Power generation, dissipation, optimization and E waste management

1. 1Department of ECE –Avinashilingam Institute

2. Power Generation
 Power generation is the process of generating electric power from
other sources of primary energy
 There are various methods to generate electricity
 The selection of electricity production modes and their economic
viability varies in accordance with demand and region
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3. Fossil fuels
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Fossil energy sources, including oil, coal and natural gas, are non-
renewable resources that formed when prehistoric plants and animals
died and were gradually buried by layers of rock. Over millions of years,
different types of fossil fuels formed -- depending on what combination
of organic matter was present, how long it was buried and what
temperature and pressure conditions existed as time passed.
Department of ECE -Sudar

4. Fossil fuels
 We are using fossil fuels that were made more than
300 million years ago
 Fossil fuels contain high percentages
of carbon and include coal, petroleum,
and natural gas.
 They are not renewable; they can’t really be made
again
 We can save fossil fuels by
 Conserving energy
 Using alternative energy sources
Disadvantages:
 Biggest air polluter
 Burning fossil fuel emits CO2
4Department of ECE -Sudar

5. More money and research will go into developing alternative
energy sources
Nuclear power
 Non-renewable potential energy
stored in the nucleus of an atom
Disadvantages:
Radiation harms the cells of body
Disposal of nuclear waste is
expensive
5Department of ECE -Sudar

6. Hydropower
Renewable gravitational energy of
moving water
Disadvantages:
High installation cost
Wind energy
Renewable Kinetic energy from
moving air
Disadvantages:
High installation cost
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7. Solar power
Disadvantages:
 High installation cost
Solar
Renewable radiant energy from the sun
photovoltaic (PV) cells present in the solar panels
on roof tops
PV cells convert light energy to electricity
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8. Solar Roadways
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9. Many career opportunities will be involved
with the research and development of
alternative energy sources
Geothermal energy
Renewable heat energy beneath the
Earth’s surface
Advantages:
Sustainable and reliable
9Department of ECE -Sudar

10. Power Sector at a Glance
India-2014 Tamilnadu-2014
Thermal 1,72,286.09 MW
Hydro 40,730.09 MW
Renewable (12%) 31,692.14 MW
Nuclear
Total
4,780.00 MW
2,49,488.31MW
Thermal 10411 MW
Hydro 2182 MW
Renewable 8075 MW
Nuclear 524 MW
Total 21192MW
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11. 11Department of ECE -Sudar

12. Development of Energy in
Tamil Nadu
year Installed
capacity
(MW)
Annual gross
generation
(MU)
Purchases
(MU)
Percapita
consumption
(KWH)
2000-
2009
10214 66966 37984 1000
2009-
2010
10214 27860 45027 1080
2010-
2011
10237 25639 49351 1040
2011-2012 10364 27942 49877 1065
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13. Installed Capacity in MW-2013
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14. Category wise consumers in lakhs
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15. Clothes washer = 350-500
Dishwasher = 1200-2400
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16. Fans
Ceiling = 65-175
Window = 55-250
Furnace = 750
Coffee maker = 900-1200
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17. Water heater = 4500-5500
Clothes iron = 1000-1800
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18. Hair dryer = 1200-1875
Vacuum cleaner = 1000-1440
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19. Active
73%
Standby
24%
Sleep
3%
Percentage of Total Energy
Consumed in Each Operating
Mode
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20. Electricity
Consumption
Country
total
(TWh)
Industry Transport
Commercial
/Public
Services
Agriculture
/Forestry
Fishery Residential other
World 16,816 41.7% 1.60% 23.4% 2.50% 0.025% 27.4% 3.43%
China 2,842 67.8% 1.05% 5.4% 3.12% 0.000% 15.5% 7.19%
India 602 46.4% 1.93% 8.0% 17.92% 0.000% 20.7% 5.05%
USA 3,814 24.0% 0.20% 35.0% 0.00% 0.000% 36.2% 4.59%
Indonesia 129 37.2% 0.00% 23.9% 0.00% 0.000% 38.9% 0.00%
Brazil 410 48.1% 0.39% 23.7% 4.49% 0.000% 23.3% 0.00%
Pakistan 70 27.5% 0.01% 14.2% 12.50% 0.000% 45.9% 0.00%
Bangladesh 32 56.3% 0.00% 6.0% 3.37% 0.000% 32.9% 0.00%
Nigeria 19 20.0% 0.00% 24.7% 0.00% 0.000% 55.3% 0.00%
Russia 725 49.6% 11.45% 20.6% 2.14% 0.037% 16.1% 0.00%20Department of ECE -Sudar

21. Japan 964 31.5% 1.95% 36.4% 0.09% 0.000% 29.8% 0.23%
Mexico 200 61.3% 0.55% 10.3% 4.05% 0.000% 23.7% 0.00%
Philippines 49 34.6% 0.23% 28.7% 2.30% 0.311% 33.8% 0.00%
Vietnam 68 51.8% 0.75% 8.1% 0.97% 0.000% 38.4% 0.00%
Ethiopia 3.1 38.0% 0.00% 23.6% 0.00% 0.000% 37.7% 0.74%
Egypt 112 33.4% 0.00% 15.4% 4.13% 0.000% 39.2% 7.84%
Germany 526 46.1% 3.14% 22.6% 1.66% 0.000% 26.5% 0.00%
Turkey 159 45.4% 0.60% 25.6% 3.54% 0.102% 24.8% 0.00%
DR Congo 6.1 63.4% 0.00% 3.1% 0.00% 0.000% 33.5% 0.00%
Iran 164 33.2% 0.15% 19.0% 12.92% 0.001% 32.3% 2.50%
Thailand 135 42.4% 0.04% 35.6% 0.21% 0.000% 21.3% 0.54%
France 433 32.6% 3.06% 25.0% 0.88% 0.028% 35.9% 2.57%
UK 342 33.2% 2.47% 28.6% 1.19% 0.000% 34.5% 0.00%
Italy 309 45.8% 3.50% 26.8% 1.81% 0.022% 22.1% 0.00%
South Korea 407 51.0% 0.55% 32.5% 1.61% 0.449% 13.8% 0.00%
Electricity
Consumption
Country
total
(TWh)
Industry Transport
Commercial
/Public
Services
Agriculture
/Forestry
Fishery Residential other
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22. 22Department of ECE -Sudar

23. How to Reduce Energy Consumption
Turn off computers when they are not in use.
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24. Unplug all unused items
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25. Turn off lights when they are not in use
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26. power Calculation
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30. 30Department of ECE -Sudar

31. 31Department of ECE -Sudar

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37. 37Department of ECE -Sudar

38. Problems of Power Dissipation
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• Continuously increasing
performance demands
 Increasing power dissipation of
technical devices
 Today: power dissipation is a main
problem
 High Power dissipation leads to:
 High efforts for cooling
 Increasing operational costs
 Reduced reliability
 Reduced time of operation
 Higher weight (batteries)
 Reduced mobility
Department of ECE -Sudar

39. Three factors that can reduce power dissipation are:
Voltage
Physical Capacitance
Switching Activity
Low Power Design Space
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42. 42Department of ECE -Sudar

43. 43Department of ECE -Sudar

44. Power Dissipation
 Power dissipation is a measure of the rate at which energy is
dissipated, or lost, from an electrical system
 When an electric current does work on a conductor, the internal
energy of that conductor increases, causing its temperature to
rise above the ambient temperature
 This causes energy to dissipate away from the conductor into
the surroundings, through the process of heat transfer
 The rate of this heat transfer (joules per second) is termed
'power dissipation' (in watts)
44Department of ECE -Sudar

45. Mechanisms of power dissipation
 Mechanisms of power dissipation are usually divided into two
classes:
 dynamic and
 static power dissipation
 Dynamic power dissipation occurs when the circuit is operational
 Static power dissipation becomes an issue when the circuit is inactive
or in a power-down mode
45Department of ECE -Sudar

46. Dynamic Power Dissipation
 Dynamic power dissipation can be further subdivided into three
mechanisms:
Switched
Short-circuit
Glitch power dissipation
 This depends upon the activity, timing, output capacitance, and
supply voltage of the circuit
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47. Switched power dissipation
Repeated charging and discharging of the output
capacitance
Necessary to transmit information in CMOS circuits
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48. Short circuit Power Dissipation
 Short circuit current occurs during signal transitions when both
the NMOS and PMOS are ON and there is a direct path
between Vdd and GND- crowbar current
 Accounts for more than 20% of total power dissipation
 As clock frequency increases- transitions increase consequently
short circuit power dissipation increases
48Department of ECE -Sudar

49. Glitch Power Dissipation
 Glitches are temporary changes in the value of the output –
unnecessary transitions
 They are caused due to the skew in the input signals to a gate
 Glitch power dissipation accounts for 15% – 20 % of the
global power
49Department of ECE -Sudar

50. Static Power Dissipation
 Power dissipation -device is in standby mode
 As technology scales this becomes significant- Leakage power
dissipation
Reverse biased p-n junction
Sub threshold leakage
Channel punch through
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51. Effects of Power Dissipation
 Power dissipation affects:
Performance
Reliability
Packaging
Cost
Portability
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52. Miniaturization
 Miniaturization is the trend to manufacture smaller mechanical,
optical and electronic products and devices
 Advantages:
- Lower material costs
- Higher production output
- Potentially faster operation
 Disadvantages:
- Increased complexity in circuit design (may lead to poorer
performance)
- Increased engineering/R&D costs
- Not serviceable after manufacture
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53. MINIATURIZATION
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54. MINIATURIZATION
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55. TECHNOLOGY SCALING
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Portable Devices
Department of ECE -Sudar

57. Portable device
A Portable device -easily be carried.
Examples:
 Smart Phone
 Lap Top
 i-pad
 Tablets
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58. OLDEST MOBILE & LATEST MOBILE
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59. BATTERY POWER MANAGEMENT IN PORTABLE
DEVICES
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60. BATTERY POWER MANAGEMENT
Turn off the mobile phone
Stop searching for the signal
Do not follow the method of full charge and
discharge
Avoid putting your mobile phone in vibrating
function
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61. BATTERY POWER MANAGEMENT
Turn off your phones backlight
Avoid using unnecessary features
Turn off Bluetooth
Avoid using animated pictures or videos for
background
Avoid placing the battery under direct sunlight
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64. Electronic Waste (e-waste)
are not fit for their original
intended use.
E-wastes contain toxic and
potentially hazardous
Substance.
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67. 67Department of ECE -Sudar

68. COMPONENT CONSTITUENT
Printed circuit boards Lead and cadmium
Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) Lead oxide and Cd
Switches & flat screen
monitors
Mercury
Computer batteries Cadmium
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69. Inefficient recycling processes result in substantial loss
of material value
Effective recycling processes involve initial investment
Huge gap between generation &
recycling of E-Waste
Lack of producer responsibility for
take back products.
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70. Consumer recycling
Corporate recycling
Sale
Take back
Exchange
Scrapping/recycling
Donations/Nonprofits
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71. 71Department of ECE -Sudar

72. More than 4.6 million tones of e-waste ended up in
landfills .
Toxic chemicals in electronics products can leach into
the land over time and released into the atmosphere.
Regulations have been introduced to prevent
electronic waste being dumped .
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73. This releases heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and
mercury into the air.
Mercury released into the atmosphere can bio
accumulate in the food chain.
 If the products contain PVC plastic, highly toxic
dioxins and furans are also released.
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74. A good way to increase a product's lifespan.
 Many old products are exported to developing
countries.
The hazardous chemicals in e-waste electronics can
harm workers in
 recycling yards
 neighboring communities
 environment.
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75. EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH
LEAD:
 Damages both the central and peripheral nervous systems
 High blood pressure, damage to the kidneys and liver
MERCURY:
 Attacks the central nervous and endocrine systems
 Harmful to mouth, teeth and gums
ARSENIC:
 Arsenic causes severe damage to the digestive tract .
CADMIUM:
 Repeated exposure can damage the lungs, kidneys and liver.
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76. CURRENT SCENARIO IN INDIA
Mumbai 11,017 tones
Delhi 9,730 tones
Bangalore 4,648 tones
Chennai 4,132 tones
Kolkata 4,025 tones
Ahmadabad 3,287 tones
Hyderabad 2,833 tones
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77. 77Department of ECE -Sudar

78. To preserve the earth’s natural resources which are limited
To prevent environmental pollution on releasing hazardous toxins
into the environment
To eliminate landfill
Generates employment opportunity
Extracting precious metals
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79. Sectors treating
E- Waste
Formal
Extraction of
metals
Non- formal
Collection
Disassembly
Segregation
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82. Economic benefits
Environmental benefits
Social benefits
Due to alarming growth of electronics, Central Government under sections 6,
8 and 25 of environment protection act in 1986 was put forth
Law on e-waste management and handling rules came into effect from May 1,
2012
Sale of electronic scrap to any unlicensed vendor is illegal
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83. 2004– Bangalore is a hub for e-waste recycling in India
Saahas (organization has made an initiative to treat e-waste called “ India
Assessment on e-waste”
Both informal and scrap dealers were in par
Retrieved materials—plastic, wires, CRT, and PCB
The initiative was to improve the technology of informal sector
HAWA – establishment of Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility
Equipment Quantity
Personal Computers 6,558.9
Printers 53.71
Televisions 76.91
Mobile phones 54.35
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85. 85Department of ECE -Sudar

86. Process of E-waste grading
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87. Each one of us has a role to play!
 Encourage and facilitate organized recycling systems
 Should subsidies recycling and disposal industries
 Collect fee from manufactured/consumers for the disposal of toxic
material
 Incentive schemes for garbage collectors and general public for
collecting and handling over e-waste
 Awareness program on e-waste for school children and general
public
 The total e-waste in India has been estimated to be 1,46,180 tones
per year 87Department of ECE -Sudar

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