This document discusses online resources for searching and learning. It describes search engines as programs that help find information on the web through queries. There are two main types of search engines: directories compiled by humans and crawler-based engines using software to index pages. The document outlines specific search techniques like quotes, truncation, and searching by file type. It then lists several Indian government websites and portals that provide free online courses, e-books, lecture videos, and more for learning during COVID-19 lockdowns. These include SWAYAM, e-PG Pathshala, National Digital Library, Shodhganga, and the Ekalavya portal for open educational resources.

1. Searching Online
Resources
Presented by:
Dr. Rafiq ul Zaman Khan
Professor & Chairperson
Department of Computer Science
Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh

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Search Engine
• A program designed to help find information
stored on the World Wide Web or Internet.
• Allows one to ask for content meeting specific
criteria and retrieving a list of references that
match those criteria.

3. 3
Search Engines

4. 4
Types of Search Engines
There are two main types of search indexes we access
when searching the web:
• Directories based search
• Crawler-based search

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• Directories are compiled and maintained by
humans.
• Directories often consist of a categorized list of
links to other sites to which you can add your
own site.
• Editors sometimes review your site to see if it is
fit for inclusion in the directory.
Example: Yahoo! Directory and DMOZ
Directories based search

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Crawler-based search
• Crawler-based search are not compiled and
maintained by humans.
• Instead, crawler-based search engines use
sophisticated pieces of software called spiders or
robots to search and index web pages.
• These spiders are constantly at work, crawling
around the web, locating pages, and taking
snapshots of those pages to be cached or stored on
the search engine’s servers.
• They are so sophisticated that they can follow links
from one page to another and from one site to
another.

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Google is a prominent example of a crawler-
based search engine. Other examples are Bing,
Yahoo!

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Search Techniques
Quotes: (“ “)
Placing the words within quotation marks (“ “) creates
phrases, it returns match only when the engine finds
the exact word sequences.

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Asterisk (*) or Truncation
• An asterisk (*) is also known as a wild card;
• These search techniques retrieve information on similar
words by replacing part of the word with a symbol usually a
* or ?. However, different databases use different symbols,
so check what is used.
Example:
In truncation the end of the word is replaced Chem*would
result Chemistry, Chemical, Chemotherapy etc.

10. 10
Search for specific types of files
•Such as PDFs, PPTs, doc, etc., by adding filetype: and
the 3-letter file abbreviation.
•Example: “information literacy”: ppt “digital library”:
pdf
“user education”: doc

11. Online Learning Websites and
Resource provided by the Ministry
of HRD to study for free during the
Covid-19 lockdown.
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SWAYAM Online Courses:

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UG/PG MOOCs

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e-PG Pathshala

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e-Content courseware in UG subjects

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SWAYAMPRABHA

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CEC-UGC YouTube Channel

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National Digital Library

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Shodhganga

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e-Shodh Sindhu

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Vidwan

22. Open Access Lecture
Videos
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31. Ekalavya
portal
• The Ekalavya portal aims at a free
exchange of knowledge and ideas, by
placing all the relevant academic
material in the open source, thus
making considerable contribution to
society.
• The Ekalavya project has also
developed an Open Source Educational
Resources Animation Repository
(OSCAR) and provides web-based
interactive animations for teaching
various concepts and technologies
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37. Thank you
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