TRAFFICAR
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In this project, we discussed the bad consequences associated with the Traffic. A problem most cities and capital have, we focused the most on the ecological side. we introduced TRAFFICAR, a new solution that may significantly reduce the emissions due to the congestion. TRAFFICAR is an electric system inspired by the modern hybrid vehicles; TRAFFICAR replaces the Internal Combustion Engine in the traffic, an electric motor move the car up to speed 30 Km /h. the type of motor is BLDC in-hub wheel motor that can be fitted in the rim of the wheel, thus a very few modifications are needed on the car and it makes TRAFFICAR more accessible, practical, suitable on most cars. The battery that powers the motors is recharged by regenerative braking technology and the alternator of the car. The supplier of the motors is QS motors – china; the controller is Kelly controller- china; the battery; the boost converter and the control unit are supplied and made by Dr. Nabil KARAMI workshop. TRAFFICAR costs around 2500-3000$ (prototype not mass production). TRAFFICAR save emissions and fuel consumption that occurs in a congestion traffic situation.
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TRAFFICAR
- 1. 1
- 2. TRAFFICAR SAADEH Wassim ALATTAR Sufyan MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT
- 4. Presentation plan 1. IPT /Blom studies 2. Types Of Hybrids Powertrain 3. Main Parts Of An Electric Systems 4. Regenerative Braking 5. CAN and Hybrid ECU/ TRAFFICAR Control Architecture 6. Power Requirements 7. Parts Suppliers 8. Rate of return of TRAFFICAR 4
- 5. Internal Combustion Engine Characteristics 5
- 6. Trends in Lebanon’s Emissions for The Transport Sector (Blom) 6 20% CO2 14% of CH4 60% of NO2
- 7. The consequences of traffic on the environment and human health (IPT) 7 • 1.6 ton of CO2 per car every year • Every 1 kg of CO2 melts 15 Kg of ice in the future • Traffic triple the risk of having an heart attack • Long exposure to emissions in traffic might change your DNA !!
- 8. Average emission classified by the traffic situations “fluid” and stop-and-go 8 In Traffic for passenger vehicles: • CO2 and NOX emissions are multiplied per 2
- 9. Urban cycle in Lebanon 9
- 10. 10 Types of drivetrain structure for hybrid vehicles • Series hybrid • Parallel hybrid • Combined hybrid • Plug-in hybrid
- 11. Series hybrid 11 Advantages: • Mechanical link absence. • Mechanical transmission. absence. • Most efficient during stop- and-go. • ICE operates in most efficient range. Disadvantages: • Size of ICE and electric motor. • Energy loss in highway drives.
- 12. Parallel hybrid 12 Advantages: • High efficiency at highway drives • Flexible switch between ICE and electric motor • Electro-motor can be designed less powerful Disadvantages: • Complicated system • Efficiency drops at low speeds
- 13. Combined hybrid 13 Advantages: • Maximum flexibility .between power sources. • Smaller, lighter and more efficient ICE. Disadvantages: • Complicated system • More expensive than parallel hybrid • The multiple conversion , lowers the efficiency
- 15. Electric Motor (EM) 15 Induction motor Permanent magnet motor
- 16. EM powertrain examples 16 Prius PMSM TESLA Induction Motor
- 17. In hub wheel motor 17
- 18. Battery • Li-ion has higher specific energy and output power • Li-ion’s specific energy is about 20% higher than that of NiMH • Li-ion battery requires a powerful liquid-cooling structure • NiMH is on the system level, making it simpler and lighter than Li-ion’s management system • NiMH is cheaper • Li-ion has short calendar life We chose NiMH for TRAFFICAR 18
- 19. EV Battery Life • What shortens lithium battery life? • 1. Overcharging or high voltage. • 2. Deep discharges or low voltage. • 3. High discharges or charge current. • 4. High temperatures 19
- 21. Battery Management System 21 • Maintain SOC • Protect the battery from high temperature • Protect the battery from high drawn current • Communicated with the ECUs via CAN bus • Can be integrated in the motor controller
- 22. Regenerative braking • It is a way to harness the loss kinetic energy into a useful electric energy • Used in most HEV • How it works ? 22
- 23. Types Of Powertrains Used In Regenerative Braking 23
- 24. TRAFICAR regenerative braking strategy Setup If SOC <90% If(teta )>2º Generetor mode Battery need charging Downhill scenario Regenerative braking activated YES ? NO ? NO ? YES ? YES ? 24
- 25. CAN (Control Area Network) 25 • Communication protocol used in most vehicles • High rate data baud • Ease the faults diagnosis
- 26. HEV control architecture HYBRID ECU Rule based Deterministic Control Fuzzy based Optimization based 26
- 27. Basic Principles of Rule Based Control Methods 27 Region A : Electric motor only Region B: ICE only Region C: both (in case of boost)
- 28. Rule based: modified power follower 28 1. Calculate the fuel energy that would be consumed by the ICE. 2. Calculate the effective fuel energy that would be consumed by EM 3. Calculate total energy that would be consumed by the vehicle 4. Calculate the emissions that would be produced by the ICE 5. Normalize the constituent factors for each candidate operating point.
- 30. Vehicle power requirements 30 𝑭𝒕 = 𝒇𝒎𝑴𝜶 + 𝑴𝒈𝑪𝒓𝒓 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝝆𝑪𝒅 𝑽 − 𝑽𝒘 𝟐 + 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽 P= Ft.V =the power to drive the vehicle at speed V Rolling resistance Slope angle Aerodynamic drag Wind speed Velocity Acceleration
- 31. Case study: Renault Megane II Specifications Values Weight 1600 kg Length 4209 mm wheelbase 2625 mm Front track 1518 mm Rear track 1514 mm Kerb weight 1175 kg Max weight (loaded) 1725 kg Wheel rims size 195/65 R15 31
- 32. Results • Force needed Ft =1174 N • Torque needed T= 112 N.m • Power needed P = 9719.3 W= 10 KW 32
- 33. TRAFFICAR parts supplier 33 Dayang company KELLY controller company GeB company QS motor company
- 34. TRAFFICAR project cost /weigh Price Price/ unit Number of units Total price Motors 450 $ 2 900$ Controller 200$ 2 400$ Battery 200$ 6 1200$ Brakes 100$ 1 100$ ECU 100$ 1 100$ 2700$ 34 weigh weigh/ unit Number of units Total price Motors 20 kg 2 40 kg Controller 5 kg 2 10 kg Battery 4 kg 6 24 kg Brakes 6 kg 1 6 kg 80 kg Cost :2700 $ Weigh: 80kg
- 35. Rate of return of TRAFFICAR • 𝐵𝑆𝐹𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑛 𝑟 𝑚 𝑓 𝑉 𝑑 𝑛 𝑐 𝑃 𝑚𝑒 𝑤 𝑒 • Where: • nr: number of crankshaft rotations for a complete engine cycle (for 4-stroke engine nr = 2) • vd: cylinder displacement (m3) • pme: mean effective pressure (Pa) • nc: number of cylinders • mf : fuel mass flow (kg/s) • we :engine speed (rad/s) 35
- 36. Rate of return of TRAFFICAR Number of cylinder nc 4 nr 2 Vd 1.9012 L 36 RPM 1000 Mean effective pressure 2.5 Bar Mf= 2.6 kg/h 3.574 L/h Concerning 25 days per month the driver can save 90 l fuel equivalent to 83$. It requires 2.2 years to return the investment
- 37. Thank You !!
Editor's Notes
- the system replaces the internal combustion engine in Traffic and moves the car using two in hub wheel motors, reducing toxic emissions and consumption to zero; the battery is charged using regenerative braking technology and the alternative, thus no need to any external charging source
- Now we had introduced our project, In the following we are going to discuss first: The amount of emission due to the transportation sector and traffic especially Next we are going to mention the different type of hybrid powertrain, Any hybrid vehicle contain motors, batterie controller, more details come in the third section. After we define the regenerative braking, how it works, and how we are going to use It in our project. , After that we are going to discus the Control theory for hybrid vehicle in section 6, and also explain the principle of TRAFFICAR control system Next we are going to calculate how much a RENAULT megane ii, require power and torque, to dimension the motors, the controllers, and the battery in the section5 finally we are going to see how much Trafficar will cost, and how long would it takes for a city citizen that spend 1 hour in traffic everyday to repay
- Let’s take glance first at the petrol engine characteristics of a petrol engine, At low rpm as you can see the brake specific fuel consumption is high mean efficiency is low, At low speed we can see that the consumption may reach 14 l per 100 km, , Vehicular emissions are correlated with the car speed , the NOx emission tend to increase at speed below 30 km/h
- Consequently, a yearly increase of 20% for CO2, 14% for CH4 and 60% for N2O are observed, these number are increasing faster of course because of the increasing number of cars that causing more congestion and traffic
- The transport sector accounts for 22% of the total greenhouse gas emissions , for about 27% of the current energy use worldwide, as it accounts for about 50% of the global oil demand. Research has also proved that exposure to traffic can lead to heart attack. Lack of memory, poor concentration, low IQ, brain lesions, blurry vision, epilepsy, and migraines are some of the negative effects of pollutants that emitted through vehicles on your central nervous system.
- The table here is the result of measurement of emissions emitted in the city center of munster Germany in a period of two months, it compares the average emissions by the traffic situation, either It was a fluid situation or stop and go. In Traffic for passenger vehicles CO2 and NOX emissions are multiplied per 2
- This graph shows the Speed-acceleration frequency distribution in Beirut, and as you can see the average speed is 30 km/h, and the average acceleration is 0.5 m/s, and that’s confirm our statement about how terrible the situation of traffic in lebanon
- Now what’s makes batteries last longer ? Or let's say what shortens battery life ? The factors mentioned here are the most important, High voltage, deep discharge , high current drawn form the battery, and high tempearture
- In Fact, This graph here is showing the relation between battery life cycle and the Depth of Discharge, and as we can see when DOD increase the life cycle of the battery decreases
- To protect the battery from high voltage, overcharge, high temperature , and maintain the state of charge, we have to use a battery management system, It is an electronic board that maintains all the signals and the information mentioned , and control how much current is drawn from the battery, and for how long. Some BLDC controllers, has an integrated BMS, we chose these kind of controllers because they are compacts, and price efficient.
- It is a way to harness the loss kinetic energy into a useful electric energy
- The CAN is a fast, high rate network enabling communication between ECUs. In CAN most data can be updated every 10ms. Why can is important to us in our project ? We are installing an electric system that needs some information, signals, detected by the car, like torque, car speed, engine speed, … To transfer these data safely without making any conflict between the information, we can use the CAN bus and make a network between the car ecu and TRAFFICAR ecu, In this way we are ensuring a safe way of data transfer. The BLDC controller that we are going to choose has a CAN bus, making our statement and our goal more easy to achieve.
- The hybrid ECU is the heart of the control architecture of any HEV and it is also known energy management strategy (EMS). The EMS can be classified into following broad categories: we have the rule based and the optimization based, in our presentation we are going to discuss only the rule based
- Rule based control strategies are developed using engineering analysis of the ICE efficiency charts shown in this figure and the analysis of electrical component efficiency charts. i. In the region A only EM is used because in this region the fuel efficiency of the ICE is poor. ii. In region B only ICE is used since this the region of high fuel efficiency. iii. In region C both ICE and EM are used This strategy is called power follower, it is efficient , cheap,
- This graph describes the Trafficar control architecture, We have 5 main signals delivered to TRAFFICAR control unit, The the angle teta delivered by the gyroscope is to detect the downhill scenario and use turn the motor into generator mode The alpha angle of the butterfly throttle , the speed signal from the abs, and the engine speed delivered by the crank shaft sensor is to detect a traffic scenario . To protect the battey if the state of charge delivered by the battery management system get below 10% the engine of the car starts and trafficar will be turned off
- To dimension the power of the motors and the size of the battery, we had to calculate the force required to move the car up to a speed of 30 km/h, and the power is equal to the same force multiplied by the speed
- We chose Renault Meganne ii because I have an experience with Renault autoamobile
- These results help us to choose the motors, controllers, and the battery
- It is important to know how long would it take for a person who spend 1 hour daily in traffic