3. Chapter 21.1 Key Terms
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)- virus
that primarily infects cells of the immune system
and that causes AIDS
• Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-
disease that is caused by HIV infection, which
weakens the immune system
• Pandemic- disease that spreads quickly through
human populations all over the world
4. HIV
• “Human Immunodeficiency Virus”
• A specific type of virus (a retrovirus)
• HIV invades the helper T cells to replicate itself.
• No Cure
5. AIDS
• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
• HIV is the virus that causes AIDS
• Disease limits the body’s ability to fight infection
• A person with AIDS has a very weak immune system
• No Cure
6. Chapter 21.2 Key Terms
• Helper T Cell- white blood cell that activates the
immune response and that is the primary target
cell of HIV infection
• Opportunistic Infection- illness due to an
organism that causes disease in people with
weakened immune systems; commonly found in
AIDS patients
• Asymptomatic stage- infection in which the
infectious agent, such as HIV, is present but
there are few or no symptoms of the infection
8. Phase 1- Asymptomatic
Stage
• Short, flu-like illness, swollen glands, fatigue, diarrhea, weight
loss, or fevers - occurs one to six weeks after infection
• no symptoms at all
• Infected person can infect other people
• Lasts for an average of ten years
• HIV antibodies are detectable in the blood
10. Phase 3 - HIV AIDS
• Immune system
weakens
• Emergence of
opportunistic infections
and cancers
• The illnesses become
more severe leading to
an AIDS diagnosis
11. Opportunistic Infections associated
with AIDS
• Bacterial
• Tuberculosis (TB)
• Pneumocystis pneumonia
• Viral
• Kaposi Sarcoma-purple-red
blotches on the skin
• Influenza (flu)
17. Chapter 21.3 Key Terms
• Universal Precautions- set of procedures used to
avoid contact with body fluids & to reduce the
risk of spreading HIV & other diseases
• HIV-antibody test- detects HIV antibodies to
determine if a person has been infected with
HIV
• HIV Positive- person who tests positive in 2
different HIV tests
• Drug Combination Therapy- AIDS treatment
program in which patients regularly take more
than one drug
19. Anonymous Testing
• No name is used
• Unique identifying number
• Results issued only to test recipient
23659874515
Anonymous
20. Confidential Testing
• Person’s name is recorded along with HIV results
• Name and positive results are reported to the State
Department and the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention
• Results issued only to test recipient
21. Oral Testing
• Orasure
• The only FDA approved HIV
antibody.
• As accurate as blood testing
• Draws blood-derived fluids from the
gum tissue.
• NOT A SALIVA TEST!
22. T cell count test
• Shows the strength of a patient’s immune system
• This test can also tell whether a person has
developed AIDS
23. Viral load test
• Measures of the number of viruses in the blood
• The higher the viral load, the more infectious the
person’s body fluids are likely to be and the closer
that person is to having AIDS
24. Retest
• Should be retested 6 months after the first test
• An initial negative test can be misleading if the test is
done too soon after infection
26. Three ways to protect yourself?
• Practice abstinence
• Avoid multiple partners- Monogamous Relationship
• Don’t share needles, syringes, drug injection
equipment, or any item that may put a person in
contact with blood
27. Abstinence
• It is the only 100 % effective method of not acquiring
HIV/AIDS.
• Refraining from sexual contact: oral, anal, or vaginal.
• Refraining from intravenous drug use
28. Monogamous relationship
• A mutually monogamous (only one sex partner)
relationship with a person who is not infected with
HIV
• HIV testing before intercourse is necessary to prove
your partner is not infected
29. Protected Sex
• Use condoms (female or male) every time you have sex (vaginal
or anal)
• Always use latex or polyurethane condom (not a natural skin
condom)
• Always use a latex barrier during oral sex
30. When Using A Condom
Remember To:
• Make sure the package is not expired
• Make sure to check the package for damages
• Do not open the package with your teeth for risk of tearing
• Never use the condom more than once
31. HIV/ AIDS drugs
• Side effects include kidney & liver damage
• 30% of people who start taking some of these drugs
become so sick they have to stop taking them
32. GLOBAL HIV STATISTICS
37.7 million [30.2 million–45.1 million] people globally were living with
HIV in 2020.
1.5 million [1.0 million–2.0 million] people became newly infected with
HIV in 2020.
680 000 [480 000–1.0 million] people died from AIDS-related illnesses
in 2020.
27.5 million [26.5 million–27.7 million] people were accessing
antiretroviral therapy in 2020.
79.3 million [55.9 million–110 million] people have become infected with
HIV since the start of the epidemic.
36.3 million [27.2 million–47.8 million] people have died from AIDS-
related illnesses since the start of the epidemic.
33. People living with
HIV
In 2020, there were 37.7 million [30.2 million–45.1
million] people living with HIV.
o 36.0 million [28.9 million–43.2 million] adults.
o 1.7 million [1.2 million–2.2 million] children (0–14
years).
o 53% of all people living with HIV were women and
girls.
84% [67– >98%] of all people living with HIV knew
their HIV status in 2020.
34. GLOBAL HIV STATISTICS
• 26.0 million [25.1 million–26.2 million] people were accessing antiretroviral
therapy
• as of the end of June 2020.
• 38.0 million [31.6 million–44.5 million] people globally were living with
HIV in 2019.
• 1.7 million [1.2 million–2.2 million] people became newly infected with
HIV in 2019.
• 690 000 [500 000–970 000] people died from AIDS-related illnesses in
2019.
• 75.7 million [55.9 million–100 million] people have become infected with
HIV since the start of the
• epidemic (end 2019).
• 32.7 million [24.8 million–42.2 million] people have died from AIDS-
related illnesses since the start
• of the epidemic (end 2019).
35. AIDS-related deaths
AIDS-related deaths have been reduced by 64%
since the peak in 2004 and by 47% since 2010.
In 2020, around 680 000 [480 000–1 million]
people died from AIDS-related illnesses
worldwide, compared to 1.9 million [1.3
million–2.7 million] people in 2004 and
1.3 million [910 000–1.9 million] people in
2010.
AIDS-related mortality has declined by 53% among
women and girls and by 41% among men and boys
since 2010.
36.
37. HIV/tuberculosis (TB)
.
TB remains the leading cause of death among people living with HIV,
accounting for
around one in three AIDS-related deaths.
.
In 2018, an estimated 10.0 million [9.0 million–11.1 million] people
developed TB
disease, approximately 9% of whom were living with HIV.
-
People living with HIV with no TB symptoms need TB preventative
therapy, which lessens the risk of developing TB and reduces TB/HIV
death rates by around 40%.
-
1.8 million people living with HIV across 65 countries started preventive
treatment for
TB in 2018.
.
It is estimated that 44% of people living with HIV and TB are unaware of
their coinfection and are therefore not receiving care.
38. GLOBAL HIV STATISTICS
• 37.7 million [30.2 million–45.1 million] people
globally were living with HIV in 2020.
• 1.5 million [1.0 million–2.0 million] people
became newly infected with HIV in 2020.
• 680 000 [480 000–1.0 million] people died
from AIDS-related illnesses in 2020.
• 27.5 million [26.5 million–27.7 million] people
were accessing antiretroviral therapy in 2020.
• 79.3 million [55.9 million–110 million] people
have become infected with HIV since the start of the
epidemic.
• 36.3 million [27.2 million–47.8 million] people
have died from AIDS-related illnesses since the start
of the epidemic.
39. People living with HIV
• In 2020, there were 37.7 million [30.2
million–45.1 million] people living with HIV.
o 36.0 million [28.9 million–43.2 million]
adults.
o 1.7 million [1.2 million–2.2 million] children
(0–14 years).
o 53% of all people living with HIV were
women and girls.
• 84% [67– >98%] of all people living with
HIV knew their HIV status in 2020.
40.
41. Province Number of people living with HIV Prevalence
KwaZulu-Natal 2029470 18.23%
Gauteng 1912590 13.05%
Eastern Cape 859329 13.04%
Mpumalanga 705174 15.41%
North West 524593 13.59%
Limpopo 515091 8.99%
Western Cape 452210 6.76%
Free State 419631 14.62%
Northern Cape 81778 7.13%
43. Province District People living with HIV- 2016 estimates (Number) People living with HIV- 2017
estimates (Number) Increase/decrease in the number of People living with HIV between 2016 –
2017 Percentage increase in People living with HIV between 2016 – 2017
Western Cape
Cape Town 300 424 311 469 11 045 3.7
Cape Winelands 48 348 49 738 1 390 2.9
Eden 38 886 37 839 -1 047 -2.7
West Coast 19 683 20 383 700 3.6
Central Karoo 1 842 2 577 735 39.9
Overberg 12 569 14 764 2 195 17.5
Total 421 752 436 771 15 019 3.6
South Africa 6 966 273 7 109 879 143 606 2.1
