The document discusses the creation and history of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), including how it was established in 1958 to conduct non-military space activities in response to the Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik. It provides information on NASA's key space flight programs like Project Gemini, Project Apollo, and Commercial Resupply Services, as well as its scientific research, staff leadership, facilities, budget, and environmental impact. The document also discusses some of NASA's important projects and discoveries over its history in space exploration.

1. NASA
“National Aeronautics and Space Administration”

2. Report no: 01
NASA
“National Aeronautics and Space Administration”
Report by
GROUP NAME: The Observers
Group leader: Md. Surat Rahman
ID: 16103067
Program: BCSE
Group members:
S/N Name ID Program
01 Mst. Nadia Nur Nipa 16103084 BCSE
02 Md. Rifat Hossain 16103109 BCSE
03 Md. Tanvir Ahmed 16103067 BCSE
04 Md. Sivly Raihan 16103118 BCSE
05 Md. Fazle Rabbi 16103069 BCSE
ART 102, Sec B, Educational planning
Mohammad Mofasserul Islam
23 March, 2016

3. Letter of Transmittal
March 23, 2016
Md. Mofasserul Islam
junior Lecturer ,Department of BATHM
IUBAT— International University of Business Agriculture and Technology
Sector 10, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh.
Subject: Submission of Report
Dear Sir,
This is a great opportunity and immense pleasure for us to submit our report on “National
Aeronautics and Space Administration”(NASA) .We have got the opportunity for our
project work, which is an essential part of our academic program.
We have tried our level best to prepare this report to the required standard. It was certainly a
great opportunity for us to work on this report to actualize our theoretical knowledge in the
practical arena. We express our gratitude to you to go through this report and make your
valuable comments.
It would be very kind of you, if you please evaluate our performance regarding this report.
Thanking you,
Sincerely Yours,
……………………..
The students of The Observers group

4. IV
Student Declaration
We are declaring that this report on “National Aeronautics and Space
Administration”(NASA).has only been prepared for the partial fulfillment of the course
ART 102 Educational Planning.
It has not been prepared for any other purpose, reward, or presentation and has not been
submitted by
us for any Degree, Diploma, Title or Recognition before.
The students of The Observers group

5. V
Acknowledgement
In the process of preparation of our practicum report, we are very thankful to the Almighty
who made be able to complete our research and the practicum report.
In this connection we would further like to pay our gratitude and respect to certain
personalities for their immense help and enormous co-operation herein.
First of all we would like to pay our gratitude to our respected Mohammad Mofasserul
Islam, Junior Lecturer, Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management, IUBAT,
who gave us the opportunity to do the report on “National Aeronautics and Space
Administration.”
In fine, we would like to thank our all group members for their help to make this report.
Yours faithfully,
-------------------------------
On behalf of the students of Group –The Observers

6. VI
Table Of Contents
Part 1
Prefatory part
Title page ……………………………………...…………………………………………......I
Cover page ………………………………………………..………….…………...………...II
Letter of transmittal…………………………………………………………………………III
Student’s declaration…………………………………………/…………………………….IV
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………….……..V
Table of contests………………………………………………………………….……VI-VIII
Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………….………..IX-X
Part 2
Introductory Part
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….01
2. History…………………………………………………………………………………….01
3. Objective of The study.……..…………………………………………………...………..02
3.1. Broad objective……………………………………………………………………...02
3.2. Specific objective……………………………………………………………………02
4. Information about NASA……………………………………………………………..…..03
5. Background of the study…………………………………………………………….……03
6. Methodology……………………………………………………………………….……..04
6.1. Sources and collection of data………………………………………………..…….04
6.1.2.Secondary………………………………………………………………...04
7. Limitations……………………………………………………………………….……….04

7. VII
Part 03
Project Part
1. Creation………………………………………………………………………………….05
2. Space Flight Program………………………………………………………………………………….…….06
2.1. X-15 rocket plane (1959–68)……………………………………………………..06
2.2. Project Gemini (1961–66)……………………………………………………….06-07
2.3. Project Apollo (1961–72)………………………………………………………..07-08
2.4. Commercial Resupply Services (2006–present)……………………………………….08-09
2.5. Beyond Low Earth Orbit program (2010–present)………………………………09-10
3. Scientific research…………………………………………………………………………………………….10
3.1. Medicine in space………………………………………………………………………………………10
3.2. Ozone depletion…………………………………………………………………………………………10
3.3. Earth science……………………………………………………………………………………………...11
4. Staff and leadership………………………………………………………………………………………11-12
5. Facilities………………………………………………………………………………………………………..12-13
6. Budget………………………………………………………………………………………………………………13
7. Environmental impact……………………………………………………………………………………….14
8. Observations……………………………………………………………………………………………………..14
8.1. key project…………………………………………………………………………………………14-15
8.2. Important discoveries…………………………………………………………………………15-17
Part4
Concluding Part
1. Findings:……………………………………….………………………………………18
2. Recommendation:………………………………….…………………….……….……18
3: Conclusion:……………………………………………….…………………………….19

8. VIII
Part5:
Appendix Part
1:Works cited:…………………………………………..……………………………….…..20
2:Glossary:…………………….…………………………………………...………...………20

9. IX
Executive summary
NASA people are passionate about their work. NASA’s missions are exciting to learners of
all ages. And since its creation in 1958, NASA’s people have been passionate about sharing
their inspiring discoveries, research and exploration with students and educators.
When retired Marine Corps General and astronaut Charlie Bolden first toured NASA’s
Centers as the new NASA Administrator, he and Deputy Administrator Lori Garver saw this
passion for education in hundreds of education projects conducted across the Agency. The
son of two middle
school educators, Bolden is passionate about education, but was concerned by the abundance
of education projects with seemingly no focused goal.
In May 2010, Bolden and Garver chartered an
Education Design Team composed of 12 members chosen from the Office of Education,
NASA’s Mission Directorates and Centers for their depth of knowledge and education
expertise, and directed them to evaluate the Agency’s program in the context of current
trends in education. By improving NASA’s educational offerings, he was confident that the
Agency can play a leading role in inspiring student interest in science, technology,
engineering and mathematics (STEM) as few other organizations can. Through its unique
workforce, facilities, research and innovations, NASA can expand its efforts to engage
underserved and underrepresented communities inscience and mathematics. Through the
Agency’s STEM education efforts and science and exploration missions, NASA can help the
United States successfully compete, prosper and be secure in the 21st century global
community. Throughout its storied history, NASA has often assumed—not always
deliberately—a flagship role for the United States, demonstrating U.S. technological,
scientific, and innovative capabilities in space and aeronautics on the world stage. As
discussed throughout this report, NASA is now an agency at a transitional point. The agency
faces challenges in nearly all of its primary endeavors—human spaceflight, Earth and space

10. X
science, and aeronautics—and these challenges largely stemfrom a lack of consensus on
the scope of NASA’s broad missions for the nation’s future.

11. 1
Introduction:
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the agency of the United
States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics
and aerospace research. President Dwight D. Eisenhower established the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958 with a distinctly civilian (rather than
military) orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science. The National
Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29, 1958, disestablishing NASA's
predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The new agency
became operational on October 1, 1958.
Since that time, most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA, including the
Apollo moon-landing missions, the Skylab space station, and later the Space Shuttle.
Currently, NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the
development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, the Space Launch System and
Commercial Crew vehicles. The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program
(LSP) which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for
unmanned NASA launches.
History:
From 1946, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) had been
experimenting with rocket planes such as the supersonic Bell X-1. In the early 1950s, there
was challenge to launch an artificial satellite for the International Geophysical Year (1957–
58). An effort for this was the American Project Vanguard. After the Soviet launch of the
world's first artificial satellite (Sputnik 1) on October 4, 1957, the attention of the United
States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. The US Congress, alarmed by the
perceived threat to national security and technological leadership (known as the "Sputnik
crisis"), urged immediate and swift action; President Dwight D. Eisenhower and his advisers
counseled more deliberate measures. This led to an agreement that a new federal agency
mainly based on NACA was needed to conduct all non-military activity in space. The
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was created in February 1958 to develop space
technology for military application.
On July 29, 1958, Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, establishing
NASA. When it began operations on October 1, 1958, NASA absorbed the 46-year-old

12. 2
NACA intact; its 8,000 employees, an annual budget of US$100 million, three major research
laboratories (Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, Ames Aeronautical Laboratory, and Lewis
Flight Propulsion Laboratory) and two small test facilities. A NASA seal was approved by
President Eisenhower in 1959. Elements of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and the United
States Naval Research Laboratory were incorporated into NASA. A significant contributor to
NASA's entry into the Space Race with the Soviet Union was the technology from the
German rocket program led by Wernher von Braun, who was now working for the Army
Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA), which in turn incorporated the technology of American
scientist Robert Goddard's earlier works. Earlier research efforts within the US Air Force and
many of ARPA's early space programs were also transferred to NASA. In December 1958,
NASA gained control of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a contractor facility operated by the
California Institute of Technology.
Objective Of The Study:
Broad Objective:
We make this report as people can know about National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) and experiences of their works. By observing this report people can learn a broad
details about how to works NASA. And they will know much information around the world.
Specific Objective:
We made this report to learn much more about National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA). As I’m a student of CSE, it’s helpful for me to build up my career in this sector. By
knowing about NASA I’ll be inspired.

13. 3
Information Needs:
• Creation
• Space flight programs
• Scientific research
• Staff & leadership
• Facilities
• Budget
• Environmental impact
• Observations
• Spacecraft
Background Of The Study:
We made this report for ART 102 course, which is given by the course instructor Mohammed
Moffasserul Islam.

14. 4
Methodology:
Science Objectives for Everyone:
Validation of On-Orbit Methodology for the Assessment of Cardiac Function and Changes in
the Circulating Volume Using Ultrasound and Braslet-M Occlusion Cuffs (Braslet) is Station
Development Test Objective (SDTO) 17011 sponsored by National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) and Russian Federal Space Agency (FSA). Braslet is testing the
performance of occlusion cuffs in modifying fluid shifts that occur early during physiological
transition into the space environment. Understanding the effects of this countermeasure on
cardiovascular function will be useful for both medical operations and future research.
Science Results For Everyone:
Exposure to weightlessness in space is no picnic: crew members often experience facial
puffiness, nasal stuffiness, painful eye movement, dizziness, nausea, and blood rushing to
their heads. Russian cosmonauts have used thigh compression cuffs, called the Braslet, in
early flight to counter these unpleasant effects. Researchers test a modified Braslet device
(Braslet-M) on ISS crew members which show that it is effective in keeping more blood in
the legs and could diminish head fluid shift and resulting vision changes. It could also
effectively treat medical emergencies such as fluid buildup in the lungs. Longer-term
application and intermittent, ongoing use have not been studied, although many Russian
cosmonauts have used it for longer periods with no reported complications.
Sources & Collection Of Data:
We collect all information of this report from a secondary source.
Limitations:
As this is our first report, we have never experienced like this making reports. So that’s why
our report’s quality is not so good. Beside we didn’t get so much time to prepare our report
better.

15. 5
Project Part:
Creation:
From 1946, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) had been
experimenting with rocket planes such as the supersonic Bell X-1. In the early 1950s, there
was challenge to launch an artificial satellite for the International Geophysical Year (1957–
58). An effort for this was the American Project Vanguard. After the Soviet launch of the
world's first artificial satellite (Sputnik 1) on October 4, 1957, the attention of the United
States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. The US Congress, alarmed by the
perceived threat to national security and technological leadership (known as the "Sputnik
crisis"), urged immediate and swift action; President Dwight D. Eisenhower and his advisers
counseled more deliberate measures. This led to an agreement that a new federal agency
mainly based on NACA was needed to conduct all non-military activity in space. The
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was created in February 1958 to develop space
technology for military application.
On July 29, 1958, Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, establishing
NASA. When it began operations on October 1, 1958, NASA absorbed the 46-year-old
NACA intact; its 8,000 employees, an annual budget of US$100 million, three major research
laboratories (Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, Ames Aeronautical Laboratory, and Lewis
Flight Propulsion Laboratory) and two small test facilities. A NASA seal was approved by
President Eisenhower in 1959. Elements of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and the United
States Naval Research Laboratory were incorporated into NASA. A significant contributor to
NASA's entry into the Space Race with the Soviet Union was the technology from the
German rocket program led by Wernher von Braun, who was now working for the Army
Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA), which in turn incorporated the technology of American
scientist Robert Goddard's earlier works.[ Earlier research efforts within the US Air Force and
many of ARPA's early space programs were also transferred to NASA. In December 1958,
NASA gained control of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a contractor facility operated by the
California Institute of Technology.

16. 6
Space Flight Program:
NASA has conducted many manned and unmanned spaceflight programs throughout its
history. Unmanned programs launched the first American artificial satellites into Earth orbit
for scientific and communications purposes, and sent scientific probes to explore the
planets of the solar system, starting with Venus and Mars, and including "grand tours" of
the outer planets. Manned programs sent the first Americans into low Earth orbit (LEO),
won the Space Race with the Soviet Union by landing twelve men on the Moon from 1969
to 1972 in the Apollo progra, developed a semi-reusable LEO Space Shuttle, and developed
LEO space station capability by itself and with the cooperation of several other nations
including post-Soviet Russia. Some missions include both manned and unmanned aspects,
such as the Galileo probe, which was deployed by astronauts in Earth orbit before being
sent unmanned to Jupiter.
X-15 rocket plane (1959–68):
The X-15 wasan NACA experimental rocket-poweredhypersonicresearch aircraft,developedin
conjunctionwiththe USAir Force and Navy.The designfeaturedaslenderfuselage withfairings
alongthe side containingfuel andearlycomputerizedcontrol systems. Requestsforproposal were
issuedonDecember30, 1954 forthe airframe,andFebruary4, 1955 forthe rocket engine.The
airframe contract wasawardedto NorthAmericanAviationinNovember1955, and the XLR30
engine contractwasawardedto ReactionMotors in1956, and three planeswere built.The X-15was
drop-launched fromthe wingof one of twoNASA BoeingB-52Stratofortresses, NB52A tail number
52-003, and NB52B, tail number52-008 (knownasthe Balls 8). Release tookplace atan altitude of
about45,000 feet(14 km) anda speedof about500 milesperhour(805 km/h).
Project Gemini (1961–66):
Based on studies to grow the Mercury spacecraft capabilities to long-duration flights,
developing space rendezvous techniques, and precision Earth landing, Project Gemini was

17. 7
started as a two-man program in 1962 to overcome the Soviets' lead and to support the
Apollo manned lunar landing program, adding extravehicular activity (EVA) and rendezvous
and docking to its objectives. The first manned Gemini flight, Gemini 3, was flown by Gus
Grissom and John Young on March 23, 1965. Nine missions followed in 1965 and 1966,
demonstrating an endurance mission of nearly fourteen days, rendezvous, docking, and
practical EVA, and gathering medical data on the effects of weightlessness on humans.Under
the direction of Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, the USSR competed with Gemini by
converting their Vostok spacecraft into a two- or three-man Voskhod. They succeeded in
launching two manned flights before Gemini's first flight, achieving a three-cosmonaut flight
in 1963 and the first EVA in 1964. After this, the program was canceled, and Gemini caught
up while spacecraft designer Sergei Korolev developed the Soyuz spacecraft, their answer to
Apollo.
Project Apollo (1961–72):
The U.S public's perception of the Soviet lead in putting the first man in space, motivated
President John F. Kennedy to ask the Congress on May 25, 1961 to commit the federal
government to a program to land a man on the Moon by the end of the 1960s, which
effectively launched the Apollo program.
Apollo was one of the most expensive American scientific programs ever. It cost more than
$20 billion in 1960s dollars or an estimated $206 billion in present-day US dollars. (In
comparison, the Manhattan Project cost roughly $26.3 billion, accounting for inflation.) It
used the Saturn rockets as launch vehicles, which were far bigger than the rockets built for
previous projects. The spacecraft was also bigger; it had two main parts, the combined
command and service module (CSM) and the lunar landing module (LM). The LM was to be
left on the Moon and only the command module (CM) containing the three astronauts would
eventually return to Earth.
The second manned mission, Apollo 8, brought astronauts for the first time in a flight around
the Moon in December 1968. Shortly before, the Soviets had sent an unmanned spacecraft
around the Moon. On the next two missions docking maneuvers that were needed for the
Moon landing were practiced and then finally the Moon landing was made on the Apollo 11
mission in July 1969. The first person to stand on the Moon was Neil Armstrong, who was
followed by Buzz Aldrin, while Michael Collins orbited above. Five subsequent Apollo
missions also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last in December 1972. Throughout these
six Apollo spaceflights, twelve men walked on the Moon. These missions returned a wealth
of scientific data and 381.7 kilograms (842 lb) of lunar samples. Topics covered by
experiments performed included soil mechanics, meteoroids, seismology, heat flow, lunar

18. 8
ranging, magnetic fields, and solar wind. The Moon landing marked the end of the space race;
and as a gesture, Armstrong mentioned mankind when he stepped down on the Moon.
The first person to stand on the Moon was Neil Armstrong, who was followed by Buzz
Aldrin, while Michael Collins orbited above. Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed
astronauts on the Moon, the last in December 1972. Throughout these six Apollo
spaceflights, twelve men walked on the Moon. These missions returned a wealth of scientific
data and 381.7 kilograms (842 lb) of lunar samples. Topics covered by experiments
performed included soil mechanics, meteoroids, seismology, heat flow, lunar ranging,
magnetic fields, and solar wind. The Moon landing marked the end of the space race; and as a
gesture, Armstrong mentioned mankind when he stepped down on the Moon. Apollo set
major milestones in human spaceflight. It stands alone in sending manned missions beyond
low Earth orbit, and landing humans on another celestial body. Apollo 8 was the first manned
spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while Apollo 17 marked the last moonwalk and the
last manned mission beyond low Earth orbit to date. The program spurred advances in many
areas of technology peripheral to rocketry and manned spaceflight, including avionics,
telecommunications, and computers. Apollo sparked interest in many fields of engineering
and left many physical facilities and machines developed for the program as landmarks.
Many objects and artifacts from the program are on display at various locations throughout
the world, notably at the Smithsonian's Air and Space Museums.
Commercial Resupply Services (2006–present):
The development of the Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) vehicles began in 2006 with
the purpose of creating American commercially operated uncrewed cargo vehicles to service
the ISS. The development of these vehicles was under a fixed price milestone-based program,
meaning that each company that received a funded award had a list of milestones with a
dollar value attached to them that they didn't receive until after they had successful completed
the milestone. Private companies were also required to have some "skin in the game" which
refers raising an unspecified amount of private investment for their proposal.
On December 23, 2008, NASA awarded Commercial Resupply Services contracts to Space X
and Orbital Sciences Corporation. SpaceX uses its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft.
Orbital Sciences uses its Antares rocket and Cygnus spacecraft. The first Dragon resupply
mission occurred in May 2012. The first Cygnus resupply mission occurred in September

19. 9
2013. The CRS program now provides for all America's ISS cargo needs; with the exception
of a few vehicle-specific payloads that are delivered on the European ATV and the Japanese
HTV
Beyond Low Earth Orbit program (2010–present):
For missions beyond low Earth orbit (BLEO), NASA has been directed to develop the Space
Launch System (SLS), a Saturn-V class rocket, and the two to six person, beyond low Earth
orbit spacecraft, Orion. In February 2010, President Barack Obama's administration proposed
eliminating public funds for the Constellation program and shifting greater responsibility of
servicing the ISS to private companies. During a speech at the Kennedy Space Center on
April 15, 2010, Obama proposed a new heavy-lift vehicle (HLV) to replace the formerly
planned Ares V. In his speech, Obama called for a manned mission to an asteroid as soon as
2025, and a manned mission to Mars orbit by the mid-2030s. The NASA Authorization Act
of 2010 was passed by Congress and signed into law on October 11, 2010. The act officially
canceled the Constellation program. The Authorization Act required a newly designed HLV
be chosen within 90 days of its passing; the launch vehicle was given the name "Space
Launch System". The new law also required the construction of a beyond low earth orbit
spacecraft. The Orion spacecraft, which was being developed as part of the Constellation
program, was chosen to fulfill this role. The Space Launch System is planned to launch both
Orion and other necessary hardware for missions beyond low Earth orbit. The SLS is to be
upgraded over time with more powerful versions. The initial capability of SLS is required to
be able to lift 70 mt into LEO. It is then planned to be upgraded to 105 mt and then
eventually to 130 mt.
Exploration Flight Test 1 (EFT-1), an unmanned test flight of Orion's crew module, was
launched on December 5, 2014, atop a Delta IV Heavy rocket. Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1)
is the unmanned initial launch of SLS that would also send Orion on a circumlunar trajectory,
which is planned for 2017. The first manned flight of Orion and SLS, Exploration Mission 2
(EM-2) is to launch between 2019 and 2021; it is a 10- to 14-day mission planned to place a
crew of four into Lunar orbit. As of March 2012, the destination for EM-3 and the
intermediate focus for this new program is still in-flux.

20. 10
Scientific research:
Medicine in space:
A variety of large-scale medical studies are being conducted in space by the National Space
Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI). Prominent among these is the Advanced Diagnostic
Ultrasound in Microgravity Study, in which astronauts (including former ISS Commanders
Leroy Chiao and Gennady Padalka) perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote
experts to diagnose and potentially treat hundreds of medical conditions in space. Usually
there is no physician on board the International Space Station, and diagnosis of medical
conditions is challenging. Astronauts are susceptible to a variety of health risks including
decompression sickness, barotrauma, immunodeficiencies, loss of bone and muscle,
orthostatic intolerance due to volume loss, sleep disturbances, and radiation injury.
Ultrasound offers a unique opportunity to monitor these conditions in space. This study's
techniques are now being applied to cover professional and Olympic sports injuries as well
as ultrasound performed by non-expert operators in populations such as medical and high
school students. It is anticipated that remote guided ultrasound will have application on
Earth in emergency and rural care situations, where access to a trained physician is often
rare.
Ozone depletion:
In 1975, NASA was directedbylegislationtoresearchandmonitorthe upperatmosphere.Thisledto
Upper Atmosphere ResearchProgramandlaterthe Earth ObservingSystem(EOS) satellitesinthe
1990s to monitorozone depletion.The firstcomprehensiveworldwide measurementswere
obtainedin1978 withthe Nimbus7 satellite andNASA scientistsatthe Goddard Institute forSpace
Studies.

21. 11
Earth science:
Understanding of natural and human-induced changes on the global environment is the main
objective of NASA's Earth science. NASA currently has more than a dozen Earth science
spacecraft/instruments in orbit studying all aspects of the Earth system (oceans, land,
atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere), with several more planned for launch in the next few
years.
NASA is working in cooperation with National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The
goal is to produce worldwide solar resource maps with great local detail. NASA was also one
of the main participants in the evaluation innovative technologies for the cleanup of the
sources for dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). On April 6, 1999, the agency signed
The Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) along with the United States Environmental
Protection Agency, DOE, and USAF authorizing all the above organizations to conduct
necessary tests at the John F. Kennedy Space center. The main purpose was to evaluate two
innovative in-situ remediation technologies, thermal removal and oxidation destruction of
DNAPLs. National Space Agency made a partnership with Military Services and Defense
Contract Management Agency named the “Joint Group on Pollution Prevention”. The group
is working on reduction or elimination of hazardous materials or processes.
Staff and leadership:
NASA's administrator is the agency's highest-ranking official and serves as the senior space
science adviser to the President of the United States. The agency's administration is located at
NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC and provides overall guidance and direction. Except
under exceptional circumstances, NASA civil service employees are required to be citizens of
the United States.
The first administrator was Dr. T. Keith Glennan, appointed by President Dwight D.
Eisenhower. During his term he brought together the disparate projects in American space
development research.
The third administrator was James E. Webb (served 1961–1968), appointed by President John
F. Kennedy. In order to implement the Apollo program to achieve Kennedy's Moon landing
goal by the end of the 1960s, Webb directed major management restructuring and facility
expansion, establishing the Houston Manned Spacecraft (Johnson) Center and the Florida
Launch Operations (Kennedy) Center.In 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Charles

22. 12
Bolden as NASA's twelfth administrator.[123] Administrator Bolden is one of three NASA
administrators who were astronauts, along with Richard H. Truly (served 1989–1992) and
Frederick D. Gregory (acting, 2005).
Facilities:
NASA's facilities are research, construction and communication centers to help its missions.
Some facilities serve more than one application for historic or administrative reasons. NASA
also operates a short-line railroad at the Kennedy Space Center and own special aircraft, for
instance two Boeing 747 that transport Space Shuttle orbiter.
John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC), is one of the best-known NASA facilities. It has been
the launch site for every United States human space flight since 1968. Although such flights
are currently on pause, KSC continues to manage and operate unmanned rocket launch
facilities for America's civilian space program from three pads at the adjoining Cape
Canaveral Air Force Station.
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston is home to the Christopher C. Kraft Jr.
Mission Control Center, where all flight control is managed for manned space missions. JSC
is the lead NASA center for activities regarding the International Space Station and also
houses the NASA Astronaut Corps that selects, trains, and provides astronauts as crew
members for US and international space missions.
Another major facility is Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama at which the
Saturn 5 rocket and Skylab were developed. The JPL worked together with ABMA, one of
the agencies behind Explorer 1, the first American space mission.
FCR 1 in 2009 during the STS-128 mission, JSC in Houston
• John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida
• Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
• Hugh L. Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, California
• Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland
• Jet Propulsion Laboratory, near Pasadena, California

23. 13
• Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
• Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia
• John H. Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio
• Plum Brook Station Test Facilities, Sandusky, Ohio
• George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama
• Michoud Assembly Facility, New Orleans, Louisiana
• John C. Stennis Space Center, Bay St. Louis, Mississippi
• Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia.
Budget:
NASA's budget has generally been approximately 1% of the federal budget from the early
1970s on, but briefly peaked to approximately 4.41% in 1966 during the Apollo program.
Public perception of NASA's budget has differed significantly from reality; a 1997 poll
indicated that most Americans responded that 20% of the federal budget went to NASA.
The percentage of federal budget that NASA has been allocated has been steadily dropping
since the Apollo program and in 2012 it was estimated at 0.48% of the federal budget. In a
March 2012 meeting of the United States Senate Science Committee, Neil deGrasse Tyson
testified that "Right now, NASA’s annual budget is half a penny on your tax dollar. For twice
that—a penny on a dollar—we can transform the country from a sullen, dispirited nation,
weary of economic struggle, to one where it has reclaimed its 20th century birthright to
dream of tomorrow.
For Fiscal Year 2015, NASA received an appropriation of US$18.01 billion from Congress—
$549 million more than requested and approximately $350 million more than the 2014 NASA
budget passed by Congress.

24. 14
Environmental impact:
The exhaust gases produced by rocket propulsion systems, both in Earth's atmosphere and
in space, can adversely effect the Earth's environment. Some hypergolic rocket propellants,
such as hydrazine, are highly toxic prior to combustion, but decompose into less toxic
compounds after burning. Rockets using hydrocarbon fuels, such as kerosene, release
carbon dioxide and soot in their exhaust. However, carbon dioxide emissions are
insignificant compared to those from other sources; on average, the United States
consumed 802,620,000 US gallons (3.0382×109 L) gallons of liquid fuels per day in 2014,
while a single Falcon 9 rocket first stage burns around 25,000 US gallons (95,000 L) of
kerosene fuel per launch. Even if a Falcon 9 were launched every single day, it would only
represent 0.006% of liquid fuel consumption (and carbon dioxide emissions) for that day.
Additionally, the exhaust from LOx- and LH2- fueled engines, like the SSME, is almost
entirely water vapor. NASA addressed environmental concerns with its canceled
Constellation program in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act in 2011. In
contrast, ion engines use harmless noble gases like xenon for propulsion.
On May 8, 2003, Environmental Protection Agency recognized NASA as the first federal
agency to directly use landfill gas to produce energy at one of its facilities—the Goddard
Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland.
Observations:
Key projects
In the early 1980s, NASA and STScI convened four panels to discuss Key Projects. These
were projects that were both scientifically important and would require significant telescope
time, which would be explicitly dedicated to each project. This guaranteed that these
particular projects would be completed early, in case the telescope failed sooner than
expected. The panels identified three such projects: 1) a study of the nearby intergalactic
medium using quasar absorption lines to determine the properties of the intergalactic medium
and the gaseous content of galaxies and groups of galaxies. 2) a medium deep survey using

25. 15
the Wide Field Camera to take data whenever one of the other instruments was being use and
3) a project to determine the Hubble Constant within ten percent by reducing the errors, both
external and internal, in the calibration of the distance scale.
Important discoveries
Hubble has helped resolve some long-standing problems in astronomy, as well as raising new
questions. Some results have required new theories to explain them. Among its primary
mission targets was to measure distances to Cepheid variable stars more accurately than ever
before, and thus constrain the value of the Hubble constant, the measure of the rate at which
the universe is expanding, which is also related to its age. Before the launch of HST,
estimates of the Hubble constant typically had errors of up to 50%, but Hubble measurements
of Cepheid variables in the Virgo Cluster and other distant galaxy clusters provided a
measured value with an accuracy of ±10%, which is consistent with other more accurate
measurements made since Hubble's launch using other techniques. The estimated age is now
about 13.7 billion years, but before the Hubble Telescope scientists predicted an age ranging
from 10 to 20 billion years.
While Hubble helped to refine estimates of the age of the universe, it also cast doubt on
theories about its future. Astronomers from the High-z Supernova Search Team and the
Supernova Cosmology Project used ground-based telescopes and HST to observe distant
supernovae and uncovered evidence that, far from decelerating under the influence of gravity,
the expansion of the universe may in fact be accelerating. The cause of this acceleration
remains poorly understood, the most common cause attributed is dark energy.
The high-resolution spectra and images provided by the HST have been especially well-
suited to establishing the prevalence of black holes in the nuclei of nearby galaxies. While it
had been hypothesized in the early 1960s that black holes would be found at the centers of
some galaxies, and astronomers in the 1980s identified a number of good black hole
candidates, work conducted with Hubble shows that black holes are probably common to the
centers of all galaxies. The Hubble programs further established that the masses of the
nuclear black holes and properties of the galaxies are closely related. The legacy of the
Hubble programs on black holes in galaxies is thus to demonstrate a deep connection between
galaxies and their central black holes.

26. 16
The collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter in 1994 was fortuitously timed for
astronomers, coming just a few months after Servicing Mission 1 had restored Hubble's
optical performance. Hubble images of the planet were sharper than any taken since the
passage of Voyager 2 in 1979, and were crucial in studying the dynamics of the collision of a
comet with Jupiter, an event believed to occur once every few centuries.
A unique window on the Universe enabled by Hubble are the Hubble Deep Field, Hubble
Ultra-Deep Field, and Hubble Extreme Deep Field images, which used Hubble's unmatched
sensitivity at visible wavelengths to create images of small patches of sky that are the deepest
ever obtained at optical wavelengths. The images reveal galaxies billions of light years away,
and have generated a wealth of scientific papers, providing a new window on the early
Universe. The Wide Field Camera 3 improved the view of these fields in the infrared and
ultraviolet, supporting the discovery of some of the most distant objects yet discovered, such
as MACS0647-JD.
The non-standard object SCP 06F6 was discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope in
February 2006. During June and July 2012, US astronomers using Hubble discovered a tiny
fifth moon moving around icy Pluto.
In March 2015, researchers announced that measurements of aurorae around Ganymede
revealed that the moon has a subsurface ocean. Using Hubble to study the motion of its
aurorae, the researchers determined that a large saltwater ocean was helping to suppress the
interaction between Jupiter's magnetic field and that of Ganymede. The ocean is estimated to
be 100 km (60 mi) deep, trapped beneath a 150 km (90 mi) ice crust.
On December 11, 2015, Hubble captured an image of the first-ever predicted reappearance of
a supernova, dubbed "Refsdal", which was calculated using different mass models of a galaxy
cluster whose gravity is warping the supernova's light. The supernova was previously seen in
November 2014 behind galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+2223 as part of Hubble's Frontier
Fields program. Astronomers spotted four separate images of the supernova in an
arrangement known as an Einstein Cross. The light from the cluster has taken about five
billion years to reach Earth, though the supernova exploded some 10 billion years ago. The
detection of Refsdal's reappearance served as a unique opportunity for astronomers to test
their models of how mass, especially dark matter, is distributed within this galaxy cluster.

27. 17
On March 3, 2016, researchers using Hubble data announced the discovery of the farthest
known galaxy to date: GN-z11. The Hubble observations occurred on February 11, 2015, and
April 3, 2015, as part of the CANDELS/GOODS-North surveys.

28. 18
Concluding Part:
Findings:
We collect all the information from internet. For collecting information I got help from these website,
they are
Google, Wikipedia, slide share, NASA official website etc.
Recommendations:
 Focus the NASA Education Program to improve
its impact on areas of greatest national need
 Identify and strategically manage NASA
Education partnerships
 Participate in National and State STEM
Education policy discussions
 Establish a structure to allow the Office of
Education, Centers and Mission Directorates to
implement a strategically integrated portfolio
 Expand the charter of the Education
 Coordinating Committee to enable deliberate
 Need Bangladeshi own NASA’s sub company.
 NASA should take a project for Bangladeshi students.
 Increasing working opportunity for skilled Bangladeshi people.

29. 19
Conclusion:
Throughout its storied history, NASA has often assumed—not always deliberately—a
flagship role for the United States, demonstrating U.S. technological, scientific, and
innovative capabilities in space and aeronautics on the world stage. As discussed throughout
this report, NASA is now an agency at a transitional point. The agency faces challenges in
nearly all of its primary endeavors—human spaceflight, Earth and space science, and
aeronautics—and these challenges largely stemfrom a lack of consensus on the scope of
NASA’s broad missions for the nation’s future. While human spaceflight has been the most
visible of NASA’s accomplishments over many decades, there is no consensus on the next
destination for humans beyond LEO, and thus on the required technological developments
for launch systems, spacecraft, and related technologies. Beyond human spaceflight and
operations, robotic space exploration, Earth and space science, and aeronautics all
contribute in important ways to the nation’s science and technology advancement, but the
available funding for support of all of these mission areas will likely be inadequate for the
foreseeable future. The committee finds that a clear consensus for the agency’s broad
mission and a carefully crafted, ambitious, yet technically realistic set of strategic priorities
will be essential for NASA to remain the engine of discovery of which the United States will
continue to be justifiably proud.

30. 20
Appendix Part:
Works Cited:
Link 01: https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl
Link 02: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
Link 03: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_research
Link 04: http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/536766main_Education-
Recommendation-
Glossary:
LSP: Launch Services Program
FLOP: Floating-Point Operations per Second
www: World Wide Web
http:Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol
3D:Three-dimensional

31. 21
THE END