
higher sensitive than carbon. It has also wide chemical shift range. Application of P–31: Phosphorus
is mainly used in NMR spectroscopy (Nuclear magnetic resonance). It is one kind of analytical
technique because it has 100 % isotopic abundance and relatively high magnetogyric ratio compare
to other isotopes. It has also spin of ½ which makes spectra easy to understand and interpret. It also
used to assay purity and to assign structure of P– containing compounds. By using this, we can
resolve it within its characteristics. As we discussed, In NMR, P–31 use widely particularly in
Monitoring reactions, Measuring epoxide content of carbon nanomaterials and Assaying sample
purity. 2) There are so many isotope systems has application based on the radioactive decay of
isotope and buildup of the same isotope. Ar–Ar dating system is one of them. In this system, the key
is that

Producing Drinking Water With Desalination Technology Essay
Desalting refers to a water treatment process that removes salts from water. It is also called
desalination or desalinization. Desalting can be done in a number of ways, but the result is always
the same: drinking water is produced from brackish (somewhat salty) water or seawater. Desalting
technologies can be used for a number of applications, but the purpose of this report is to discuss the
use of desalting to produce drinking water from saline water for domestic or municipal purposes.
Throughout history, people have continually tried to treat salty water so that it could be used for
drinking and agriculture. Of all the globe's water, 94 percent is salt water from the oceans and 6
percent is fresh. Of the latter, about 27 percent is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now, modern cities and major industries have developed in some of those areas thanks to the
availability of fresh water produced by desalting brackish water and seawater. About half of the
world 's desalted water is produced with heat to distill fresh water from seawater. The distillation
process mimics the natural water cycle in that salt water is heated, producing water vapor that is in
turn condensed to form fresh water. In a laboratory or industrial plant, water is heated to the boiling
point to produce the maximum amount of water vapor. The process that accounts for the most
desalting capacity for seawater is multi–stage flash distillation, commonly referred to as the Multi–
Stage Flash process or MSF. In the MSF process, seawater is heated in a vessel called the brine
heater. This is generally done by condensing steam on a bank of tubes that carry seawater, which
passes through the vessel or brine–heater. This heated seawater then flows into another vessel, called
a stage; where the ambient pressure is lower, causing the water to immediately boil. The sudden
introduction of the heated water into the chamber causes it to boil rapidly, almost exploding or
flashing into steam. Generally, only a small percentage of this water is converted to steam (water
vapor), depending on the pressure maintained in this stage, since boiling will continue only until the
water cools (furnishing the heat of vaporization) to the boiling point. This process of lowering

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