Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Vagus Nerve Stimulation
This article discusses how an electrical shock given to a nerve that travels from the brainstem to all the organs, called the vagus nerve, can help to stop
autoimmune diseases. In the past, stimulation of the nerve was used to treat epilepsy and depression. In 1998, a neurosurgeon by the name of Kevin
Tracy at the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research found that the stimulation of the vagus nerve in rats greatly reduced the production of TNF–a
which is a protein that helps the process of inflammation. Basically, when this nerve is stimulated, it releases increased noradrenaline in the spleen to
immune T cells. In turn, the T cells release more acetylcholine to the macrophages. Last, these macrophage release less of the pro–inflammatory
TNF–a. To carry on Tracy's work, Akiko Nakai at the Osaka University in Japan found that nerve stimulation limited what T cells could do in the
bloodstream in the process of inflammation. Over... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although there is no cure for autoimmune disease, this treatment could potentially be very effective and efficient. The power of the electrical shock
needed to stimulate the nerve is miniscule relative to its effects on all the organs it connects to, including the most important one to this treatment, the
spleen. Unlike other treatments, all this requires is an electrical shock that is accessible at any medical center.
This article interests me personally because I find that the interdependence of the nervous and the immune system is fascinating. Two different organ
systems that have only one common goal: to maintain homeostasis. In all other aspects, they are prodigiously different on how they work, why they
work, and what they do for the body. This article also shows how humans these days are brilliant enough to think of these techniques that would have
been
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Axonal Nerve Injuries
Introduction
Nerve injury is not fatal but can severely impact quality of life. Peripheral nerve injuries occur in an estimated 2–3% of all patients admitted to a Level
1 trauma center (1) and are commonly caused by trauma to the upper limbs. The economic impact of nerve injuries can be large with operative costs,
hospital charges, rehabilitation visits, and lost time at work. Only subtle improvements to peripheral nerve repair have been made recently, and our
current knowledge of nerve physiology and regeneration vastly exceeds our current repair capabilities.
Poor outcomes of peripheral nerve injury are largely due to the slow process of axonal outgrowth. After nerve injury, severed proximal axons with
intact cell bodies can grow up ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The proposed mechanism is PEG–induced lipid bilayer fusion by removing the hydration barrier surrounding the axolemma and reducing the activation
energy required for membrane fusion to occur. In an axonal injury without PEG, axonal endings seal after an influx of calcium, preventing axonal
fusion (6). Figure 1 demonstrates the bioengineered process of PEG fusion. When severed axonal endings are exposed to calcium–free hypotonic
saline and an antioxidant (i.e. Methylene Blue or Melatonin), vesicle–mediated sealing is decreased, keeping membrane leaflets open. PEG is then
applied to artificially induce closely apposed membranes of severed axonal ends to flow into each other and fuse. This produces a partial repair of the
plasmalemmal membranes that are then perfused with calcium containing saline, which causes vesicles to accumulate and seal remaining holes at the
injury site. This process is known as PEG fusion.
The success of our PEG–fusion technique is based on multiple factors including PEG, calcium, nerve stump approximation, and an antioxidant
Methylene Blue (MB) (Figure 1). PEG, a hydrophilic compound, enhances axonal fusion in either severed or crushed settings and restores the ability
to generate compound action potentials across the site of injury. PEG potentially facilitates lipid bilayer fusion by removing water molecules from the
lipid bilayer at or near the damage site (Figure

Acute And Chronic Effects On The Body System
Assignment 1
Task 1
As you exercise, changes occur in your body system known as acute and chronic effects. Acute effects on the body system contain short term effects
and they would occur straightway when performing exercise. Whereas, chronic effects on the body system contain long term effects and it is adaptable
to the body system so new demands are encountered within the future. There are different systems that occur in our body: musculoskeletal system,
energy system, respiratory system and cardiovascular system.
Musculoskeletal system
Firstly, the musculoskeletal system includes your muscles, tendons, ligaments, bones and cartilage. The nervous system is also at times used to control
the musculoskeletal system; this would allow voluntary movement to take place. The impulses around the body help contract muscles; as a muscle
contracts it would shorten and pull the attached bone to it. As well as this, the skeletal system maintains a structure and posture for the body and allows
movement to take place, and so it produces heat by contracting muscles. Some of the acute changes that take place in the musculoskeletal system are:
Increased blood supply– having an increased blood supply would allow more oxygen to be taken in as the heart will quickly pump blood around the
body. An increased blood supply is required because of more oxygen and metabolic activity needed whilst exercising. There is a higher demand for
oxygen and it helps remove carbon dioxide. A sporting example

I Had A Good Day At Work Essay
I always had a positive outlook on everything when I was younger. In fact, up until this year, I could still find the good in every negative situation.
When I became depressed, though, everything changed dramatically. I cant explain how confused I was. Nothing had happened to make me feel
the way I did; it really just came out of nowhere. Being a person who looks to logic for explanation, I was not only depressed and confused, but
irritated. I kept thinking, "This is not normal. Humans are not supposed to feel like this". I had always had the power to change my attitude about
almost anything. If I wanted to like something, I would; if I wanted to have a good day at work, I would. But for the first time in my life, I was
totally helpless. My power of mind had failed me. I was totally screwed. Suddenly, nothing was good or fun, or even worth doing. My favorite
things seemed boring, and everything else seemed pointless. For some reason, every song that I would hear would be sad to me...and not just kind
of depressing, but completely tragic. Every television show or movie seemed terrifying to me. My stomach would be filled with adrenaline
constantly for fear of what someone might say (knowing it would be the saddest thing I 'd ever heard). Everything was so black, so endless, and so
impossible. I had become something I never wanted to be. I felt so distant from myself and everyone else. I wasn 't me anymore, and I think that made
me even more scared. Soon, my dreams became

Stress-Related Back Pain Research Paper
Millions of Americans have experienced back pain at one point or another in their life. Back pain is one of the most common complaints that a doctor
will hear from a patient on a visit. Understanding the source of your pain can be very overwhelming and frustrating, especially when a structural
explanation cannot be provided. Could your back pain be triggered by stress? For many individuals, stress is not the first thing that comes to mind
when trying to establish the cause of their back pain. However, it is quite possible that stress is the primary cause of your back pain. Stress–related
back pain is real. What is stress–related back pain? This is a back pain that is initiated by the psychological or emotional factor–stress, or is maintained
by it, or both. In simpler terms, when we hold stress in our bodies, it can cause a physical change that leads to back pain. Physician and professor of
physical medicine and rehabilitation at New York University, John Sarno MD, who helped to popularize the notion of stress
–related back pain,
contends that the patient's feelings, personality, and unconscious issues are the direct cause of the back pain. Stressful life situations, coupled with
personality characteristics, can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Blood flow to different soft tissues, which includes muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves, is limited as a result of constricted blood vessels,
triggered by this psychological change. A decrease in oxygen in the blood, along with waste products in themuscle, amounts to muscle tension and
back pain in the individual. Stress–related back pain carries symptoms such as back or neck pain, sleep disruption and fatigue, shifting muscle aches,
and muscle tenderness. If back pain is stress–related, lacking a structural explanation, a multi–disciplinary treatment option involving an assessment of
the physical, cognitive, emotional, and environmental is typically

The Vagus Nerve Analysis
The Vagus Nerve is the 10th of 12 pairs of Cranial nerves and is the main contributor of the parasympathetic nervous system (Stakenborg et al 2013),
"the parasympathetic system predominates the body during resting conditions" (McCorry 2007). When the Vagus nerve is stimulated it triggers a
response that affects certain functions of the body "influencing digestion, metabolism and the relaxation response" (Dr Sircus 2014).
Vasovagal is a term denoting the response caused through the stimulation of the Vagus nerve, which releases excessAcetylcholine; promoting the
"relaxation response" (Dr Sircus 2014) triggering a series of events such as bradycardia and hypotension.
"Syncope, defined as transient loss of consciousness and postural tone with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Assuming the Phlebotomist has had training in the use of a Sphygmanomometer and the knowledge pertaining to the results it stipulates; the
Phlebotomist would be aware that a 98 systolic over 55 diastolic reading for blood pressure could be a low reading or a very low reading indicating
hypotension depending on what their regular (baseline); would normally be. Hypotension means the blood flow around the body has been reduced
from within the normal values which are measured in millimetres of Mercury (mmHg); typical values for adults are 100–150mmHg Systolic and
60–90mmHg Diastolic. It was distinguished earlier in this document that the Vagal nerve triggers the "relaxation response" (Dr Sircus 2014). Aydin et
al (2010) cites the "activation of this reflex mechanism" (Vagus nerve response) "provokes bradycardia, vasodilatation and hypotension". When
vasodilatation occurs; blood has to fight against gravity within its circulatory pathways in order to travel upwards to reach the brain due to increased
blood

Biomechatronics: Analyzing Human Motion Essay
Modern robotics is edging ever closer to this vision in a field known as biomechatronics. Many people around the world take their limbs for granted;
some people have lost or have impaired limbs due to trauma, disease or birth defects. Scientist are edging closer to developing biomechatronic; merging
man with machine. Bimechatronic scientists attempt to make electronic devices that interact with the body's muscles and nervous system with the aim to
enhance human movement. Dr. Hugh Herr, a leading scientist and his team are working on developing biomechartonics using computer models and
camera analyses to study the movement of balance. (How Stuff Works Inc, 2005) They are also researching how electronic devices can be interfaced
with the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nerve cells in your foot then react to the ground force and feedback the information to adjust to the force, or the appropriate muscle group. Nerve
cells in your legs muscle spindles sense the position on the floor and rely the information to the brain where it is processed and send back where the
movement takes place. Interfacing Biomechatronic devices allow the user to connect muscle systems and nerves in order to send and receive
information from the device. This technology is not available at ordinary orthotics and prosthetics devices. Scientist will then have created a device,
which helps to treat paralysis, and stroke victims who are unable to move their feet when they walk. When the foot is installed the scientists will mingle
the nerves and muscles together. This will enable them to use the limb. When the user wants to move the limb the biosensors receive information about
the limbs movement and force. Then the movement that will be sent to the controller that is located internally or externally. The controller will then
relay the user intention to the mechanical sensor where it will be processed aand then sent back to the actuator and the limb where the movement will
take place. (How Stuff Works Inc, 2014)
Advantages
Disadvantage
Biochatronics can be very hard to fix, as they are very complex machines with very small

The Feeling Of Love In Barbara Fredrickson's 'Love 2. 0'
In the excerpt from "Love 2.0" by Barbara Fredrickson, the feeling of love is explained to be more biological in nature. Love is often seen as an
intense emotion that connects two or more people through trust and communication. It can click into place after a lengthy conversation or just a shared
glance. While this may seem dramatic, Fredrickson offers her own biological perspective to explain these phenomena in a more grounded sense. These
biological reasonings aide her in proving that love is not unconditional or exclusive, but rather shared with all that give off a positive resonance. It is
also made possible through the synchronized flow of the two people's brains, the release of the hormone, oxytocin, and the healthy control of the
vagal. The combination of these parts enables a person to experience this feeling of love and receive it from others as well. It is important to
understand these scientific reasonings because they show how people can obtain this deep love with multiple people by just listening to their bodies.
The different biological processes enable people to love better by creating a deeper connection in conversation, a strong sense of trust, and providing the
skills people need to acquire the love their bodies crave.
When someone meets a romantic interest for the first time, there is an instant positive connection between them that makes them feel in sync. It may
be love at first sight, or it may due to the "brain synchrony" (110) between them. Through brain synchrony "your respective brain waves mirror one
another, [and] each of you–moment by moment–changes the other's mind" (110). Through conversation, the brains of the two–people involved begin to
react and flow in a way that one brain almost predicts the pattern the other will take. This synchronization creates that instant connection between these
two–people making them feel love for the other. People crave to be understood and be able to express their feelings to others without any sort of
rejection. By giving them a platform to talk about and in turn sharing their own thoughts it creates this mental connection between them. While sharing
emotions can run a deeper conversation, by simply paying close attention to what the other

Classification Manual For Voice Disorders
The voice is an individual's main mode of communicating his or her wants, needs, and emotions among other things. Each individual's voice is
different, depending on whether the individual is male or female, and ranges in pitch and loudness. The voice is something that defines an individual
as a person by helping shape the person's overall personality and attitude. However, there are many factors that may cause an individual's voice to be
affected. According to Verdolini and colleagues (2006), the "Classification Manual for Voice Disorders I describes seven distinct causal classifications
which include laryngeal problems related to structural (1) pathologies, (2) inflammatory conditions, and (3) trauma or injury; (4)systemic conditions,
(5) nonlaryngeal aero digestive disorders, (6) psychiatric–psychological disorders, and (7) neurological disorders". Due to such a broad definition of
what a voice disorder is, it is difficult to determine the incidence and prevalence of voice disorders. Most normative data includes information on
individuals with occupations that require them to use their voice more than the average person, such as teachers, speech pathologists, and even singers
(Boone et al., 2014). The purpose of this paper will be to provide background information on one causation of a neurological voice disorder–vocal fold
paralysis, describe the diagnostic process for assessing a voice disorder, and describe the treatments available for the types of vocal fold paralysis.

Informative Speech on Als Essays
Informative Speech on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) OBJECTIVES: General Purpose: To inform the audience about ALS Specific Purpose:
To inform the audience about the diagnosis and progression of ALS Central Idea: The symptoms and effects of this disease on the individual and
family Organizational Pattern: The progression of ALS from diagnosis to death INTRODUCTION I. Take a moment, and point at the computer screen.
Notice that your index finger is extended and your other fingers are curled into your palm. How did your hand know to do that? It all began in your
brain, the starting point for an important chain of communication. Your brain ordered nerve cells, to activate... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
C. Once the victim is positively diagnosed they are given a life expectancy of 2–5 years. (As the disease progresses the symptoms get worse) III.
Middle Stage A. Some muscles are paralyzed, while others are weakened or unaffected. B. Walking becomes difficult, if a fall occurs, the person
may not be able to stand back up alone. Driving is relinquished. Weakness in swallowing muscle may cause choking, and greater difficulty eating
and managing saliva. C. Weakness in breathing muscles can cause respiratory insufficiency, especially when lying down. D. Some people
experience bouts of uncontrolled and inappropriate laughing or crying. (Despite how it seems, the person usually doesn't feel particularly sad or
happy.) IV. Late Stages A. Most voluntary muscles are paralyzed B. The muscles that help move air in and out of the lungs are severely
compromised. C. Mobility is extremely limited, and help is needed in caring for most personal needs. D. Poor respiration may cause fatigue, fuzzy
thinking, headaches and susceptibility to pneumonia (Respiratory insufficiency is a leading cause of death in ALS.) (When ALS attacks, it attacks
quickly) V. Final Goodbyes A. In the last stage of the disease the effects on the body are crucial. B. The vast majority of deaths from ALS are the
result of

The Neural Epidural Junction Is Where The Psychological,...
The neural epidural junction is where the psychological, physiological and somatic systems intersect. These systems all give access to my personal
identity. In addition, the three systems redirect thoughts and feelings on how I associate with systems and through the colors, the subconscious and a
compassionate self is revealed by the following. I created a grouping of three large and small figureheads, and an umbrella–like sky (the visor). These
figureheads enable viewers to sieve their thoughts and feelings as I do. Specifically, sharing the mental anxiety through shock encounters (concrete
figurehead); memories of the Holocaust and traumatic circumstances. Also, the physiological response captured in an array of colors (glass figurehead)
which, convey emotional responses. In addition, even though, I am a down–to–earth person, the third figurehead communicates that I also crumble
like the soil (clay figurehead). The smaller figures mounted on the visor above the clay figurehead intends to give a whimsical, floating feeling to
emphasize the warmth related to the feelings of compassion I hold. It is also through the colors in all the figureheads, the visor and the illumination
with LED lights, and crackling effect that I project whom I am. Further, by having a visor emulate a stained glass, I created an illusion that viewers
can embrace seeing society as tainted, as I do. The three figureheads work like fitting a puzzle together and addressing caring. The concrete head is

Supraspinatus Tendonitis Essay
Supraspinatus tendonitis typically occurs when there is an impingement of the supraspinatus muscle of the shoulder joint between the acromion as it
passes by the acromion and humerus head. In response, the supraspinatus tendon and the contiguous peritendinous soft tissues become inflamed. The
supraspinatus is a muscle located in the supraspinatus fossa of the scapula located in the shoulder and is largely affected by supraspinatus tendonitis.
The supraspinatus allows for the abduction of the shoulder and its insertion is the greater tuberosity of the humerus. Tendonitis is the inflammation of a
tendon and commonly occurs in the elbows, knees, and shoulders. Therefore, supraspinatus tendonitis is the inflammation of the supraspinatus. This
condition is a very common inflammatory problem because it can be caused by the abduction of the arm, which is involved in many sports and
activities. The supraspinatus muscle, the head of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, people who play volleyball tend to get supraspinatus tendonitis because they have to constantly raise their hand and apply force to the
volleyball. Other hobbies like weightlifting, swimming, rowing, painting, and tennis are all activities that can cause supraspinatus tendonitis because it
makes it more likely for the supraspinatus to pass under the acromion. Although this condition occurs more often in athletes and active individuals,
people who are between 30 to 60 years old also commonly get this condition as well. Older people get supraspinatus tendonitis, due to supraspinatus
tendinosis, which is when there is chronic degeneration without any inflammation. This can cause supraspinatus tendonitis because this condition can
occur over time and slowly weaken the shoulder. Additionally, any long term joint disease like like osteoarthritis can cause supraspinatus tendonitis in
older individuals because it can also abate the

Guillain-Barresyndrome Case Studies
Benjamin Verhey
RCP 251
Guillain–Barre МЃsyndrome
11/14/14
Guillain–Barre МЃsyndrome (GBS) was first described in 1916 by Guillain, Barre МЃand Strohl as a rapid progressive motor disorder with noted
absence of reflexes and elevated levels of cerebrospinal fluid proteins [1]. Research throughout the early twentieth century began to identify varying
subtypes and severities of GBS ranging from decreased sensory perception and distal weakness to respiratory paralysis and death in more several
instances [2]. GBS is currently understood as a syndrome that encompasses a spectrum of immune mediated polyneuropathies [3]. The onset of GBS is
associated with an antecedent infection typically 2–4 weeks before the onset of symptoms. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
G. Guillain, J. Barre МЃ,and A. Strohl, "Sur un syndrome de radiculo–nevrite avec hyperalbuminose du liquide cephalo– rachidien sans reaction
cellulaire. Remarques sur les characters clinique et graphique des reflexes tendinaux," Bulletins et Memories de la Societe Medicale des Hopitaux de
Paris, vol. 40, pp. 1462–1470, 1916.
2.W. K. J. Haymaker, "The Landry–Guillain–Barre МЃ syndrome: a clinicopathologicic report of fifty fatal cases and a critique of the literature,"
Medicine, vol. 28, pp. 59–141, 1949.
3.Orlik K, Griffin GD. Guillain–BarrГ© in a 10–month–old: diagnostic challenges in a pediatric emergency. Am J Emerg Med. 2014;32(1):110.e5
–6.
4.Winer JB. An update in guillain–barrГ© syndrome. Autoimmune Dis. 2014;2014:793024.
5.Dimachkie MM, Barohn RJ. Guillain–BarrГ© syndrome and variants. Neurol Clin. 2013;31(2):491–510.
6.Van den berg B, Walgaard C, Drenthen J, Fokke C, Jacobs BC, Van doorn PA. Guillain
–BarrГ© syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and
prognosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(8):469–82.
7.Ryan MM. Pediatric Guillain–BarrГ© syndrome. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2013;25(6):689–93.
8.Winer JB. An update in guillain–barrГ© syndrome. Autoimmune Dis.

Persuasive Speech About Relationships
Have you been cheated on? Is your partner having an affair with someone else? Well, if yes, then this book is definitely for you.
They say change is the only constant thing in the world and that everything happens for a reason. We all know that nothing is perfect and life is as
messy as your room. Same goes with relationships. Every relationship starts with flowers and hearts, experiences some bumpy and sticky roads along
the way, and will either come to an end, or to a fruitful marriage. That's the scariest part of dating, and it is one of life's greatest mysteries. You will
never know what will happen next...
One of the most common things that barricades every couple's way to their possible future together is infidelity. If you're having the best partner around
and suddenly, your system goes into turmoil when you ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then there will be utter devastation, feelings of hurt, confusion, and betrayal to deal with. On top of that, there are also many ribcage–opening heart
decisions to think and make about the future of your relationship––– Is it time to end the relationship? Or you just need some time to think? Maybe,
you badly need counseling.
First, let's talk about cheating. When one of you cheats, it just means that your relationship needs some minor repairs, or in other cases–really serious
repairs. It serves as a premonition, a stop light, a warning sign that something is wrong. It could be with you, with him/her, or with both of you.
Now let's have a 30 day plan to help you cope after the affair. The healing process is an emotional one and takes some real work from both parties
involved, not just with only you. The process of fixing and figuring things up and saving the relationship is really difficult and emotional–like, really
emotional for some people––– but it is not impossible to achieve, to give you out good

What Is The Purpose Of Electromyography
Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies
An electromyogram (EMG) gauges the electrical activity of muscles at rest and during contraction. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) measure how well
and how fast the nerves can send electrical signals.
The nervous system is a complex, sophisticated system that regulates and coordinates body activities. It is made up of two major divisions: the central
nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (all other neural elements). The brain sends out signals through electrical
signals–called impulses–that control the muscles of the body. Unfortunately,nerve and muscle problems cause the muscles to react in abnormal ways.
The purpose of EMG/NCS is to localize where your symptoms are coming from. That can be pain, any kind of numbness and tingling, and/or
weakness and the test is also good at assessing the severity of your symptoms. Typically, these studies are ordered when a patient is having some type
of nerve symptom: pain, numbness and tingling or a burning sensation, and/or any type of weakness where a person can feel a change in muscle
strength. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly, it can be used to locate diseases that damage muscle tissue, nerves, or the junctions between the two. These problems may include a herniated
disc, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or myasthenia gravis (MG). Secondly, it can be used to detect the origin of weakness, paralysis, or muscle
twitching. Problems in a muscle, the nerves supplying a muscle, the spinal cord, or the area of the brain that controls a muscle can all be the source of
these symptoms. However, the EMG does not show brain or spinal cord

Dugesia Spp Research Paper
Dugesia spp., also known as planaria is a small flat dark brown worm of varying sizes around 0.3 – 2 cm long and 1 – 2 mm wide (Palmer and Fowler,
1975 as cited by Cha, 2001). Although they are small, they are hermaphroditic (Maule, 2006). The middle of the body is darker in color with tiny
spots. The body consists of an arrow shaped head and a long unsegmented body that narrows as it reaches the posterior end (T. Huang, biology student,
personal communications). Midway down the ventral side of its body, the pharynx is a tube–like structure that protrudes out for feeding (Cha, 2001).
The body is smooth and stretches in contracting and expanding movements as the Dugesia spp. travels around a flat surface (T. Huang, biology
student, personal communications). The two side parts of the arrow that extends out of its head are sensory organs, the auricles (Cha, 2001). The
auricles help sense water currents so that the Dugesia spp. is aware of the direction of water flow (Kriska and Gyorgy, 2013). Dugesia spp. has tiny
eyes called eyespots located on the dorsal side of its arrow head. The eyespots can detect light and are extremely sensitive to light (Cha, 2001). Dugesia
spp. lives in freshwater bodies like lakes and ponds located in areas of North America and Europe (Maule, 2006). Due to its extreme... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
2001). The ganglia are connected to two nerve cords that goes along the entire body (SalГі et al. 2001). When light hits the photoreceptor cells, it
signals the nerve cells to react and evade the light source (SalГі et al. 2001). Due to the simplicity of its eyes, it can only detect light and darkness; it
can only live in habitats that are dark. With high sensitive eyes, the prediction is that when Dugesia spp. is exposed to sunlight, it stresses the planarian
and forces it to move away from light (negative

The Trail of Evidence From Treatment To Causes of Depression
The Trail of Evidence From Treatment To Causes of Depression
When a person is depressed, the primary characteristic is a subjective awareness of mood change: the person has an ongoing feeling of sadness or
emptiness. This feeling is often accompanied by eating disturbances, feelings of hopelessness, inability to concentrate, indecisiveness, sleep
disturbances, lost interest in enjoyable activities, psychomotor retardation, fatigue, sluggishness or lethargy, and is often co–morbid with other
disorders, especially anxiety.
This constellation of feelings and observable behaviors give rise the term depression. In cases where the depression is not severe or recurrent,
psychotherapy alone may be sufficient. However, in many cases, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While it is true that the state of the nervous system at any moment is a complex interplay of both input from the external world and the system's own
internal biases and states, so that the "internal/external" dichotomy is perhaps an oversimplification –– I think that patients who respond favorably to
psychotherapy alone (and don't experience later relapses) may represent a qualitatively different underlying etiology than those who experience
recurrent, persistent and debilitating depression. Put differently, if the nervous system is constantly changing, and we recognize that some of the
changes are more temporary while others reflect more lasting modifications, the patients for whom psychotherapy alone is effective perhaps reflect
more transient underlying nervous system changes.
In terms of a biosocial stress–diathesis model (diathesis refers to biological predisposition and stress to environmental contribution), these
psychotherapy–receptive patients may have a low diathesis, and whatever environmental stressors have occurred to induce depression, have not done
so to the extent that they have altered the biological system in a pervasive and lasting way. Therefore, the scope of this paper will not further address
this group of depression sufferers, concentrating instead on those who experience persistent, severe and/or recurrent depression, whose manifestations
and course suggest stable changes to the nervous system in a variety of ways,

Neurotransmitter and Maximal Contractile Response Essay
Department of Physiology
PHY2021
Body Systems Physiology
Activity of Gastrointestinal
Smooth Muscle Worksheet
Due by:
Noon (12 pm) Friday April 12
Pre–prac Reading: Vander, 12th Edition:
Section 6D.4 (pp 175–180), Section 15.2 (pp 521–522), Section 15.4 (pp 528–529, 536–538 & 542–543).
INTRODUCTION
Give a brief description in your own words of the objectives and aims of this practical.
The aim of this practical was to discover the effects that numerous hormones and drugs have on the sample ileum's nerves and relate this to the human
autonomic nervous system.
The objectives include observing the change in contractions during different levels of stimulation and inhibition, such as that from different ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A decrease in stimulus frequency results in a greater number of contractions within the ileum. An increase in the stimulus frequency results in a
decrease in the release of neurotransmitters, further inhibiting the contractions of the ileum.
B. MIMICKING THE ACTION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM USING DRUGS
пЂґ Attach copies of your experimental recordings showing the response of the ileum to the direct addition of noradrenaline and of acetylcholine to the

tissue bath.
1)What was the final bath concentration of noradrenaline you used? Briefly describe the response of the ileum to the direct addition of noradrenaline.
2)What was the final bath concentration of acetylcholine you used? Briefly describe the response of the ileum to the direct addition of acetylcholine.
3)Since an inhibitory response to nerve stimulation was observed in all (or most) of the tissues studied in the practical, how is differential control (i.e.,
both inhibition and excitation) of gut contraction achieved in the body? Is it always inhibitory in vivo? What happens in the intact animal?
C. BLOCKING AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM TRANSMITTER TARGETS
Effect of phentolamine on the responses to nerve stimulation and added transmitter substances
пЂґ Attach copies of your experimental recordings showing the response of the ileum to nerve stimulation and to the direct addition of

Critical Review Of Interfaces With The Peripheral Nervous...
Summary of 'Critical Review of Interfaces with the Peripheral Nervous System for the Control of Neuroprostheses and Hybrid Bionic Systems':
Various neuroprostheses were developed to substitute artificially in patients with neurological disability which allows neuromuscular stimulation and
also neural signal recording. As there is much development in the electronic implants and study of neural functions which helped in introduction of
interfaces that work by interchanging the information between Central nervous system and instruments which are connected to the computer.
Many architectures are developed and they were also tested to regulate totally different platforms: To artificially replace central motor control, FES
systems are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are different advantages and disadvantages of peripheral nerve electrodes:
Advantages: Nerve electrical activity can be recorded with the help of same electrodes, Electrical characteristics don 't seem to be suffering from
changes in muscle length throughout the movement, Reduction of dangerous electrochemical processes. Disadvantages: Chance of damage to
nervesdue to implantation of electrode, Implantation also requires sensitive surgical process, which depends upon the availability of the nerves.
In this paper, the main aspects of interfaces with the PNS are reviewed.
Organization of PNS:
Peripheral nerves consists of different types of nerve fibers.Sensory fibers convey numerous sensory inputs which are mainly mechanicaland harmful
stimuli. The type of nerve fibers is always different as it depends on the nerve and the anatomical location. Somatic peripheral nerves are sensory and
also mixed. The fascicular architecture varies the length of the nerve and it also increases the number of fascicles of smaller size. The normal activities
of the body are controlled utilizing the efferent neural signs going from the CNS to the PNS to enroll distinctive muscles. Every spinal motoneuron
creates synaptic contact with large number of muscle fibers, which constitutes of a motor unit. Nervous system generates the graded contraction of
each and every muscle by increasing

Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome : An Autoimmune Disease
Introduction Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome, also known as Eaton Lambert syndrome, is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by the
onset of severe muscle weakness. The muscle weakness involved with Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) typically occurs in the pelvis and
thigh muscles. Approximately 60 percent of LEMS cases are associated with a small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and the onset of LEMS symptoms often
precedes the detection of the cancer (Gozzard). Patients who have LEMS that also have cancer tend to have a history of smoking and are usually
older adults. LEMS occurs often in men with tumors in their chests, especially lung cancer. Individuals without cancer can develop LEMS at any age.
However, LEMS is rarely seen in children and this disease is not hereditary. This disease is also more common in men than in women and the
progression depends on whether it occurs with cancer. LEMS is named after Edward Lambert and Lee Eaton. These men were neurologists at the Mayo
Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota and they described Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome in the 1950's and 1960's. Approximately 400 people in the
United States have LEMS. This disease is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the body's own healthy tissues. The immune
system attacks neuromuscular junctions, which are the areas where a person's nerves and muscles connects. This then affects the way muscles and
nerves communicate and make it difficult to move muscles. LEMS

The Human Nervous System Essay
The Human Nervous System
The nervous system is the most complex part of the body, as they govern our thoughts, feelings, and bodily functions. It is an important factor in
science because it can lead to new discoveries for cures or diseases. The studies of the nervous system helped lower death rates from heart disease,
stroke, accidents, etc. The nervous system is a network of neurons (nerve cells that sends information to the brain to be analyzed.
Neurons live both in and outside the central nervous system. Understanding how the neurons work is vital to understanding the nervous system.
The neuron has two important structures called the dendrite and axon, also called nerve fibers. The dendrites are like tentacles that sprout ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The impulse is then sent to another neuron, and the process repeats until the nerves are at rest. The effect of the signals depends on what the target
is. If the target of the signal is a muscle cell, the effect might be a muscle contraction. The speed of the electrical impulse depends on the size of the
nerve fiber. In small nerves, the rate it transmits impulses is from a half to two meters a second. The larger the diameter of the nerve fiber, the higher
rate of conducting impulses. There is less electrical resistance in thick fibers. When nerve impulse jumps from one node (gaps in nerve fibers) to the
next, it is called saltatory conduction. Saltatory conduction conducts faster because it contains an insulator that prevents leakage of currents. The rate
of conduction is 2 to 120 meters a second. Not all nerves conduct impulse electrochemically. Some impulses jump from nerve to nerve, bypassing the
synapse. Unlike other cells, once neurons are lost, they can't be regenerated. Fortunately, there are about 10 billion neurons and they have other cells to
aid them in carrying messages to other nerves. But if nerves are severed, the nerve fibers can regenerate if the two ends are reattached precisely.
However, restored functions may produce different actions because the nerves might not be connected to the right channel.
There are three main parts of the nervous system: the central, peripheral, and autonomic

Technology: A New Way to Treat Chronic Problems
Like people, chronic conditions come in all shapes and sizes. From a minor inconvenience to in–your–face, life changing ailments, chronic conditions
account for significant spending in the United States. It is fortunate that for many disorders, an individual may choose to make better life style choices
resulting in improvement of the severity of the condition, or in some cases, eradication of the illness. Furthermore, chronic conditions and its
consequences may be immediate or deferred, depending on the individual. In addition to lifestyle choices, technology offers opportunities to improve
quality of life. A review of deferred and immediate consequences of chronic conditions, and well as the role of technology inseizure disorders,
schizophrenia, and congestive heart failure will be explored.
Chronically Chronic I remember as a little girl hearing about how my Maw Maw (Grandmother) suffered from arthritis and diabetes before she died.
Although it sounded very sad, I had a sense that was something that happened to other, unfortunate people. Now, here I am today, facing the reality that
due to a strong family history, I stand a very real chance of developing diabetes, arthritis, and hypertension. This same scenario plays out hundreds of
times per day, in hundreds of different ways, year after year. According to Christensen, Grossman, and Hwang (2009), "ninety million Americans
currently have chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, and dementia" and

Body Wall Tendons Research
Mark Jones
Writing Assignment 2
BIOL 510
4/11/2017
Tendons are one of the most important tissues in the body of any organism, transferring the power created by the muscles to the bones and allowing
coordinated body movements to occur. However, until recently there was very little known about the origin of this tissue and most of the research
performed focused on the limbs and the tendons associated with them. Along with the limited amount of research it seemed that not of them were
focused on the axial and ventrolateral body wall tendons. It was not until later that the discovery of Scleraxis, Scx, which is a bHLH transcription
factor found in, but not limited to, progenitor cells that eventually lead to tendon formation. The discovery of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In situ hybridization was used to visualize Scx expression and QCPN to identify quail cells. The two layers of sclerotome transplanted from quail to
chick indicated that quail cells produced Scx tendon progenitors and sclerotome. It also produced a complete set of tendon progenitors between the
myotome layers, indicating they arose from both chick and quail cells. While transplanted quail and host chick sclerotome indicated that the Scx
expressing cells were entirely produced by quail cells. This observation suggested that Scx expressing cells between two layers of myotome form from
the anterior and posterior edges to two adjacent somites. On the other hand, two adjacent dermomyotome layers did not produce any Scx expressing
tendon progenitors but, it did produce myotome and dermotome. This observation lead to the conclusion that the dermomyotome produces myotome
and the sclerotome produces the syndetome. These results raised the question: why is Scx expression only being observed on the anterior and
posterior boundaries of the somite closest to the myotome and if a signal from the myotome was responsible for the observed

Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Spastic cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder that unfolds in the developing brain – either right before birth or shortly after, typically before the child
turns one year of age. Head injuries that occur several weeks after birth may also cause spastic cerebral palsy. Spastic cerebral palsy makes up roughly
eighty percent of all cerebral palsy cases, since there are other types; spastic is considered to be the most common. Spastic cerebral palsy causes
neuromuscular mobility impairment meaning that there is a lack in connection between the nerves and muscles. The two parts of the brain affected by
spastic cerebral palsy are the cerebral motor cortex and the white matter. The cerebral motor cortex is responsible for movement, hearing, speech,
thinking, visual processing etc. Therefore if the cerebral motor cortex is damaged then all those previously listed may be affected. White matter is
responsible for transmitting signals to the body, consequently if it is damaged, nerve signals are interrupted. (Common Parts of the Brain Affected by
Cerebral Palsy.) Spastic cerebral palsy carries many symptoms which include muscle spasticity/stiffness, joint contracture, paralysis, seizures,
dysarthria, difficulty eating/swallowing, drooling, irregular breathing (respiratory problems), unsteady gait, learning disabilities, hearing/eyesight
problems, slower growth than average, scoliosis, bowel problems, or urinary incontinence. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.) Spastic

The Benefits Of Electroconvulsive Therapy ( Ect )
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Question 1: The electroconvulsive therapy is considered one of the most reliable treatments for depressions. This
therapy use electrodes that deliver a very tiny electric current to the patient's scalp. Due to the fact that this electrical current causes a seizure in the
grain, the patient is under general anesthesia. Doctors recommended this therapy only when a people suffers from severe depression and is not
responsive to pills and psychotherapy. It is also considered, the best treatment when the patient is a threat for himself or others. Sometimes, it is also
use when the symptoms are too severe that the doctor cannot take the risk of waiting for the medication take effect. Furthermore, according to the
website, the Electroconvulsive Therapy is only one of several brain stimulation therapies. ECT uses electrical current, but other use magnets or
implants to cure depressions. The advantages are as follows: It is the fastest way to relieve symptoms in severely depressed or suicidal patients. It is
also very effective to control mania. Moreover, when a patient is not responding to medications, ECT is one of the safest therapies to control clinical
depression and other several mental problems. The first disadvantage is that it can cause more damage than relief, if something goes wrong. It may
also cause memory loss, serious headaches, muscle aches, and severe stomachache. Question 2: Based on what I read, and even knowing that

Case Study on Compartment Syndrome
A Case Study on Compartment Syndrome of the Forearm in a soccer player
Objective: To describe the evaluation, diagnosis, and current treatment of a men's soccer player with compartment syndrome of the forearm.
Background: The forearm is the most common site for compartment syndrome in the upper extremity. The compartments of the forearm include the
volar (anterior or flexor), and the dorsal (posterior or exterior). Both bone forearm fractures and distal radius fractures are common initial injuries that
lead to acute forearm compartment syndrome. The flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus are among the most severely affected muscles
because of their deep location, closest to the bone.
Differential Diagnosis: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Acute compartment syndrome is a medical emergency. It is usually cause by a severe injury. And without treatment, it can lead to permanent muscle
damage. Chronic compartment syndrome, also known as exertional compartment syndrome, is usually not an emergency. This is most often caused by
an athletic exertion. Because the fascia does not stretch, this can cause increase pressure on the capillaries, nerves and muscles in the compartment.
The blood flow to the muscle and nerve cells is disrupted. Without a steady supply of oxygen and nutrients, the nerve and muscle cells can be damaged.
Compartment syndrome most often occurs in the anterior compartment of the lower leg. But can also be present in other compartments in the leg, as
well as the arms, hands, feet and buttocks. The pain and swelling of chronic compartment syndrome is caused by exercise. Athletes who participant in
activities with repetitive motions, such as running, biking, or swimming, are more likely to develop chronic compartment syndrome. This is usually
relieved by discontinuing the exercise and is usually not dangerous. Acute compartment syndrome usually develops after a severe injury such as a
broken bone. Rarely does it develop after a relatively minor injury. Conditions that may bring on acute compartment syndrome include: a fracture, badly
bruised muscle, reestablished blood flow after block circulation, or constricting bandages. The classic sign of acute

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is commonly referred to as ALS. This disease is also known to many as Lou Gehrig's disease. ALS is a disease
characterized by the slow death of certain nerve cells in the brain and spine. As described by research done through the Mayo Clinic, nerve cells
called motor neurons control the muscles that allow you to move muscles of your body. ALS effects these particular neurons and produce serious
neurological effects that can start as muscle weakness that eventually leads to disability and then to death. For some people diagnosed with ALS
they may find it difficult to walk, talk, eat food, swallow, and even breathe. These problems can, and will lead to injury, illness, and eventually
death. For most people who suffer with ALS, death will occur within three to five years after the first symptoms begin; some people may live for
many years beyond that. One of the early symptoms of ALS is footdrop, where lifting the anterior part of the foot or toes becomes problematic. Other
early symptoms include muscle twitching and weakness in the arms or the legs. Also, other early symptoms include hand weakness and noticeable
clumsiness. This may include things like having difficulty buttoning shirts or tying shoes. Trouble swallowing and slurred speech can also be an early
sign of ALS. Doctors don't know what actually causes ALS. What is known in about 1 case out of 10 is that it is hereditary. This means that 9 times
out of 10, someone with ALS does not

The Biology Of Kindness : How It Makes Us Happier And...
Maria Szalavitz, a writer for the TIMES magazine, wrote a media article in the social connection section called The Biology of Kindness: How It
Makes Us Happier and Healthier. She said to stay physically and mentally fit you need to have strong relationships. Strong relationships are as
important as avoiding chronic diseases and risk factors leading to those diseases. The information she referenced in the media article came from a study
published in the Psychological Science Journal. Maria Szalavitz first introduces the researchers, the professors, and the location where the research took
place. Then she explains the individuals facilitated in the experiment. Sixty five members of the university's faculty and staff were in the study on
meditation and stress. Half of the individuals randomly got assigned to take an hour–long class each week for six weeks in "loving–kindness"
mediation. This mediation centered on warm and compassionate thoughts about yourself and others. In the class, participants thought compassionately
about others by thinking their own words, thoughts, feelings, and concerns of life. Then they would expand their thoughts to include their social
relationships with their families, friends, and anyone they had contact. The researchers taught people to silently repeat phrases that would make them
happier and cleanse their minds from negative beliefs. In stressful situations, the instructor told the participants to say positive phrases to reassure
themselves.

Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndrome (PNS)
Introduction
Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes (PNS) are syndromes that result from dysfunction of the nervous system, caused by a benign or malignant tumor
via mechanisms other than direct tumor cell infiltration, metastasis, coagulopathy, infection or any treatment side effects [1]. All parts of the central
and peripheral nervous system may be affected by PNS and, as a result, signs and symptoms are diverse. Most PNS of the central nervous system have
in common a subacute course leaving the patients severely disabled in weeks to months and inflammatory changes in the CSF, including moderate
lymphocytic pleocytosis, increased protein levels and IgG index and presence of CSF–specific oligoclonal bands[2]. Early recognition may be difficult

The Function Of James And Musculoskeletal System
Case Introduction
James Walsh, a 55–year–old–male presented symptoms including weakness inferiorly in his right lower limb and difficulty performing simple tasks
such as walking or tying his shoelace. He also had some difficulties swallowing and often experiences unpredictable movements due to lack of control.
As a result, he primarily uses a wheelchair and requires careful assistance when performing everyday activities.
The function of James' musculoskeletal system is primarily to facilitate movement as the contraction of his muscles pull on bone to carry out an action.
It also contributes to heat production for enzymes to function, stability by resisting unwanted movement and maintains his posture (Saladin, K S.,
2007). This is important ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, James' case of spastic cerebral palsy alters the interaction between the musculoskeletal and nervous system in some areas which are affected.
Case Examination
James' condition of spastic cerebral palsy impacts the regulation of muscle tone due to the effect of spinal reflexes when muscles are slightly contracted
(Ballard, F., 2016). Muscle tone is dependent on the release of alpha motor neurons in thespinal cord (Albright, A.L., 1995). This is regulated when
there is a balance between excitatory impulses and inhibitory impulses. James' condition of cerebral palsy indicates that there is an imbalance between
excitatory impulses and inhibitory impulses. The imbalance between these impulses causes a lack in regulation of muscle tone due to the insufficient
release of alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord (Albright, A.L., 1995). James' excess production of excitatory impulses originates in the golgi tendons
of organs and muscle spindle, a specialised sensory receptor in the muscle (Albright, A.L., 1995). The impulse then passes through afferent nerves into
the spinal cord and releases excitatory neurotransmitters. In contrast, the lack of ability to generate inhibitory impulses suggest that the regions of the
brain responsible for the generation of inhibitory impulses including the basal ganglia, brain stem and cerebellum may be damaged (Albright, A.L.,
1995). Consequently, the excess of excitatory impulses may result in

Depression And Its Effects On Society
Depression is becoming somewhat of a household topic these days with nearly 6.9% of American adults and 350 million people worldwide suffering
from depression according to the World Health Organization. Depression is a mood disorder that causes persistent feelings of sadness and loss of
personal interests. It is frequently called major depressive disorder or clinical depression and it can affect the way people think, feel, and even their
behavior(s) can change. Depression is more than just the occasional blues and it is not something you can just make go away. Depression is much
more prevalent among women because women are twice as likely to develop depression compared to men. It can cause severe emotional and
occasionally physical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many outside factors that can contribute to and cause depression. Abuse is one of those factors, whether it is past physical, sexual, or
emotional abuse they increase one's vulnerability to clinical depression later. There are some drugs that can increase your risk for depression
such as Accutane an acne medication. Death or a loss of someone that is close to you can also increase the risk for depression. Genetics is another
risk factor increasing the risks for developing depression, it is not so much that there is one specific gene, but a little from several genes exerting
their effects combined can predispose a person to a higher risk of developing depression. Conflict with family and friends is another factor that
can cause depression. Substance abuse is also quite a factor considering that 30% of the people struggling with substance abuse are also suffering
from depression. Sometimes depression can go hand in hand with a serious medical illness, according to WebMD or depression could just be
triggered by a medical condition. These are just a few of the causes of depression, but because all the causes have yet to be discovered making it
impossible to list every cause of depression. There are many different symptoms associated with depression including feelings of hopelessness and
helpfulness. People experiencing depression, according to HelpGuide.org will often have a bleak outlook on

Prosocial Behavior And The Human Existence
The human existence is one that for the most part stays unexplained. As soon as we find a way to explain why we do what we do, it takes a very
small amount of time before someone has another explanation that is accepted. An example of this is prosocial behavior. Prosocial behavior is simply
the act of doing something that benefits a person or people around you. This behavior can be interestingly mapped all throughout human history with
different motivations along the way. From a religious perspective, humans have a willingness and duty instilled in them by a creator to help out
their fellow man. This is evident in the Bible with the story of The Good Samaritan where a man was beaten close to death and left in the street and
the only person that stopped to help him was a man that despised the type of person he was. Why would he stop? From an evolutionary perspective,
it would be logical to assume that the earliest humans benefitted from having each other around as a protection and survival source but also for a
foundation for emotional support. We are obviously not wired to go through this world alone. Both of these positions prove the existence of a natural
prosocial behavior, but they still leave open the idea of why and how it occurs when there is no apparent incentive for helping.
The act of helping someone for no other reason than to help them is called altruism. For the sake of traveling through this concept with the largest
picture in mind, we have to forget about

I Feel Therefore I Am
I Feel Therefore I Am Have you ever met that one person that is never in a good mood? Always sleeping, never eating or just walks around like a
zombie? Depression can alter multiple different aspects of your social, behavioral and professional life. If depression was to go untreated it could
lead to serious life altering changes which in turn could drive you deeper in to the depressed state. It has been proven that while depressed people
are affected with poor concentration and indecisiveness. ( WebMD) Complications such as these could lead to major issues in your professional or
personal life. Think about making that one huge mistake that might get you fired all because of mild depression. In addition to the anxiety of losing
your job the incident has also left you feeling even more depressed. So how can we end this cycle before depression consumes our lives? David
Kupfer States "Recurrent depression represents a major public health problem, and the successful long–term treatment of individuals who develop
repeated episodes of depression has become a high clinical priority. Effective preventive treatment requires continued pharmacological management for
most individuals with recurrent depression. Although the efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants or lithium carbonate in preventive treatment has been
well established, evidence is less clear for monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors and the newer antidepressants. In addition to the need for more
long–term studies on the

The Muscular And Nervous Systems Of Our Body
The Muscular and Nervous Systems of our body are two of eight major body functional systems that help us maintain homeostasis or in a chemical
balance within our bodies. When the body cannot maintain homeostasis there is usually some sort of sickness or disease that is targeting one of our
major body functions. An example of two diseases that could affect our homeostasis within our Muscular and Nervous System are Hydrocephalus and
Dystonia.
The Nervous System is the system of our body that deal with the many nerves in our body that help us respond and react to things outside of our body
that could or could not be conscious to us. The disease Hydrocephalus is a disease that affects the Nervous System through the brain. Hydrocephalus is
when fluid that normally would help cushion our brain becomes excessive. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid. By this fluid becoming excessive it
puts harmful pressure on the brain. Hydrocephalus can be categorized into two types. Congenital Hydrocephalus and Acquired Hydrocephalus.
Congenital Hydrocephalus is present at birth. The causes could be genetic or inherited through the parent's genes or problems during fetus
development. Acquired Hydrocephalus is happens after birth and at any age. Several causes such as head injuries, strokes, infections, tumors, and
bleeding in the brain are ways that can lead a person's diagnoses of Acquired Hydrocephalus. Symptoms patients should look for after experiencing one
of these causes are:

Non Pharmacological Approach for Depression and Other...
Non Pharmacological Approach for Depression and Other Disorders
Brain stimulation therapies:
Brain stimulation therapies are non pharmacological method which involves activating or touching the brain directly with electricity, magnets, or
implants to treat depression and other disorders. Among many techniques, electroconvulsive therapy is the most researched stimulation therapy.
Other stimulation therapies discussed here includes
пЃ¶Vagus nerve stimulation
пЃ¶repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
пЃ¶magnetic seizure therapy
пЃ¶Deep brain stimulation.
The latter methods are newer and more theoretical.
1. Electroconvulsive therapy
Introduction:
It is a non pharmacological standard psychiatric treatment in which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Amnesia following the procedure.
Clinical guidelines/Pearls
It is used about three times a week until the patient's depression wears away (usually within six to 12 treatments) which is followed by the
maintenance treatment in case of recurrence which range from one session per week to one session every few months.
It is found that antidepressant medication or a mood stabilizing medication are also consumed by patient undergoing ECT.
In the past, a "sine wave" was used to administer electricity in a constant, high dose. However, studies have found that a "brief pulse" of electricity
applied at frequent interval is less likely to cause memory loss.
The patient wakes up after few minutes of the procedure with some dizziness (anesthetic effects) and becomes alert after few hours and can resume

normal activities.
Vagus nerve stimulation
Introduction
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an adjunctive treatment for certain types of intractable epilepsy and treatment–resistant depression .
Despite FDA approval, VNS remains a controversial treatment for depression because the studies have not shown the promising outcome.
Source: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/brain–stimulation–therapies/brain–stimulation–therapies.shtml
Uses
It is used for following cases.
Eplilepsy,intractable
Treatment resistant

Three Different Kinds Of Muscles : Skeletal, Cardiac And...
Introduction: The body consists of three different kinds of muscles: skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle, which is the primary focus
of this lab, is made up of much smaller muscle fibers. These muscle fibers have smaller units called myofibrils followed by the smallest contractile unit
of a muscle fiber called the sarcomere. Furthermore, the sarcomere is composed of two filament types– thick filaments, called myosin and thin filaments
called actin. In order for muscle contraction to occur, these two filaments must bind to form cross bridges. These cross bridges are formed through the
interaction of the actin and myosin head along with calcium ions and ATP molecules. The formation and reformation of these cross bridges is what is
known as cross bridge cycling and is what is responsible for repeated muscle contraction in the same sarcomere. Muscle contractions only occur when
they receive action potentials from nerve cells called motor neurons. These motor neurons synapse directly onto muscle cells– sometimes even
innervating multiple muscle cells. If there is a need for stronger contraction, motor neurons can be recruited to aid in the increase of muscle contraction.
A concept known as motor unit recruitment. Typically, motor unit recruitment goes from the smaller units, which innervate smaller muscles, to larger
units which innervate larger muscles. This is known as the Henneman's size principle. However, for the purposes of this experiment, when

Idiopathic Progressive Neuropathy
My patient has idiopathic progressive neuropathy. This means that the cause of his neuropathy cannot be determined and is developing gradually.
Nerve damage is interfering with the functioning of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Damaged nerves can occur in the brain and spinal cord and
affect how the peripheral nervous system communicates with the rest of the body, it sends incorrect signals which can be a risk factor for falls. He is
not a diabetic which is one of many causes of neuropathy.
Neuropathy can affect the nerves that provide feeling or cause movement, if both are affected it is called sensorimotor. The nerve fibers also known as
Axons (nerve cell) are the first to fail, and are the furthest from the spinal cord and brain. Neuropathy

Parkinson's Disease Affects The Nervous System And Neurons
It is estimated that in one cubic millimeter of brain tissue, there are one billion connections between neurons. A neuron is the fundamental unit of the
nervous system. A neuron's basic purpose is to receive incoming information, and, based upon that information, send a signal to other neurons, muscles,
or glands. A disease that affects thenervous system and neurons is Parkinson's Disease. Parkinson's Disease affects a person's muscular coordination
and is caused by the death of cells in one of the movement control centers of the brain.
"The nervous system coordinates behavior and helps maintain the internal stability of animals" (World of Health). The brain is one part of the nervous
system. It is divided into three parts: the forebrain, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They receive information and send signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands by using electrical signals called nerve impulses. When a nerve
impulse reaches the end of a neuron, it triggers the release of a chemical, or neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter travels rapidly across the short gap
between cells (synapse) and acts to signal the adjacent cell. First, the neuron receives information from the external environment, or from other
neurons. Then, it integrates, or processes, the information from all of its inputs and determines whether or not to send an output signal. Next, it
sends the signal along its length at full speed. The distance may be up to several meters (a giraffe or whale, for instance) with rates up to 328 feet per
second. Finally, the neuron converts the electrical signal to a chemical one and transmits it to another neuron or an effecter, such as a muscle or gland.
"Neurons have many different shapes and sizes. However, a typical neuron in a vertebrate (such as a human) consists of four major regions: a cell
body, dendrites, and axon, and synaptic terminals" (Biology). A single neuron can have up to 10,000 dendrites connecting to other

Euthanasia Persuasive Essay
An Avoidable Loss
Death by choice or euthanasia is a very controversial subject that is typically one–sided. The very concept of death alone is somewhat a taboo, but
controlling death itself is another monster. Death by choice or "euthanasia" should not be legalized because it promotes defeatism, may lead to the
strict procedures to become more accessible to people with non–fatal illnesses, could legitimize murder, or pressure the elderly.
When an unfortunate illness befalls, people have a tendency to become depressed and feel defeated. They start fearing the pain and the deterioration
that may lie ahead, thus they become disillusioned and hasty looking for a way out. Euthanasia offers a way out but, this pessimistic end could have
been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Murder and manslaughter are very serious offenses that lead to life and jail or the death sentence. Euthanasia could lead to doctors getting away with
murder because no one would know if the patient gave consent instead of the doctor. It only becomes more troublesome with involuntary euthanasia
for patients that are competent or conscious, since they can't defend themselves nor give consent to the doctor or their family. In a Dutch survey that
was reviewed by the Journal of Medical Ethics in 1995 stated that out of 3,600 authorized cases, nine hundred of these cases doctors' didn't have
explicit consent. In a follow–up survey, the doctors stated that the main reason for acting without proper consent was because the patients had dementia
or weren't competent. However, in fifteen percent of the cases in the second surveys, the doctors avoided any discussion because they thought they
were acting in the patient's best interest("Involuntary Euthanasia is Out of Control in Holland" 8). In a nursing home study in March 1991, The New
England Journal of Medicine revealed that twenty–five percent of nursing homes and medical staff didn't follow special directions for patients with
special needs. It was also found in that same study eighteen percent of patients were

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