Denial of Service, Spoofing & Backdoor Attacks: Understanding Common Network Security Threats

What Is Denial Of Service Attack
Access Control Threats
Denial of Service(DoS/DDoS)
Overview
A denial–of–service attack (DoS attack)/distributed denial–of–service attack (DDoS attack) is an
attempt of making a computer resource unavailable to its intended users.
The purpose of DoS attacks is to consume all of its resources or force the targeted computer to reset
so that it can no longer provide its intended service.
Spoofing/Masquerading
Overview
To gain an illegitimate advantage, a spoofing attack is a situation in which one person or program
successfully masquerades as another by falsifying data.
Below are the Popular Spoofing Techniques
Man–in–the–middle attack (MITM): A middle man which can read, insert and modify messages
between two parties without ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
E–mail address spoofing: Hiding the origin of email, a technique commonly used for spam e–mail
and phishing to hide the origin of an e–mail message by changing certain properties of the e–mail,
such as the From, Return–Path and Reply–To fields.
Login spoofing: Gaining the user's password, login spoofing is used. The user is presented with an
ordinary looking login prompt for username and password, which is actually a malicious program,
usually called a Trojan horse under the control of the attacker. When the username and password are
entered, this information is logged or in some way passed along to the attacker, breaching security.
Backdoor/Trapdoor
Overview
To get unauthorized remote access to a compromised system, a backdoor is a malicious computer
program or particular means that provide the attacker with exploiting vulnerabilities of installed
software and bypassing normal authentication.
It works in background and remain hidden from the user. It has very similar to a virus and therefore
is quite difficult to detect and completely disable.
A backdoor is one of the most dangerous parasite types, as it allows a malicious person to perform
any possible actions on a compromised computer. The attacker can use a backdoor to
spy on a user,
manage files,
install additional software or dangerous threats,
control the entire system including any present applications or hardware

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Network Security Is Important For Protecting Your Computer
Network Security
EET 5720
Daljot Rai
Have you ever surfed the web and received a popup alerting you a threat is detected? If so, you are
not alone. This is a very common issue web browsers and organizations face. In order to resolve or
prevent such issues, it is key to learn about the security of your network. Network security is the
protection of networks that help secure files and directories of a computer. It helps protect the user
from hackers, virus attacks, misuse and prevents unauthorized access. The importance of learning
and becoming aware of network security is important for protecting yourself and others around you.
I will be discussing the common type of attacks, methods to protect your computer from harm and
discuss what the future may hold for network security.
There are many attacks that can be associated with network security, eavesdropping,
viruses/malware and Trojans, phishing, IP spoofing attack and lastly denial of service.
Eavesdropping, has two subcategories passive and active. Passive eavesdropping refers to someone
listening to a phone call, or reading a chat email (Daya, Bhavya). Active eavesdropping refers to the
hacker physically going in and distressing the conversation (Daya, Bhavya). This type of attack
allows the hacker to steal confidential information. In this circumstance, it is important to have some
sort of network security because having someone listening in on a personal conversation can be
detrimental. This can be solved

Essay about Threats to Computer and Data Systems Today
Introduction
Safety of information is the most valuable asset in any organization particular those who provide
financial service to others. Threats can come from a variety of sources such as human threats,
natural disasters and technical threats. By identifying the potential threats to the network, security
measure can be taken to combat these threats, eliminate them or reduce the likelihood and impact if
they should occur.
Hacking
Outsider attackers often called hackers because they gain access to system without authorization or
permission from the owners or legitimate user. With information technology, comes increase risk of
fraud and information theft. Hackers can steel sensitive information from one organization and sell it
to a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They can identify websites frequently visited by users, those vulnerable websites that can be
targeted and what users often search for.
Virus
There are special viruses that creates different types of malicious problems on a network or
computer, for instance it will create or open programs to perform tasks. Viruses is also used for
denial of service attacks, password cracking and many more. This can be fought against by having a
reliable protection service; it is safer if this is taken from the provider itself.
Deniss Calovskis who is a native of Latvia in Eastern Europe, he was arrested by the US
government because he was involved in creating numerous computer viruses called Gozi, Zeus
Trojan and spy eye Trojan
Denial of service
Denial–of–service is an attack aimed to refuse access for legitimate users and disrupt service
availability according to www.msdn.microsoft.com. This type of security threat according to
www.tech.co.uk is rapidly increasing on the Internet due to open doors on Websites. By using the
Internet, companies increase the risk of denial of service attack. Denial of service can also be caused
by too many connected to a server at the same making run slow or unavailable to others. People who
deliberately abuse a network server are often difficult to track down.
Outsider attacks also increased substantially over the past year, UK

Costco Security Risk Analysis
Overall Risk Level and Likelihood
As Costco's e–commerce business and network infrastructure is scattered to numerous locations
globally along with a huge customer base, the risk of an attack or intrusion to steal or capture the
valuable financial and personal information travelling within the network and stored in the database,
is extremely high. The Costco security has been effectively invaded recently in July 2015, when an
extensive data breach affected the Costco online photo center operations for several weeks (Duryee,
2015). Considering the extremely quick paced growth in terms of new customers, new warehouses,
new network and infrastructure requirements, and adoption of new IS dimensions such as Cloud and
virtualization, the likelihood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A majority of the software risks are associated with the poor programming practices, such as
allowing changed in web page or SQL query structures; unrestricted upload of files; improper
handling of operating system commands and log message content; unchecked Uniform Resource
Locator (URL) redirection and race condition; inappropriate resource management; and weaker
defenses including access control, authentication, encryption, and critical resource allocation
porousness (Stallings & Brown, 2012). One of the most popular web application attacks is known as
Cross Site Scripting (XSS), where the attacker maligns a vulnerable web page or server. When a
user visits the compromised web page, the infected code executes in the browser using the web
server privileges. XSS attacks can be of many forms, such as: reflected XSS, where the server
directly processes the infected script; persistent XSS, where a stored infected script in the server is
passed to the client's browser and gets stored there; stealing of cookies; defacement of the web
pages; phishing; execution of exploits; and violation of privacy (Chugh & Gupta,

Modern Day Attacks Against Firewalls and Vpns
Modern Day Attacks Against Firewalls and Virtual Private Networks
Electronic technology is growing at a rapid rate; more devices are made mobile and wireless, but
with those improvement and developments come flaws and malicious opportunities. Cyber attacks
are on the rise and no system or device is immune. Many organizations employ multiple layers of
firewalls but that doesn't completely eliminate the threat. Attacks against firewalls and virtual
private networks or VPNs are constantly being exploited with new methods everyday, but they are
yet another obstacle that a cyber criminal must overcome. First let's discuss what a firewall is and
what a firewall is capable of doing. Firewall applications are ... Show more content on
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Unfortunately, many firewalls come with so many rules or policies that they can counteract the
security desired and create loopholes for network threats or actually block traffic that is desired or
requested by the user. These issues make it really important to understand how all rules and policies
in the firewall work and how to apply them. Another tool often used for secure reasons and also as a
reliable method to share information remotely is called a Virtual Private Network or VPN. Henry
describes A VPN as "a group of computers (or discrete networks) networked together over a public
network–namely, the internet" (para 3, 2012). Basically, it's a private network created to allow
remote access through a public network. Most often you will see that employees on airplanes or in a
public place that will require and utilize these VPNs to access their business resources for all kinds
of information, but some people just use it as a means to use their network without physically
compromising the actual systems. A good VPN can provide many functions such as access
anywhere worldwide without dedicated lines, data security, remote access to business resources and
better employee production. For these VPNs to perform these functions properly they are required to
provide reliability by ensuring that the network does not break down before reaching its max
capacity, scalability to ensure the ability to expand as business grows, and of

How To Defeat The DDOS Attack In Cloud Environment?
J. Rameshbabu et al. [1] described the major DDOS attacks that were launched in cloud
environment in different years. So the task is to defeat the DDOS attack in cloud environment. A
technique NEIF (Network Egress and ingress Filtering) is proposed to overcome the issue. This
technique uses the ingress filters as well as the egress filters at the ISP's edge router. That monitors
the incoming and outgoing traffic in the network. As a result of implementing NEIF technique the
Throughput is improved and the connection delay is reduced. The limitation of the technique is that
the ingress filters fail if the attacker has access to the IP address of authorized system which will
than allow every packet to pass through the network.
Karnwal et al. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence the trained data sets play important role in deciding the performance of CTB model.
Vikas et al. [4] proposed an algorithm that uses hop count filtering (HCF) mechanism. This
algorithm continuously monitors the packets over the network in a cloud. The three parameters
(SYN flag, TTL and Source IP) are extracted from monitored TCP/IP packets. For each packet
algorithm recognize four cases: i) if SYN flag is HIGH (SYN = 1) and source IP already exist
(SRC= 1) in IP2HC table, calculate current hop count value. Update the table if calculated hop count
does not match the stored hop count value. ii) if SYN = 1 and SRC = 0 in the IP2HC table then
calculate hop count value and in IP2HC table add the new entry to Source IP with corresponding
hop count. iii) Packet is malicious if the calculated hop count value does not matches with the stored
hop count valve when SYN = 0 and SRC = 1 in IP2HC table. iv) If Source IP does not exist and
SYN flag is LOW (i.e. SYN = 0, SRC = 0) then packet is spoofed.
Chen et al. [5] proposed a confidence based filtering method CBF that works in two periods (i.e.
non–attack period and attack period). In the non–attack period the nominal profile is generated by
collecting legitimate packets, for extracting attribute pair inside the TCP and IP header that generate
the nominal profile. The confidence value of these attribute pair is calculated by counting the
number of

Problem Of Rfiber Technology
Madlmayr, G., Langer, J., Kantner, C., & Scharinger, J. in [14] studied the security and the privacy
of the devices and the services that use the NFC technology. The researchers concluded that the
secure element structures of security should be used in the peer–to–peer communication in order to
provide a secure communication [14]. In addition, the authors provided an innovative solution to
protect against the phishing attack, which is the using of specific tags that have a sign [17]. In
addition, according to the fact that the difficulty of recognizing the real tag from the spoofed tag, the
attacker can modify the data on the tags when users use the NFC applications that are used for
sending and receiving information to or from NFC tags ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, the authors asserted that when the organizations that deal with the NFC technology
started to establish services, they should consider peoples' interests. Furthermore, the researchers
indicated that different risk ratings and different responses to these risks could appear when there are
individuals from various demographics [21].
Mulliner, C. in [6] discovered the weaknesses and the vulnerability that the NFC technology had
when applying the applications by using NFC tags or specific new techniques for analyzing the NFC
smartphones. The results demonstrated that the NFC smartphones can be exposed to different types
of attacks, such as "phishing and denial of service" [6].
Rahul, A., Krishnan, G., Krishnan, U., and Rao, S. in [19] wrote about the NFC technology by
explaining many different aspects of this technology. In addition, the authors discussed the security
issues of this technology, and the researchers believe that even with the different types of the attacks
that might occur to the NFC technology, the NFC technology could provide a secure communication
if it used a secure and safe channel for that communication [23].
Badra, M., & Badra, R. B. in [41] studied the issues that are related to the NFC technology. The
researchers suggested and provided an appropriate

A Report On The Attack Automation Strategy
http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~sunshine/publications/ccr.pdf
1a) An DDoS(Distributed Denial of Service) Attack consists of several phases – firstly the attacker
recruits multiple agent machines which will be later on infected with the attack code and further
exploited. The infected machines can be used to further recruit new agents. We can outline those
phases as Recruit, Exploit, Infect and Use.
ATTACK AUTOMATION STRATEGY
The attack automation strategy stands for how much of the DDoS attack does an attacker want to
make automatic and how much to leave for manual control. The strategy depends on the degree of
automation of the phases of the attack. There are three general automation degrees – Manual,
Automated and Semi–Automated– which are explained as follows:
o Manual
In that case, the hacker manually recruits machines by scanning remote ones for vulnerabilities,
breaks their security mechanisms, installs the prepared attack code and then directs the attack. This
type of a DDoS Attack has become really outdated since lately all the recruitment phase has been
automated.
Weak design consideration in terms of functionality and productivity.
o Semi–Automated
In the Semi–Automated DDoS attacks the DDoS "network" is made of a handler and an agent
machine. There is automation present for the Recruit, Exploit and Infect phases. Through the
communication between the handler and the agent, the attacker specifies the attack type, the onset,
the duration and the victims ID. The

Attackers May Depend On Social Engineering To Gain...
1. Reconnaissance – Attackers may depend on social engineering to gain information, access, and
data to a companies inner–working; This include finding out policies, office building security
protocols; even dumpster diving for any information that could be used to initiate a scanning
procedure. Counter measures for these methods include, enforcing employees to comply with
security policies, constantly train employees in the methods of social engineering by attackers; this
includes over the phone conversations subjecting an employee into disclosing any type of company
information, no matter how innocent the information may seem (an alternative excuse for employees
is to refer to company's website), installation of security cameras, and use ... Show more content on
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Should the attacker decide it wants to gain access to a network and obtain its data, it may resort to
using software such as: Exploit software, Intrusive penetration testing, back doors, use of brute–
force passwords, Trojans, worms, software bug, or any type of vulnerability in order to gain access
to the network. Additionally, a black–hat hacker may use social engineering skills to infiltrate
systems by having someone innocently browse to an infected website or use a usb–memory stick
(thumb drive) into an access point, thereby infiltrating the IT infrastructure. The examples of social
engineering are many, however the goal is always the same; gaining access to a system without
having authorization. In order for an ethical hacker to protect against a black–hat hacker gaining
access, similar tools must be used to find weaknesses in the system, these include: penetration
testing, port scanners, OS fingerprint scanners, Vulnerability scanners. Once found, it is imperative
to seal security holes, this is mostly done through maintaining software/hardware up–to date and
running malware/antivirus software. Additional ways of protecting systems are blocking USB ports
on workstation domain, restrict access to LAN domain servers, and blocking dangerous websites on
a LAN to WAN domain.
4. Maintaining Access – Once a black–hat hacker gains access to a system, it will target the data that
is usually found on the WAN domain, many of these servers may hold intellectual

Network Architecture : The First Class Citizen
2. CONET This architecture is based on the content–centric paradigm where content is called as the
first class citizen. In this approach, the network architecture should provide the user's access to
Named Resources that could be either content (named–data) or services. At CONET, a network
consists of several CONET nodes interconnected by CONET Sub Systems (CSS). The nodes area
classified as End Nodes Serving Nodes, Border Nodes Internal Nodes and Name Routing System
Nodes (NRS) [7]. These nodes exchange CONET Information Units (CIU) that can express an
interest on some named–data or chunks of this named–data. CUI are carried in smaller CONET data
units named carrier–packets. 3. Entity Title Architecture The Entity Title Architecture, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
4. Performance control This control application is responsible for broad classes of performance
policies at both point–to–point and multipoint flows. It has a specific bandwidth which is reserved
for the flow and cannot be exceeded. Further, for each flow, its priority should be specified. This
priority will be enforced at all stages along the flow path that help to supports applications that
require low IO latency. 5. Control over flow routing During the study of a policy for an IO flow
which is specified, the controller needs to configure stages along the flow's paths. First of all, we
start by creating just one flow to measure the latency. Then the controller is responsible to create an
increasing number of flows to measure throughput. Here, we expect throughput to be good enough
from batching several flow creation operations into one operation to the stages. It is checked that
each flow's policy is dynamic point–to–point, like P2. One hypervisor anode storage server machine
are used for this purpose, with one SMBc and one SMBs stage respectively. THE NETWORK
MODELING We are using a simple mathematical model to describe the fine grained and all
important step by step execution of software defined network, may take time while starting of
application, resulting in the network n0. Our model extends the network model as previously
literature suggests so to account for end host and switch or physical migration. It also

Computer Technology And Its Impact On Computer Crime
"Cyberwarfare is the use of computer technology to disrupt the activities of a state or organization,
especially the deliberate attacking of information systems for strategic or military purposes" (Oxford
Dictionary, 2016). While this definition may seem fitting on a global basis the idea of cybercrime
can encompass any valuable information of an individual, company, government, or military entity.
The term hacker came about in the early 80's defining a coup of people where were proficient at
manipulating computers. However, in 2016 the Oxford Dictionary defines hacker as "a person who
uses computers to gain unauthorized access to data". In the early stages of cybercrime hackers
spread programs called worms, computer viruses and trojan ... Show more content on
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Users would click on the links, be rerouted to a web page that looked like their bank, but was
actually a page developed by the hackers. Once the users entered their user ID and password, the
hackers had all the information they needed to access the users accounts.
In the early 2000's new criminal opportunities arose by attacking Web sites. Denial of Service (DoS)
attacks took place by having large numbers of computers accessing a Web site at the same time. This
provided cyber criminals with two things, global visibility, and financial opportunity. As
technologies evolve and advance, so do the abilities of the hackers. Now, the goal is to stay one step
ahead. It is not a matter of if a system can get hacked, but rather a question of when.
Specific functional business areas have common aspects of their software and hardware setup. For
example, the banking industry uses financial software and specific hardware, such as Automated
Teller Machines. The medical industry uses medical records software and specific hardware, such as
ultrasound and X–ray machines. The energy industry, uses substations controlled by master servers.
""Every substation is controlled by the master, which is controlled by the operator," says researcher
Chris Sistrunk who, along with Adam Crain, found vulnerabilities in the products of more than 20
vendors. "If you have control of the master, you have control of the whole system, and you can turn
on and off power at will. An intruder could exploit

Computer Security And Social Engineering Essay
Computer security is a very important topic in today's world. One does not have to look far to read
about data breaches, DDoS attacks, or other computer related crimes. When we think of cybercrime,
we usually envision the Hollywood portrayal of technical hackers typing vigorously and wearing
dark sunglasses. However, in reality, hacking tends to be much less glamorous. Actually, one critical
element is often overlooked by the general public and movies alike; yet, every security professional
knows, people are the weakest link, when it comes to security. In fact, "as part of a demonstration at
the 2010 Def Con hacking conference, large corporations were subject to social engineering
techniques. The result was alarming: 96% of employees contacted by phone or email disclosed
confidential information..." (Ricart). In this paper, I will discuss the concept of social engineering:
what it is, the types of attacks, the framework used in carrying out said attacks, and lastly, I will
address countermeasures to mitigate the risk. Social engineering, as defined on social–engineer.org,
is any act that influences a person to take an action that may or may not be in their best interest
(social–engineer). Human nature is a very interesting topic and one that has been studied for
centuries. Throughout its history, certain patterns and behaviors have been observed. Therefore,
social engineering is a type of applied science that is rooted in psychology, however its nature is
fluid and varies

The Comprehensive Security Policy In The Trojan War
Comprehensive Security Policy
Introduction
A company that experiences a social engineering attack to create or reevaluate its security plan in
respect to its email, acceptable use, physical security and incident response plan. Social engineering
attacks have been around forever across many different cultures and platforms. The first major
social engineering attack happened during the mythological Trojan War. The Greek after a ten–year
unsuccessful siege of Troy appeared to leave, and leave behind a huge wooden statue of a horse as a
parting gift. The Trojans wheeled in the horse through the gates and proceeded to celebrate their
victory not aware that the horse contained Greek soldiers. The soldiers late at night crept out of the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Water holing is an attack using malware which allows the attacker to observe websites often visited
by a victim and infects those sites with malware. Attacks using whaling the goal of whaling is to
trick someone into disclosing organizational or personal information through social engineering,
email spoofing and content spoofing efforts. Whaling is typically directed towards the powerful,
wealthy and prominent individuals. Pretexting is an attack that the attacker presents their self as
someone else in order to obtain private information or data. Attacks using pretexting try to
manipulate victims into performing an action that allows an attacker to discover and exploit a
weakness inside an organization. Finally, attackers use baiting which is a technique to exploits the
victim's natural curiosity. Baiting relies on the curiosity or greed of the victim and is very similar to
phishing attacks. Prevention and Detection The keys to prevention and detection of social
engineering attacks should be included in the organizations security policy. Social engineering
attacks require the same approach and security posture as another type of attacks on an organizations
information and data. The organization must identify its assets, turn up span mail features, clarify
the line between work and personal, develop effective access management, and conduct training and
awareness of

Disadvantages Of Honeypots
ABSTRACT
Honey pot is an exciting new technology with enormous potential for the security community. It is a
resource which is intended to be attacked and compromised to gain more information about the
attacker and his attack techniques.
They are a highly flexible tool that comes in many shapes and sizes. This paper deals with
understanding what a honeypot actually is ,and how it works.
There are different varieties of honeypots. Based on their category they have different applications.
This paper gives an insight into the use of honeypots in productive as well as educative
environments.
This paper also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of honeypots, and what the future hold
in store for them.
CONTENTS ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But certainly, some places are better for certain approaches as others.
A honeypot can be used on the Internet as well as the intranet, based on the needed service. Placing
a honeypot on the intranet can be useful if the detection of some bad guys inside a private network is
wished. It is especially important to set the internal thrust for a honeypot as low as possible as this
system could be compromised, probably without immediate knowledge.
Honey Pots can be setup inside, outside or in the DMZ of a firewall design or even in all of the
locations although they are most often deployed inside of a firewall for control purposes. In a sense,
they are variants of standard Intruder Detection Systems (IDS) but with more of a focus on
information gathering and deception. If the main concern is the Internet, a honeypot can be placed at
two locations:
In front of the firewall (Internet)
DMZ
Behind the firewall (intranet) Each approach has its advantages as well as disadvantages. Sometimes
it is even impossible to choose freely as placing a server in front of a firewall is simply not possible
or not

Components Of An Information System
Saleh Abuhasharah
ID# 1616885
Information Security
Dr. Harvey Lowy
1– components of an information system:
Information System is a complete set of software and hardware, data, people, and procedures, and
networks that enable the use of information resources in the organization. There are six components
of information systems and each component has its strength and weakness points, and it has its
properties and its uses. And also each component of Information System has its own security
requirements. A– Software:
The software component is one of the six components of information system which contains
applications, operating system, and arranged command utilities. the software is argued as the hard
one to be secure amongst other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hardware must be protected from damage or theft, such as the application of physical security, keys
or locks. These restrict access to computers and interact with the hardware components of
information systems. Securing the actual location is very important because if it had been entered
may result in loss of information or result other unpredictable problems.
C– Data:
Data is the most important thing owned by the organization and it is the main target and objective of
deliberate attacks. Database management systems are the best way to protect the data and
applications from an outsider attack if they develop and implement it properly.
D– People:
In order to generate or operate any system the qualify people necessarily appear. Often the most
over–looked element of the information system is the people, probably the component that most
influence the success or failure of information systems.
E– Procedures:
Procedures are another important component of information system. Procedures are responsible
component on the drawing process and write the instructions for accomplishing tasks. Procedures
are considered as very important for the integrity of the information in the organization, because if it
used by unauthorized user may threat the security of the information. Organization should give the

accurate members the knowledge of procedures only on a need–to–know basis.
F– Network Is the component of IS that connect information system to each the in

Detecting ARP Spoofing Essay
Detecting ARP Spoofing
Ordinarily, we would have used Splunk to detect this attack, but we couldn't find the right
networking data being sent to Splunk and didn't want to bother Ryan :), so we used Wireshark to
show, to an extent, what we would have discovered in Splunk. The screenshot in figure 3–9 shows
the traffic we captured in Wireshark. The info section of the packets shows that it detected the
duplicate use of the 10.10.10.6 IP address (the Windows 7 victim machine). It can see this because
there are two different MAC addresses claiming to be the same IP (the Kali attacker and Windows
7). With this data in Splunk, you could set up alerts in the Splunk Enterprise Security App that
would detect this type of spoof.
Bonus Attack: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As we researched different attacks to use on our virtual machines, it was surprising how simple
some attacks seemed to be able to be completed; it was almost scary to see how many step–by–step
attack instructions can be found on the Internet, as well as video tutorials. Many of these attacks are
easily defendable with correct configuration of network and firewall policies. Although we carried
out our attacks on virtual machines and did not set out to cause any harm, we were able to
understand how attackers can cause real harm. This project highlighted the importance of using
intrusion detection systems and proper computer security in order to prevent against attacks like we
carried out in the project.
Policy Measures to Prevent Attacks
Based on our experience with this project, it is clear that the risk of network attacks is very real and
should be given significant attention by a company to prevent any serious damage resulting from
such attacks. We have a few points that would make sense for a company to implement in order to
reduce risk. As mentioned in previous sections, many experts recommend that companies develop
thorough incident response plans before the occurrence of a threat so that in the worst case scenario
the damages are minimal. Additionally, enterprises should implement detection programs, including
some firewall functionality and intrusion detection systems.

Integration Of Threat Intel And Incident Response. In Today’S
Integration of Threat Intel and Incident Response
In today's modern world of security threats, intelligence and the ability to respond to incidents are
the keys to survival. As technology continues to change and advance, we also must change our
security procedure and techniques. Dina Evans from LookingGlass has a good definition of threat
intelligence, "We define threat intelligence as the combination of technical and contextual
information regarding existing or emerging threats from all available sources. It has been evaluated
and analyzed for accuracy, timeliness, and relevancy, and implemented among an organization's
tactical, operational, and strategic stakeholders." (Evans, 2016). The process of threat intelligence
feeds into all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The challenges arise from the fact that when using multiple sources, it can be easy to miss the
connections between data points or to misunderstand the significance of noise when reviewing the
massive amount of data that must be crunched, cleansed and turned into useful intelligence.
The best way to address this issue is the use of a threat intelligence management platform. The
"threat intelligence management platform" filters, gathers and analyzes data, and then delivers it in a
standard format for inclusion in a variety of security systems and appliances (Comparing). Finally, it
is important to remember that the organizations budget will play a major role in the choice of
selecting threat intelligence services. The appropriate choice is to strive for consistency when
interviewing potential service providers.
Threat Kill Chain
The threat kill chain reveals the stages of a cyber attack from early reconnaissance to the goal of
information exfiltration. The kill chain can also be used as an organizational tool to help
continuously improve network defense (Kill Chain). Threats must progress through seven stages of
the model; the first stage is reconnaissance. Reconnaissance occurs when the attacker does a
background check on the target before attacking them. Most reconnaissance is accomplished with
the help of the Internet and social media accounts. The second stage is the weaponization phase. In
this phase, the attacker creates a remote access

Essay on The Threat of Cyber War
CNA'S AMMUNITION
There are several different forms of cyber weapons, all of which can be used for either an attack or
espionage. There are principally five common practices. The first of three attacks that will be
examined is spoofing.
SPOOFING
Spoofing is an attack that falsifies information in order to disguise and misconstrue an identity to
appear as someone else, or as an application. An example, per say, would be an instance that took
place in Arizona at the works of Daniel David Rigmaiden. Rigmaiden used what is known as an air
card to spoof a nearby cell tower. Rigmaiden was indeed caught by the FBI, but this case was a
major event for the intelligence community, due to the judges' skeptical preceding's in order to catch
a major ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The FBI exploited Eric Eoin Marques, a US–born 28–year–old, using buffer overflow methods.
Marques is accused of creating and engineering Freedom Hosting, the hidden website indicated to
be responsible for facilitating child pornography on 550 servers throughout Europe. One FBI agent
declared that Marques is undoubtedly 'the largest facilitator of child porn on the planet".5
VULNERABILTIES & POTENTIAL HARM
The damage of a full–fledged cyber attack would be devastating, the destruction would be
unparalleled to any other tragedy that has occurred America. Since technology is responsible for
providing America with vital entities and resources, an unadulterated cyber attack would nearly fail
the American economy; this is what is known as critical systems failure. Weapons of mass
destruction and cyber attacks present imminent threats of critical systems failure. Although currently
Americas' critical infrastructures are coordinated by controlled systems, majority of these systems
are indeed connected to the American cyberspace. This exposes one of America's most vulnerable
spot amidst cyber security. Another major vulnerable spot within the nations IT security would be
the geographical physical location for each of Americas primary infrastructures, as well as their
productivity. Due to the proximal locations, the major infrastructures could very well be infiltrated
by one efficient CNA.
Transportation – Over 37% of

The Security Of Database System
The Security Of Database
Introduction
In the contemporary times, it has been widely believed that the huge computer network platform is
considered to be extremely beneficial in terms of making the entire community more informative
(Martínez, et al, 2013). The technology of database has created a leading position for itself in the
computing environment. However, due to this drastic increase in the use of computer network
systems, it has been widely observed that there has been an aggravation in the aspects of network
intrusion and identity theft. And with many other words did he testify and exhort, saying, Save
yourselves from this untoward generation (Acts2:40, New King James Version). Therefore, the
database system is considered to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thesis Statement
The aspect of computer database security is aggravating with the increase in intense influence of
technology in our routine lives. The paper aims to present some key security threats and the
effective solutions in order to counter such threats that are largely adopted by the companies in
today's world.
Various Types of Attacks on the Computer Network System
After the violation of several layers of protection, it has been observed that the attacker or hacker
may want to perform the below listed attacks.
Direct Attacks
This type of attack specifically means that the targeted data or sensitive information is attacked
directly. Due to this, it has been observed that these targeted attacks are considered to be extremely
obvious and they are successful only in the condition if the database is not protected by any sort of
protection mechanism (Ahmad, et al, 2011). In case there is any protection system installed at the
gateway, this type of attack is failed and the attacker proceeds to the next.
Indirect Attacks
In this type of attack, the attack is not aimed directly at the data or information, which is targeted.
Rather, in an indirect attack, information about the target and from the target is achieved through
various intermediate objects. Here, attackers usually use combination of keys as well as queries.
Some of them are even used for the purpose of misdirecting and cheating the secure mechanism of
database security (Ambler, 2012). These are

Using Wifi Fingerprinting Is An Important Issue
Abstract–Accurately localization using WiFi fingerprinting is an important issue. As many sensors
can be exposed to attacks, we need to be sure about the validity of the received data and to get the
accurate position inspite of the presence of attack. We address the problem of detecting malicious
attacks to the sensors of a WiFi fingerprinting network. Here, we suggest a novel algorithm to detect
the attack using statistical measurement.
We expose our data to a spoofing attack algorithm to see the effect of our attack detection algorithm.
We are able to enhance the prediction of locations in presence of attack by using our detection
scheme.
Keywords–WiFi fingerprinting, Localization, RSSI, Security,
Cyber–physical
I. I NTRODUCTION
The term cyber–physical systems (CPS) refers to a new systems with integrated computational and
physical capa–bilities that can interact with humans through many new modalities [1]. CPS have
been at the core of critical in–frastructures and industrial control systems for years. CPS are
becoming more vulnerable to computer attacks for many reasons [3]. There are many challenges for
securing cyber–physical systems [2].
Indoor localization is an example of cyber–physical systems.
For outdoor localization, a Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS) such as Global Positioning System (GPS) can be used. However, GPS is not suitable for
indoor environments as the satellite signals cannot penetrate walls or roof of buildings [10] [11].
Indoor localization

Essay about FXT2 Task2
FXT2
Task 2
This is a post event evaluation. It is used to gather information about an incident.
1. Describe the nature of the incident.
The nature of this event describes an internal breach of security in order to access and manipulate
sensitive data. This internal breach was caught by the auditor, but the communications from the
auditor to those who's data was breached was intercepted.
It was determined that authentication and encryption controls as well as a lack of PKI should have
been implemented in order to prevent this breach of data.
2. Identify who needs to be notified based on the type and severity of the incident.
Notify
Reason
Severity of the incident
President of Company
Directly affected and upper ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The system can be restored to normal business practice by either using a backup that carried the
correct data and restored the files that were affected. An incremental restore. The system could also
be returned to its normal state with the human resource department going through the payroll and
changing the files that were affected back to their normal pay scale. Without adding additional
security though, the system is still vulnerable.
5a. Explain how the system could be verified as operational.
The system is verified as operational when all files have been restored to the normal state and the
system is running smoothly. Management will need to review the affected files to ensure that the
information in them is correct.
1. Identify areas that were not addressed by the IT staff's response to the incident.
One of the areas that were not identified was how the network system allowed the spoofing and was

not caught much earlier. Were permissions already in place? Do they have a network logging system
that analyzes the logs? The lack of other system checks were not addressed in this scenario.
2. Outline the other attacks mentioned in the scenario that were not noticed by the organization.
An attack that was not mentioned in the scenario was social engineering. The employee that
manipulated the system used social engineering as well to convince the auditor that not only did the
emails get sent by the person to whom they were

Taking a Look at the Walmart Corporation
Executive Summary Walmart is an American multinational retail corporation that runs chains of
large discount department stores and warehouse stores. According to the 2014 Fortune Global 500
list, Walmart is the world's largest public corporation, the largest retailer in the world, the biggest
private employer in the world with over two million employees, and also one of the world's most
valuable companies. Founded in 1962 by Sam Walton, the company now has over 11,000 stores in
27 countries, proof that Walmart has grown significantly over the last five decades. 'The nerve
center of what makes Walmart work on a day to day basis is its Information Systems Division (ISD),
which sets a high bar for innovation, delivering solutions, and streamlining operations. Walmart's
global advantage comes from maintaining low expenses, and ISD's cutting edge solutions play a big
part'. There are six departments that make up Walmart's ISD, which include Customer Planning and
Analysis, Application Development, Security and Compliance, Infrastructure, Strategic Services,
and Enterprise Information Management. Combined, these departments make Walmart's ISD
adaptable, agile, and able to maintain its role as a worldwide leader in retail. Walmart's ISD has
approximately 3,000 associates that work in the very structured and formal David Glass Technology
Center located in Bentonville, Arkansas. One of the keys to the success of huge retail chains such as
Walmart has been the advancement of

Security Analysis Of A Protocol For Pollution Attack...
ABSTRACT
The following technical paper "Security Analysis of a Protocol for Pollution Attack Detection" is
based on the concept of network coding. Since we have a limited bandwidth it becomes imperative
for us to optimize our network in such a way that we can make maximum use of the network
resources. Network coding allows us to do that. It achieves this by combining different packets that
it receives at a node into one single packet for transmission, instead of simply taking and forwarding
the packets. However, network coding is vulnerable to pollution attacks where a single malicious
node can disrupt the operation of the complete network. Several protocols to detect pollution attacks
have been proposed previously. In the following paper the author has described a new pollution
attack detection protocol that extends the existing SpaceMac protocol. This paper describes how we
have modelled the protocol in order to carry out a security analysis and presents the results of that
analysis.
INTRODUCTION
Network coding allows multiple packets to be transmitted using a smaller number of packets thereby
increasing throughput. Here a common single base station transmits data from a common single
base station to intermediate stations where it is kept and sent out to the ﬁnal destination or to any
other intermediate stations at a later time. For a traditional network that employs multicast network,
the stations receive a packet and forward it to the next node. Under network coding,

Technology And The Internet And Personal Smartphone Devices
With the ever increasing use of technological advancements such as the internet and personal
smartphone devices, many people simply take their security for granted. However, the act of simply
connecting to a web page like the Google search engine requires interacting with thousands of
security checkpoints and distinct networks just to display their distinctive logo. Every modern
organization must consider the risk of the internet, including but not limited to: banks, organizations,
universities, militaries, big business, local shops, and even governments. Astonishingly, this is a risk
that essentially did not exist merely 20 years ago. Nowadays there are many ways to add security to
a system or network. Some will find that simply placing a password on their site works and others
may find encrypting their data is the best way to keep private information safe. Nevertheless, the
loss of personal information to things like identity theft is at an all time high. This lack of cyber
security means that there is an increasing number of ways to get personal information with the ever
expanding use of technology and thusly a more dire need for awareness of the risks taken.
Need for Cyber Security To directly address the sheer magnitude of the issue at hand, users must
understand what exactly falls under the category of "cyberspace" and thusly "cyber security".
Goutam defines cyberspace as a "virtual space that use electronics and electromagnetic spectrum to
store, modify and

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Honeypots
Abstract–Computer Networks and Internet has become very famous nowadays since it satisfies
people with varying needs by providing variety of appropriate services. Computer Networks have
revolutionized our use of computers. Online bills, shopping, transactions and many other essential
activities performed on the go by just a single click from our homes. Though it is a boon in this era,
it also has its own risks and weaknesses too. Industries need to tussle to provide security to their
networks and indeed not possible to offer a cent per cent security due to the intangible intelligence
of hackers intruding into the network. This paper exploits the concept of honeypots for providing
security to networks of industries which may not have custom ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
1. INTRODUCTION
The Internet is a network of networks. It is based on the concept of packet switching. Though the
services offered by Internet are extensively used from a layman to multi–millionaire it also has its
own defects. Many attacks on Internet are being identified and reported. Some of the common types
of
network attacks are eavesdropping, data modification, identity spoofing, password–based attacks
and denial of service attacks. To overcome all these types of attacks an organisation usually installs
an intrusion detection system to protect the confidential data exchanged over its network. The local
network is then connected to the Internet thereby availing the employees to be online on the fly.
Information security has three main objectives namely 1. Data confidentiality 2.Data integrity 3.
Data availability. Data confidentiality ensures that the secure data can be accessed only by
authorized persons. Data integrity allows secure modification of data. Data availability ensures that
the data is available readily to authorized persons. Small scale industries often do not prefer on
intrusion detection systems due to its installation and maintenance costs. Honeypots and Honeynets
are an efficient alternative for such

Fxt2 Task 2
A1. The Nature of the incident was that an employee was able to hack into the computer system and
gain access to the financial payroll system, human resources and even email system. This employee
used several methods in order to gain access into the system: IP spoofing, Data modification, Man in
the middle attack and compromised–key attack. As a result the employee was able to tamper with
payroll system. An auditor discovered the discrepancies and tried to make upper management aware
of the situation through email, but the email was intercepted by the hacker. The hacker impersonated
an employee and persuaded the auditor into granting him more access into the system which
resulted in additional sabotage into the payroll system. Hacker ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Immediately bring down any affected systems shut them down and power down switches and/or
routers to entire segment that were hacked. The servers that were hacked need to be immediately
reset meaning passwords, backup system and its applications. But before doing this to any system
the company should take an image of the affected systems for forensic investigation, this will be the
evidence against the hacker. Virus software needs to be run as soon as possible and security patches
need to be installed on the entire company's network system. The computers that were hacked need
to be shut down and retrieve specially the one from the employee that hacked the system. Reroute
network traffic to back up servers. This will help the company to minimalize the incident from
reoccurring. The company should also remove/reset accounts and/or backdoors left on hacked
systems. A4. How the factor that caused the incident could be removed? The company must ensure
that proper steps were taken to remove all affects systems from the network. Ensure that systems
were reimaged and passwords reset. Latest virus definitions need to be updated along with all
security patches in order to fix any vulnerability that was exploited by the hacker. Unused services
should also be disabled in order to harden the system against any future attacks. All of the affected
computers should also have been reimaged. The company might need to reiterate

Cloud Computing Using Intrusion Detection And Prevention...
Abstract:– public cloud is vulnerable to threats from attackers. in this paper we propose a method to
protect the data in cloud computing using intrusion detection and prevention system. It helps to
protect the data from unauthorized access and from various attacks to the cloud environment .we
propose a method where IDS with HONEYPOT can be integrated at the provider side to have a
robust data security for the cloud user data access. 1.Introduction:– In this century, Internet is on the
edge of another revolution, where resources are globally networked and can be easily shared. Cloud
computing is in the focus that uses the Internet as a large repository where resources are available to
everyone as services.[5]. many people prefer cloud services for its flexibility,versatility,anywhere
accessibility of the services through internet. Cloud Computing is an internet based computing
technology primarily based on utilization of computing power that provides different types of
services by utilizing pool of resources mainly hardware, software, database, network, in terms of
pay–for–use basis as per specific Service label agreement. Cloud Computing is becoming more and
more popular at present information technology setup of many large organizations. [2]. security
plays a major role from the user prospective in the cloud environment. Cloud computing also suffers
from various traditional attacks such as IPspoofing ,Address Resolution Protocol spoofing, Routing
Information

Case Study Of Phishing
Hacking – Phishing
2.1 Introduction to Phishing Phishing is defined as the attempt to obtain personal information such
as usernames and passwords, credit card numbers, PINS, and other sensitive information. In this
case, the creator will send out a legitimate looking email in disguise as any big and trustworthy
company. The words phishing itself sounds like 'fishing' because of their similar concepts that is
used. A bait is used in the attempt to catch a victim like for fishing, fisherman will use worm as their
bait to attract fishes to their fishing rod or net. As in the hacking term, the bait is referred to any
activity that will gain people's trust so that they want to attach to the bait. And once they are
attached, the creator will hack into their information.
Their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then, they would attempt to use the algorithm to make fake AOL accounts. When they hit a match
to the real card, they were able to create an account and spam others in AOL's community. They
only need a few to take the bait. By 1995, AOL managed to stop the random credit card generators
but unfortunately, this warez group moved on to another methods. They specifically pretend to be
AOL employees and messaging the people via AOL messenger. On 2 January 1996, the word
phishing was first posted in a Usenet group dedicated to AOL including warning on all its email and
messaging software to send alert to the users regarding potential phishing abuse. In year 2001, the
phishers had turned their attention into online payment systems. The first attack which was the
attack on E–Gold in June 2001 was unsuccessful, it planted an important seed. By the year of 2003,
the phishers had registered dozens of domains that looked like legitimate sites such as eBay and
PayPal but the truth is they are not. If only the user was paying attention, they will somehow notice
the not so obvious

Task A Post Event Evaluation Essay
TASK A. Post–Event Evaluation
1. Malicious Events
Wanting a pay raise, an employee looked for a method to obtaining a raise without going through
the proper channels, such as their manager. So, instead of discussing the raise with a manager, the
employee found a way to hack into the Human Resource (HR) records system at work. The
employee figured out to spoof an IP address and proceeded to eavesdrop on the business network
until the employee records were located. Once the employee obtain access to the records in the HR
system the employee altered the records to receive a raise. Once the change was made, the employee
received two paychecks with the pay increase.
During an audit, an auditor discovered a problem with the employee's paycheck and contacted
numerous employees within the company through email. The employee who caused the hack was
able to divert the auditor's messages. The employee then created phone messages and communicated
with the auditor. In time, the employee acquired access to other parts of the network including
additional financial records. The employee changed the salary of several additional employee,
including the company president, lowering their pay and pocketing the different into the employee's
own paycheck.
A lack of encryption controls and authentication, were determined by the IT department, to be what
allowed the employee to hack into the HR system.
2. Notification
Different types of attacks required different processes and procedures. Due to

Benir V. Alba
Legal Opinion on the Benir v. Alba Case
(Benir)
On the present case being addressed to the International Court of Justice in dealing with the matter
of sovereignty over the Island of Manca, the issue of legality belonging to which side of the parties
at dispute is put forward. The problem however, lies in, the period at which the dispute took place,
for International law has not evolved at that time unlike in this day and age.
The Statement of fact is as follows:
The Island of Manca, small in size and blessed by temperature vegetation, has been discovered by
the Albanese State in 1560, when it was inhabited by a native tribe, the Mancans. The Albanese state
put a flag, appointed a non–permanent governor and occasionally sent ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also, no objection to the form of Berniri government took place. Thus, this fulfills the Self–
determination of the Peoples condition and guarantees a peaceful atmosphere.
2. After clarifying the former point to the court, the second and most crucial element to shed light on
is Territorial Acquisition. As demonstrated before in the Island of Palmas Case before, there must be
evidence as to a peaceful and continuous display of sovereignty on the territory; it should also be a
public and enduring practice. In the case of Benir, there is enough evidence to prove a peaceful and
continuous display of its sovereignty existed and still does, it established state control, managed
good relations with the natives (through intermarriage), as they coexisted peacefully, and it was
willing to protect the rights of other states in peace and in war, as well as offer for the safeguarding
of the rights of non–nationals residing in it, however this is an infrequent happening since the island
is small in size. Thus, a peaceful atmosphere was provided for continuously by the Beniris, with
only one exception at the time of the attack put forward by

Case Study On Business Email Compromise
Business Email Compromise by Réda Herbzi Business Email Compromise is a dangerous Fraud
case where fraudsters spend the least and can obtain a hefty reward through manipulating companies
into making payments. Cyber thieves have stolen $2 billion from 12,000 businesses using a scam
that starts when business executives' or employees' email accounts are compromised or spoofed. The
fraudster is able to steal money with the help of an unwitting accomplice, an employee who is
fooled into submitting a wire request. From the perspective of the company's financial institution,
the transaction appears completely legitimate. Even confirmation calls or other out of band
authentication will reach the employee who did indeed submit the request. Use various media
sources (internet, newspapers, etc.) to identify an event within the last 5 years in which a company
experienced a control breakdown.  Mattel Loses $3 Million in Crazy Cyber Scam, Tracks It Down
in China, Gets It Back : The case displays when and how an look alike email from the CEO to a
finance Executive asking for a new vendor transaction to a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They will try to compromise an employee's email account to see what they can learn there and will
check publicly available information such as: Company web page , Press releases , Social media ,
Out of office replies with travel schedules. What they look for is : General information about the
company, where it does business, and with whom , Names and titles of company officers ,
Management organizational structure: who reports to who , Information on new rounds of funding ,
Information on new products and services, or patents , Product or geographic expansion plans,
Travel

Mim Attack Essay
What series of malicious events led up to the incident?
The following events led up to the reported incident. First, an attacker spoofed his IP address to
eavesdrop on the network to find the finance and HR information systems. Second, the employee
hacked into the HR database and increased his salary in the records system. This resulted in the
employee receiving two paychecks with the altered amounts. Third, the employee sniffed the
network to intercept and alter emails about the checks between an auditor and management. Fourth,
the employee impersonated a person who has access to financial records to gain more access to
other financial records. Finally, the employee decreased the company President's paycheck while
increasing his paycheck by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Account hijacking – again, this attack's severity is high because the attacker had access to finance
record accounts on the finance information systems.
Email spoofing attack – email spoofing is a medium severity attack because it is an easily mitigated
attack; it is mostly a nuisance to most organizations.
MITM attack – the severity of an MITM attack is medium since the attacker used it to intercept
messages between the auditor and the finance department; it can be easily mitigated with network
and VLAN segmentation accompanied by access control lists; often times, using a layer two switch
mitigates the issue.
Describe how these additional attacks can be prevented in the future.
Mitigate the attacks by using the following techniques:
Encryption – apply encryption to the network with software and hardware solutions. For instance,
software can be used to encrypt the financial records for anyone unauthorized to see the information,
and a hardware solution can be used to build a VPN from any remote

To Kill A Mocking Bird: A Comparison of The Novel and The...
To Kill A Mocking Bird
A Comparison of The Novel and The Film
There are many differences between the movie and the book. First the positive points: This film
attaches faces to Scout, Jem, Miss Maudie, and Dill, since no description of their faces is given in
the book. Also, the film has some genuinely hilarious moments, particularly the scene where Scout
is dressed as a ham and walking through the forest. Another good point is that the acting was superb
and a treat to watch. Gregory Peck, who played Atticus, was captivating. The film is cast very well.
The novel does not give physical descriptions of Scout, Jem, Miss Maudie, and Dill, but the film
characters were believable. The actors look like what we would expect them to look like. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These negative points certainly subtract from the plot.
On the subject of scenes left out, the list is quite big for such an important story. The scene in which
it snows, and Miss Maudie's house catches on fire, did not happen, proof is seen when we see that at
the end of the film, Miss Maudie has the same house as in the beginning. Also, Dill does not cry in
the courtroom scene. There is no Christmas family reunion, where Scout meets her snotty cousin
and develops character, Aunt Alexandra never moves in, Ms Dubose is seen for about 30 seconds,
which is disappointing because she helped develop Jem's character. In the scene where the mob
confronts Atticus, there is no Mr. Underwood covering Atticus with his rifle. We never get to see
Scout's famous mess up at the pageant, and Cecil Jacob's never jumps out of the bushes to scare
Scout. These scenes are all very important to plot and character development, and it makes the
viewer wonder why the editors left all that out and included the minor scene where Atticus shoots a
mad dog. Additionally, the order of scenes is switched around, and the time frame is compacted into
about one year, compared to the books 3 years.
If I could make any changes, I'd colourize the film, add the scenes in which Calpurnia takes the
children to church, the pageant (admittedly, its really only so I can laugh at the ham costume again),
as well as the Aunt Alexandra fiasco. I'd also give Boo his line, and make the

S-ARP is a Permanent Solution to ARP Spoofing Attacks
1. How can ARP spoofing attack be controlled permanently? What are the drawbacks of S–ARP
protocol, Static MAC Entries, Kernel based patches?
Answer:
1.1.1 Secure ARP Protocol (S–ARP)
This has been proposed as a replacement for the ARP protocol in [10]. The S–ARP protocol is
definitely a permanent solution to ARP spoofing but the biggest drawback is that we will have to
make changes to the network stack of all the hosts. This is not very scalable as going for a stack
upgrade across all available operating systems is something both vendors and customers will not be
happy about. As S–ARP uses Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) we have the additional overhead of
cryptographic calculations though the authors of the paper have claimed that this overhead is not
significant.
1.1.2 Static MAC Entries Adding static MAC addresses on every host for all other hosts will not
allow spoofing but is not a scalable solution at all and managing all these entries is a full time job by
itself. This can fail miserably if mobile hosts such as laptops are periodically introduced into the
network. Also some operating systems are known to overwrite static ARP entries if they receive
Gratuitous ARP packets (GARP).
1.1.3 Kernel Based Patches Kernel based patches such as Anticap[11] and Antidote[12] have made
an at– tempt to protect from ARP spoofing at a individual host level. Anticap[11] does not allow
updating of the host ARP cache by an ARP reply that carries a differ– ent MAC address then

Post Event Evaluation
Perform a post event evaluation of how the organization's IT staff responded to the attack described
in the scenario by doing the following:
A1. Describe the nature of the incident.
An employee succeeded in unauthorized access to human resource record system and modified
financial record that changed the employee's base salary rate to obtain a raise. The inconsistency
was detected by the auditor, after two paychecks has been processed and paid to the employee.
The auditor notified some individuals about a potential problem with the employee's paycheck by
email, but the email never made it to the intended recipients. The emails were intercepted by the
employee and was able to fake responses that appeared to be from those individuals. Where
additional access permission to other financial records were obtained.
The employee proceeded to reduce the salary of the vice president and some other employees and
added the difference in the employees own salary.
IT personnel identified that spoofing of internal Internet Protocol address was used to perform a
man–in–the–middle attack that allowed the employee to gain access to human resource system data
packets. This was possible because of a vulnerability in the system that lacks authentication and ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At this point of the incident, it has not been classified as an incident until human resources
determines that an incident had occurred. Then the most appropriate incident reporting method will
be used to notify the incident response team, preferably a telephone communication method should
be used instead of email to avoid tipping the attacker off. The incident response team will assume
the responsibility to alert and assemble required resources needed to begin incident handling

A Brief Note On Business And Information Technology
INTRODUCTION
Information Technology is very essential everywhere to run a business company. This is only one
thing that facilitate a company's staff to do everything such as writing documents, sending e–mail,
having conferences at long geographical distances in the world, having IP phones to communicate
inside of the company, having VPN (virtual private network) to let workers to work from home and
etc.
IT has bad and good sides so to prevent any kind of unwanted mistakes is required to have a good
knowledge about it.
BUSINESS & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Business is an organization that provides goods or services to their clients in order to get money
(BBC, 2014). In this world there are lots of different types of businesses like banks, shopping
centres, schools, restaurants, jewellers, warehouses and etc.
All businesses now days are mainly based on computers and information systems. For example if a
company wants to keep record of financial sales the best way to do it is to type it on word
documents therefore it will be easier to copy and store it in different places.
Technology allows a company to do everything easily:
– Have faster communication.
– Save big amount of time
– Send and receive electronic mail from any country.
– Store and Back–up important data in different places which allows to have a recovery data when
any inconvenient situation occurs.
– Have conferences online in real–time with no restriction that are based environmental distances.
– Have IP phones

My Prank Friend
My best friend, Ashley, and I have been known to get into some serious trouble together. We have
gotten in so much trouble that our parents would not allow us to see each other for a while, but we
are still best friends despite that. We have learned some serious lessons together. One blazing hot,
Alabama, summer day Ashley and I, who were around eight at the time, were playing at my house
when we learned a very important lesson which we still regret to this day. We decided to prank call a
family friend who had a daughter our age. That day we made a poor decision, went through with the
prank call, and both ended up in serious trouble while learning an important lesson.
Since it was such a sweltering summer day, Ashley and I decided not to play outside, but that
usually meant trouble for us. We spent the majority of the day watching YouTube videos on my third
generation iPod Touch and sneaking around getting into my mom's makeup. In one of the videos we
watched a man was making prank calls, and we decided we wanted to be like him by making our
own prank calls. We decided to go ask my mom if it would be okay to do this, but she, of course,
told us absolutely not. Since we were two extremely stubborn, bored girls we decided to make the
prank calls anyway, but we had to figure out how. We watched, even more, videos on prank calling,
and we thought we were set even though we really had no clue what we were doing. Since we
thought we were prepared to make what would turn out

Essay On Data Breaches
TYPES OF DATA BREACHES THAT AFFECT UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES A large
amount of PII is stored in platforms utilized by universities and colleges, such as Banner Web.
Bricker and Eckler (2016) stated, "Colleges and universities maintain large stores of sensitive data,
including financial information and expensive research statistics, making them prime targets for
hackers" (para. 2). Students, faculty, staff, and alumni are not aware of the security issues involved
when using portable devices or identifying a phishing email. The most common data breaches in
higher education are hacking and malware, spear phishing, and portable devices. Although social
media is not a type of breach, hackers can plan a data breach by collecting personal ... Show more
Because of this phishing attack, those that were affected were offered one free year of credit
monitoring and identity protection services (Goldman, 2016). According to KnowBe4.com 91
percent of successful data breaches begin with a spear–phishing attack ("Did you know," n.d). The
resources utilized by IT departments at universities are not fully protected from these types of
attacks, and there are training resources and companies that offer phishing awareness training. The
company conducts a simulated phishing attack, and if an employee clicks on the email, they will be
directed to take training. The only issue with this method is that not every employee will learn from
the first phishing email test and potentially causing harm to the university network or networks
unintentionally. Open networks.
Many universities, such as TAMUCT and the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs use an
open network, which is a wireless network that is unsecured and can be used by anyone that is near
the location. Colleges and universities are attractive targets to hackers because there are many access
points into their networks, which contain financial and personal data, as well as intellectual property
(Dance, 2014). According to SysAdmin, Audit, Network, and Security (SANS) PII are not
encrypted, and only54 percent of PII is encrypted while in

Paradise Now and Then
Clay Meyers
History of Art 3901
Professor Svede
September 7, 2012
Filmmaking features can shape the viewer's attitude toward specific elements of a film. Music,
timing, camera features, setting and much more all influence the viewer's outlook. The Battle of
Algiers and Paradise Now and then both put their perspective on the struggle between two different
groups and fighting techniques within the two sides. Each film takes a different approach to connect
the viewer to the film. With only being exposed to twenty–six minutes of The Battle of Algiers, it
was difficult to get on a personal basis with the characters. Understanding who the characters were
and the reasoning for their actions was missing. Learning on how and why they ... Show more
Film making decisions can very easily pull in a viewer to the themes and motives of a plot. In The
Battle of Algiers, the viewer does not get pulled into the battle. The film lacks the interest of one
side over another and without this choosing of a protagonist verse an antagonist, the viewer cannot
feel emotionally tied into the battle. Also without being introduced to any characters, the viewer in
unclear to who is really being put at risk with each attack, who is gaining or losing what from the
attacks, and what is actually being gained or lost. The only influence on the attacks that the viewer is
aware of is that one side attacked another, so they must strike back. The filmmaking decisions do
not shape the viewers attitude toward any character in this film. In Paradise Now and then, the
viewer follows Said and Khaled through their journey to supposedly the end of their lives. The
viewer is able to feel why the characters choose to go along with their mission, what is at stake if the
mission is attempted, and what will be gained and lost if the mission is successful. Religion is a big
factor that influences Said and Khaled to become suicide bombers. Khaled asks, "What happens
after death?" He gets an answer of "Two angels will pick you up." This is very satisfying for Khaled
and Said to hear. Remarks are often made throughout the film regarding God. That they are doing
their people and God a

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