Personality refers to the unique characteristics that distinguish individuals. It is measured through self-report surveys, observer ratings, and projective tests. Personality tests are used in organizations for screening, selection, succession planning, career planning, team building, and management development. The Big Five model identifies the five basic dimensions of personality as extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience. Trait theories like Myers-Briggs and the Big Five are commonly used to understand personalities and how they relate to careers and job performance. Values and value systems also influence personality and guide behavior.

1. PERSONALITYPERSONALITY

2. PersonalityPersonality
• Sum total of the ways in which anSum total of the ways in which an
individual reacts to and interacts withindividual reacts to and interacts with
othersothers

3. Personality testsPersonality tests
• Personality tests measures thosePersonality tests measures those
relatively enduring aspects of an individualrelatively enduring aspects of an individual
which distinguish them from other people,which distinguish them from other people,
making them unique.making them unique.

4. Ways in which personality isWays in which personality is
measuredmeasured
• Self report surveysSelf report surveys
• Observer rating surveysObserver rating surveys
• Projective measures:Projective measures:
1.1. Rorshach: individual states what inkblotsRorshach: individual states what inkblots
resembleresemble
2.2. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) – series ofThematic Apperception Test (TAT) – series of
pictures or drawings – the individual tested ispictures or drawings – the individual tested is
being asked to write a storybeing asked to write a story

5. Use in OrganizationsUse in Organizations
• ScreeningScreening
• SelectionSelection
Succession planningSuccession planning
• Career PlanningCareer Planning
• Team BuildingTeam Building
• Management DevelopmentManagement Development

6. Personality DeterminantsPersonality Determinants
• Hereditary – the molecular structure of theHereditary – the molecular structure of the
genes located in the chromosomes,genes located in the chromosomes,
gender, temper, face, structuregender, temper, face, structure
• E.g. Twins separatedE.g. Twins separated

7. Personality TraitsPersonality Traits
• When people exhibit some characteristicsWhen people exhibit some characteristics
in a large no of situationsin a large no of situations

8. Meyer’s-Briggs Type IndicatorMeyer’s-Briggs Type Indicator
• Extraverted vs IntrovertedExtraverted vs Introverted
• Sensing vs IntutiveSensing vs Intutive
• Thinking vs FeelingThinking vs Feeling
• Judging vs PercieveingJudging vs Percieveing

9. MeaningsMeanings
• INTJs – VisionariesINTJs – Visionaries
• ESTJs are organizersESTJs are organizers
• ENTPs are conceptualizersENTPs are conceptualizers
• NTs are intuitive thinkersNTs are intuitive thinkers
• Limitation of the test – Either introvert orLimitation of the test – Either introvert or
Extrovert no in betweenExtrovert no in between

10. Big five Personality Model – 5 basicBig five Personality Model – 5 basic
dimensions underlie all others anddimensions underlie all others and
encompass most of the significant variationencompass most of the significant variation
in human personalityin human personality
• ExtraversionExtraversion
• AgreeablenessAgreeableness
• ConscientiousnessConscientiousness
• Emotional StabilityEmotional Stability
• Openness to ExperienceOpenness to Experience

11. Big FiveBig Five
• Extraversion – Personality dimension describing someone who isExtraversion – Personality dimension describing someone who is
sociable, gregarious and assertivesociable, gregarious and assertive
• Agreeableness – A personality dimension that describes someoneAgreeableness – A personality dimension that describes someone
who is good natured, cooperative and trustingwho is good natured, cooperative and trusting
• Conscientious – A personality dimension that describes someoneConscientious – A personality dimension that describes someone
who is responsible, dependable, persistent and organized.who is responsible, dependable, persistent and organized.
• Emotional Stability – A personality dimension that characterizesEmotional Stability – A personality dimension that characterizes
someone as calm, self confident, secure, dependable.someone as calm, self confident, secure, dependable.
• Openness to Experience - A personality dimension thatOpenness to Experience - A personality dimension that
characterizes someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity andcharacterizes someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity and
curiosity.curiosity.

12. • The predictable, careful, thorough,The predictable, careful, thorough,
planned, able to plan, organized,planned, able to plan, organized,
hardworking persistent and achievementhardworking persistent and achievement
oriented tend to have higher joboriented tend to have higher job
performanceperformance

13. • People who score high on emotionalPeople who score high on emotional
stability are happier in jobs and livesstability are happier in jobs and lives
• Extroverts are more impulsive thanExtroverts are more impulsive than
introverts.introverts.
• People who have openness to experiencePeople who have openness to experience
are more creative and comfortable withare more creative and comfortable with
change.change.
• Agreeable people are more rule abidingAgreeable people are more rule abiding

14. Other personality traitsOther personality traits
• Core self evaluation - degree to which a personCore self evaluation - degree to which a person
likes/dislikes himself and how much he feels helikes/dislikes himself and how much he feels he
is in control of the environment.is in control of the environment.
• Machiavellianism – the degree to which anMachiavellianism – the degree to which an
individual is pragmatic, maintains emotionalindividual is pragmatic, maintains emotional
distance and believes that ends can justifydistance and believes that ends can justify
means.means.

15. • Narcissism –The tendency be arrogant,Narcissism –The tendency be arrogant,
have a extravagant sense of selfhave a extravagant sense of self
importance, require excessive admiration,importance, require excessive admiration,
and have a sense of entitlement.and have a sense of entitlement.
• Self – monitoring – A personality traitSelf – monitoring – A personality trait
measures an individual’s ability to adjustmeasures an individual’s ability to adjust
his or her behavior to external situationalhis or her behavior to external situational
factors.factors.

16. Type A personalityType A personality
• Aggressive involvement in a chronic, incessant struggleAggressive involvement in a chronic, incessant struggle
to achieve more and more in less time and, if necessaryto achieve more and more in less time and, if necessary
against the opposing efforts of other things.against the opposing efforts of other things.
• Type A’s are:Type A’s are:
• Moving, eating rapidly, walkingMoving, eating rapidly, walking
• Feel impatientFeel impatient
• Cannot cope with leisure timeCannot cope with leisure time
• Are obsessed with numbersAre obsessed with numbers
• The opposite is Type B personalityThe opposite is Type B personality

17. Proactive PersonalityProactive Personality
• People who identify opportunities, showPeople who identify opportunities, show
initiative, take action, and preserve untilinitiative, take action, and preserve until
meaningful change occurs.meaningful change occurs.

18. ValuesValues
• Basic convictions that a specific mode ofBasic convictions that a specific mode of
conduct or end- state of existence isconduct or end- state of existence is
personally or socially preferable to anpersonally or socially preferable to an
opposite or converse mode of conduct oropposite or converse mode of conduct or
end-state existence.end-state existence.

19. Value SystemValue System
• A hierarchy based on a ranking of anA hierarchy based on a ranking of an
individual’s values in terms of theirindividual’s values in terms of their
intensityintensity

20. Terminal ValuesTerminal Values
Desirables end – states of existence; theDesirables end – states of existence; the
goals a person would like to achievegoals a person would like to achieve
during his or her lifetime.during his or her lifetime.

21. Instrumental ValuesInstrumental Values
• Preferable modes of behavior or means ofPreferable modes of behavior or means of
achieving one’s terminal values.achieving one’s terminal values.

22. Terminal InstrumentalTerminal Instrumental
• Self respect HonestSelf respect Honest
• Family Security ResponsibleFamily Security Responsible
• Freedom CapableFreedom Capable
• A sense of accomplishment AmbitiousA sense of accomplishment Ambitious
• Happiness IndependentHappiness Independent

23. PERSONALITY & CONGRUENT
OCCUPATIONS

24. FRAMEWORK OF ASSESSING CULTURES