2. Index
1. Equal right to vote
1.1 universal suffrage
1.2 women suffrage
1.3 equal suffrage league
1.4 census suffrage
1.5 compulsory suffrage
2. Types of equality
2.1 civil equality
2.2 political equality
2.3 social equality
2.4 natural equality
2.5 economic equality
3. Equal right to vote
▪ The people have fought for right to vote, this was called suffrage.
▪ Suffrage :- Suffrage, political franchise, or simply franchise, distinct from other
rights to vote, is the right to vote gained through the democratic process.
▪ Types of suffrage :-
1. Universal suffrage
2. Women's suffrage
3. Equal suffrage league
4. Census suffrage
5. Compulsory suffrage
4. Universal suffrage
▪ Where Universal suffrage exists, the right to vote is not restricted by
sex, race, social status, or wealth. It typically does not extend a right to vote to all
residents of a region; distinctions are frequently made in regard to
citizenship, age, and occasionally mental capacity or criminal convictions.
▪ The short-lived Corsican Republic (1755–1769) was the first country to grant
limited universal suffrage for all inhabitants over the age of 25. This was followed
by other experiments in the Paris Commune of 1871 and the island republic of
Franceville (1889). In 1893, New Zealand became the first major nation to achieve
universal suffrage, and the Freedom in the World index lists New Zealand as the
only free country in the world in 1893.[3][4] In 1906, Finland became the second
country in the world, and the first in Europe, to grant universal suffrage to its
citizens
6. Women suffrage
▪ Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote on the same terms as men.
This was the goal of the suffragists and the suffragettes. Limited voting
rights were gained by some women in Sweden, Britain, and some western
U.S. states in the 1860s. In 1893, the British colony of New Zealand
became the first self-governing nation to extend the right to vote to all adult
women. In 1894 the women of South Australia achieved the right to both
vote and stand for Parliament. The autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland
in the Russian Empire was the first European nation to allow all women to
both vote and run for parliament
8. Equal suffrage league
▪ Equal Suffrage League was a suffrage organization founded by Sarah J.
Garnet in Brooklyn, New York, in the late 1880s to advocate for
voting rights for African American women. The group worked to
abolish both gender and race bias.
▪ After Garnet became the Superintendent of the Suffrage Department
for the National Association of Colored Women (NACW), the Equal
Suffrage League affiliated with the National Association of Colored
Women. In 1907 the Equal Suffrage League and National Association
of Colored Women jointly supported a resolution supporting the
principles of the Niagara Movement that advocated for equal rights for
all American citizens.
10. Census sufrage
▪ Also known as "censitary suffrage", the opposite of Equal
suffrage, meaning that the votes cast by those eligible to vote are
not equal, but are weighed differently according to the person's
rank in the census (e.g., people with high income have more votes
than those with a small income, or a stockholder in a company
with more shares has more votes than someone with fewer
shares). Suffrage may therefore be limited, usually to the
propertied classes, but can still be universal, including, for
instance, women or ethnic minorities, if they meet the census
12. Compulsory suffrage
▪ Compulsory suffrage is a system where those who are
eligible to vote are required by law to do so. Australia
practices this form of suffrage. The main thing is that
you are compelled to vote, you must vote, everyone
has to vote, you can't get out of voting if it is
compulsory.
14. Types of equality
▪ 1. Civil Equality
▪ 2. Political Equality
▪ 3. Social Equality
▪ 4. Natural Equality
▪ 5. Economic Equality
15. Civil equality
▪ There is civil equality in the State when persons are subject to the
same law in enjoyment of their various rights and liberties. There
can be no civil equality when law kames distinction between one
individual and the other. Civil equality as a concept has been
accepted in a democratic form of government. It implies that all
citizens should be treated alike in the matters of possession of their
rights without any discrimination on the grounds of
religion, belief, caste or creed.
16. Political equality
▪ Political equality implies that all citizens should have political rights
and should have equal access to all offices of authority. It means
universal adult suffrage. It also implies rights to form political parties
and contest in election. These rights are necessary in a democratic
society.
17. Social equality
▪ It means that all citizens are equally eligible to enjoy various
opportunities in society it also implies absence of other privileges.
Social equality is a difficult idea to attain. It cannot be enforced
entirely by law. The Constitution of India has accepted equality as a
goal in its preamble. It has abolished untouchability by law. Though
untouchability still exists in some part of the country in spite of legal
prohibition, efforts are being made to ensure social equality.
18. Natural equality
▪ Natural equality is another type of equality. It implies that all men
are born free and equal and are endowed with equal gifts and
talents. It also means that the State should try to reduce
inequality, rather than perpetuate it. The State should provide
those social and economic opportunities that offer equal chances.
Natural equality is rather an ideal and not an immediate reality.
This ideal should be attained in a society as far as possible.
19. Economic equality
▪ Economic equality, according to Lord Bryce, is “the attempt to
expunge all differences in wealth, allotting to every man and
woman an equal share in worldly goods.” It means that wealth
should be enjoyed equally by all. It also implies abolition of
poverty. The basic minimum of an individual should be fulfilled. If
primary needs of an individual are not fulfilled, there cannot be
real democracy. Political equality is said to be meaningless unless it
is accompanied by economic equality.
