The New Challenges Of The Humanitarian Law Of Germany

The New Challenges of the Humanitarian Law of Germany
Privatization of War; the New Challenges of Humanitarian Law of Germany Introduction In
equating the conditions for the internationalization of an internal armed conflict with the conditions
under which irregulars will be considered lawful combatants, the ICTY pointlessly forces a
considerable narrowing of the class of protected combatants in international armed conflict. It
confuses the application of common articles 13(2)/13(2)/4(A)(2), defining lawful combatants, with
the application of common Article 2, defining an international armed conflict, and Article 3 of the
1907 Hague Convention IV, Article 13 of the Third Geneva Convention, Article 29 of the Fourth
Convention and Article 91 of Protocol I, on a state's responsibility for violations of humanitarian
law (Greenwood, 2006). Locked in the logic of its discussion of the internationalization of conflicts,
the ICTY seemed to have lost sight of the fact that the situation most clearly envisaged by common
Articles 13(2)/13(2)/4(A)(2) was that of an existing international armed conflict in which irregulars
take up arms, on the model of partisan action during the Second World War (Blakesley, 2008). In
presenting the rationale for that provision as that of the responsibility of the state for acts of 'its'
irregulars, the Appeals Chamber overlooks the fact that humanitarian law creates obligations not
only for states but also for individuals, and that state responsibility plays a role clearly secondary to
that of individual
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Why Did The Berlin Blockade Research Paper
Of the night of August 12 1961, the cold warfare took a turn for the worse, extending the Iron
Curtain into the very coronary heart of a divided Europe. This pass with the aid of the government
of the German Democratic Republic to stem the massive–scale exodus of East Germans to the
Federal Republic of Germany through Berlin became now not an remoted event. It became a part of
a broader plan to foster East–West anxiety in and around Berlin.
In 1948–1949, the Soviet Union had first tried to pressure a change to the Berlin 4–power reputation
agreed with France, the United Kingdom and the United States on the Potsdam conference in 1945.
Its try to blockade the town failed and in 1958, U.S.A. leader Nikita Khrushchev made any other try
to force ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The operation, planned force, lasted for 12 days and helped shift the stability of power between
events on the floor. It also helped persuade the Bosnian Serb leadership that the advantages of
negotiating a peace settlement outweighed the ones of continuing to wage warfare.
On 14 December 1995, after negotiations in Dayton, Ohio, the overall Framework settlement for
Peace turned into signed in Paris, France. The Dayton Peace agreement establishes Bosnia and
Herzegovina as a single, democratic and multiethnic kingdom with entities: the Federation of Bosnia
and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska.
And the primary fundamental crisis reaction operation, IFOR turned into the Alliance's first essential
crisis reaction operation. It was installation to put in force the army factors of the Dayton Peace
settlement, when NATO took over responsibility for navy operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina
from UNPROFOR. IFOR's dreams had been essentially completed by means of the September 1996
elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina. but, as the situation changed into nevertheless potentially
volatile and much remained to be executed at the civilian facet, NATO agreed to installation a new
Stabilization force (SFOR) from December

The Dayton Accords Essay
The death of the Marshal Josip Broz Tito in 1980, led to a major political transition of Yugoslavia.
By taking the Presidency of Serbia in 1987, Milosevic began to pursue authority over Yugoslavian
Federation, thus encouraging a different style of rule, the ultra–nationalistic tendency, and
advocating for "incendiary Nationalism" towards other ethnic groups and nations of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia (Simon and Smale). The shift from the Tito's social–communist ideology to
the Serbian–centered nationalism of Milosevic created an unequal representation on the Federal
level of the six constituent Socialist Republics and two Socialist Autonomous, thus, as a result of the
rise of ethnic nationalism, the violation of human and minority ... Show more content on
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With the political and military support of the Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic, Radovan
Karadzic fought against the Bosnians and Bosnian Croats for more than three years. While the EU
diplomats had no interest in finding a political solution of that time, around two million people
became homeless, hundreds of thousands people got killed, and the conflict kept expanding, thus,
the term "ethnic cleansing" became part of our daily vocabulary (Cigar and Sims). Throughout
months, ethnic groups gained territory by night, and lost it by day. But a final solution of the conflict
wasn't even predicted by any parts involved. By imposing economic sanctions, the international
community and mainly the U.S. made sure to bring an end to this situation. The U.S. involvement,
carried out by the U.S diplomat Richard Holbrooke, minimized Milosevic power and support, thus,
a peaceful agreement made its sight at the end of the tunnel. On November 21, 1995 the Bosnian
President Alija Izetbegovic, the Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic and the Croatian President
Franjo Tudjman reached an agreement in Dayton – The Dayton Accords – an agreement that would
end the bloody war in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Balkan Accord). But, although the agreement
indeed ended the Bosnian War and unified a multiethnic state,

History Research Topic- Bosnian Genocide
Bosnian Genocide in 1995 Outline Plan Bosnian Genocide was a terrible act of murder which
started when Muslims and Croats voted for independence in referendum that was boycotted by
Serbs In 1992.When the European Union recognized Bosnian's independence the war broke out and
Serb's occupied the country. I chose to do my Research about this while studying The Rwanda
Genocide in 1994. I discovered that Rwanda wasn't the only genocide that happened in the past and
I really wanted to learn something about the attack in Srebrenica in 1995, where around 8,000
people were killed. By doing this research study I hope to improve my research skills which will be
a great start before I go to university. I hope it will help me make my note–taking ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bosnia is a country in south–eastern Europe that emerged after the break–up of Yugoslavia in 1980.
The conflict between the three main ethnic groups in Bosnia, the Serbs, Croats, and Muslims,
resulted in genocide committed by the Serbs against the Muslims in this country. After the First
World War country was united with other Slav territories to form Yugoslavia. At the time, the
population of Bosnia consisted of over 1,300,000 Serbs which were Orthodox Catholic Christians,
million Muslim Bosnians and around 700,000 of Croats. They all were strong attached to this land
by the historical and local claims. After the death of Josip Broz Tito, elections in 1990 brought
nationalists to power in Slovenia, Macedonia and Croatia, which declared independence in 1991 and
were recognised internationally. The Leader of Bosnia's, Alija Izetbegovic called for independence
too, and the country was recognised as independent by the USA and the EU in 1992. However,
Bosnia's Serbs weren't happy because they wanted to be part of "Greater Serbia". a Serbian named
Slobodan Milosevic, a former Communist responded to Bosnian's declaration of independence by
attacking and bombarding the capital city, Sarajevo. Serbs shot down civilians in the streets,
including over 3,500 children. In the period preceding the attack of Serbs, Bosnian army used the
'safe area' as a base to attack the Serbian population. Since April 1995, the Serbs took

Essay on The Bosnian War: the Fight for Independence
The Bosnian War: the Fight for Independence
In 1992 Bosnia and Herzegovina had one the biggest genocide to come after WWII, in turn killing
over 800,000 civilians. The war consisted of two factions, the Croats and Serbs, both wanting
territory in Bosnia. Soon Radovan Karadžić, former Bosnian Serb president, created a special army
to support the Serbs, soon the Serbs started the new policy for "ethnic cleansing" many areas of
non–Serb. For it was later that it was to be decided that is was complete and utter genocide towards
the innocent.
In 1990 Yugoslavia started to weaken from a multitude of political upheavals and other conflicts.
Later resulting in the total separation of Yugoslavia, which was the main cause for why the war
started. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Originally placed there to protect the Sarajevo International Airport.
Ethnic cleansing was now taking its course as Serb army's attacked non–Serb populations. Taking
control of their towns, gathering everyone into groups, separating men from women to where they
would have been beaten, killed, or raped. Many of the men that were gathered were separated into
camps of different groups. Soon it was declared by the SDS leaders that they would gang with the
JNA to storm the Prijedor region. More than 1,500 serbs stormed the region each being separated
into specific groups. Each group was assigned on which area or buildings were to be taken over.
women were scarce at these camps, but for the ones that were captured, they are beaten and
repeatedly raped
Survivors were taken to Omarska camp, well known as a death camp. A total of 3,334 people were
being held at the camp, every person being separated into 1 of three different buildings,
administration, the hangar, and the courtyard. The Administration building was where people would
be interrogated and killed. The hangar was where Serbs would torture people. The courtyard was
also a torture area for the inmates. One small building in between the others was known as the "red
house," it was for prisoners to be executed.
Lasva Valley was the cause of over 2000 Bosnians missing or killed. People being persecuted on
their race, religion, or political thinking, being either killed,

Bosnia Genocide Research Paper
Amy Patterson
Professor Hagy
HIST 2110
8/6/17
Bosnia Genocide
The war in Bosnia and Yugoslavia in 1990 was deemed as an "ethnic cleansing" aimed at the
Bosnian Muslims. These were considered large scale crimes in killing 7,000 Bosnian Muslim boys
and men at Srebrenica. In Croatia and Bosnia in 1992 the war lasted seven months killing more than
20,000 people and more than 200,000 fled the country. More than 300,000 became displaced
because of the war. In 1995 "Operation Storm" was on the rise and when Croatian Military forces
retook the Serbs territory over and in doing so began an "ethnic cleansing" during this time they
burned more than tens of thousands of homes and killing more than 100 civilians. More than
150,000 Croatian Serbs fled their homes. This was the single largest "ethnic cleansing" during the
entire war in Bosnia.
In March 1992, the part of the Bosnian city that was not controlled by the Serbs was cut off from
getting any supplies these people suffered from starvation and dehydration. On the provision of the
humanitarian aid by the United Nations kept them from starving. In ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
No one was informed of the documents or that the framework was provided by the UN Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide. No Findings were found as to Serbia responsibility
for the war crimes or whether the court whether it was legally responsible for Srebrenica. The
former ICTY president Antonio Cassese called the judgment unrealistic. The judgment was of a
great significance because it was the first time that states can be legally found to be responsible for
genocide. A local president of a nongovernmental organization said it best when he stated " let
Bosnias blood and ashes rest on the hands of all those who made such a judgment" To this day
scholars are still wondering whether the conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina and beyond could be
characterized as genocide.

The Bosnian Genocide
Genocides have been occurring longer than we've been calculating time Between 1992 and 1995,
the Bosnian genocide took place as a result of the Bosnian and Serbian war. Yugoslavia was divided
into six federated republics in 1946, them being: Bosnia/ Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia,
Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Bosnia attempted to pass a referendum for independence but was
rejected by representatives of Serb who, in return, established their own republic, Republika Srpska.
Bosnian Serb and Yugoslav People's Army, declared war on Bosnia in an attempt to take the land for
themselves since the referendum for independence was denied. An "ethnic cleansing" occurred of
the Muslims in Bosnia, who made up 50% of the population as a result of the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Particularly, Darfur, a genocide beginning in 2003 and carrying on into present day. Darfur is a
small region located in Western Sudan housing 6 million people and is approximately the size of
Spain. This genocide is driven by the major conflict between Arab grazers and non–Arab farmers.
Competition for resources is what played a hefty role in these conflicts arising. In Western Sudan,
oil was discovered and the land in Darfur became increasingly known. Thousands of refugees have
fled into neighboring republics. The Sudanese Air Force and Janjaweed, a government–supported
Arab tribesman, raided and bombed non–Arab villages in Darfur bringing them to a burn as well as
terrorizing and slaughtering the civilians with the goal of creating a Pan–Arab state. Women and
children left in these villages were raped, and men were enslaved. Much like the Bosnian genocide,
slaughtered bodies were thrown into wells to drain out their blood in an attempt to contaminate the
drinking water. The government has forcefully expelled aid agencies jeopardizing the conditions of
displaced civilians. Unlike Cambodia, the United States has not fell quiet about the Darfur genocide.
In 2006, President Bush sent for a number of international troops in Darfur to be doubled. As a
result, British Prime Minister called the European Union to team up with the United States as a
unified response to the crisis at hand. Two years later, the United Nations issued a United Nations–
African Union mission to maintain peace. Immediately following, 26,000 troops were ordered to
protect civilians. According to the United Nations, 2.7 million people are internally displaced,
600,000 have been killed in 13 years, and more than 350,000 refugees have currently fled to
neighboring cities. The Sudanese government trains and provides arms to Arab militias to
continuously kill, terrorize, and destroy non–Arabs in Darfur

The Split of Yougoslavia
DISCUSS the reasons of the split of Yugoslavia and its consequences on its people and society.
After the Second World War, the great nation of Yugoslavia was formed by countries considered
similar but extremely diverse in contexts of religion, culture and ideals. The break up of this nation
resulted from the weaknesses in government after the death of their leader and national tensions
which had been present for centuries. From this, the Yugoslav war had been triggered impacting the
peace amongst the nations which once resided together and causing destruction, which had, and still
does, cause problems for and amongst the nations and people involved.
Yugoslavia was a nation in the Balkan region of Europe formed, under a monarchy of King Peter I
after the First World War, named the Kingdom Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. This nation holds
historic significance due to it being the first union since the Ottoman and Austro Hungarian Empires
conquering the region. Yugoslavia first gained international recognition on 13th July 1922 by the
Conference of Ambassadors in Paris and was later renamed the "kingdom of Yugoslavia on the 3rd
of October 1925.
After the Invasion of the Nazi regime on April 6th 1941, Yugoslavia was under the control of
Fascism and abolished monarchy in 1945. It was then later freed from Nazi rule by Communist
leader, Marshal Josip Broz Tito and the Partisan Army and renamed the Federal People's Republic of
Yugoslavia (later renamed the Socialist Federal

Raphael Lemkin's Radov Architect Of The Bosnian Genocide
Raphael Lemkin coined the word genocide and lobbied for his entire life to have the world prevent
as well as punish genocide. Eventually, in 1948, the United Nations adopted Lemkin's work and
promised to prevent genocide from happening again, but they failed on several occasions, most
notably in 1992, when a genocide was carried out in Bosnia. This genocide was orchestrated by
Radovan Karadžić. Robert Donia's book, Radovan Karadžić: Architect of the Bosnian Genocide,
goes into chronicling the life of Radovan Karadžić and seeks to understand how he went from a
"man of great ability and immense promise," to eventually transform "himself into the architect of
the worst atrocities in Europe since the Second World War by unequivocally embracing ... Show
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However, three genocides took place throughout the world and nothing was done to prevent it,
making Lemkin a failure. That being said, Karadžić's trial was a great triumph for the United
Nations and was "likened to the Nuremberg trials of former Nazi leaders." Many decades have
passed since the world agreed to Lemkin's idea to stop this atrocious crime. Radovan Karadžić's trial
caused a turning point for the world because genocide was finally being punished. It may have
reminded the world of the forgotten promise they made back in 1948. Karadžić's trial proved that
the world would punish this evil crime, thus upholding the protection of human rights. In addition,
this ultimately "marked the first ever genocide conviction in Europe" and fulfilled Lemkin's life–
long goal. If another sinister deed is executed that involves the mass–extermination of a group of
people, there is hope that the United Nations will carry out Lemkin's dream of preventing it and
bringing those responsible–like Karadžić–to

The Marine Corps : An Important Part Of The Us Military Force
History of the Marines Since the Revolutionary War the Marine Corps has been an important part of
the US military. The Marine corps is one of the most revered and feared military force in the world;
they are considered one of the toughest and most effective military forces and are often used by
other countries to help them fight their wars. They were first used in the Revolutionary war for ship–
to–ship combat before seeing mass use in the first two Barbary Wars in the early 1800s. Then the
Marines were used as international peacekeepers for the next several decades before splitting and
nearly being destroyed during the Civil War. But the Marine Corps prevailed like it had many times
before. They were then used as peacekeepers again until ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the Revolutionary War the United States realized that the men of the navy could not properly
execute ship–to–ship combat. So they decided to quickly create two battalions of marines,
amphibious assault troops. They were only temporary for use during the war until they were
reinstated in 1798 and made part of the navy in 1834. The Marines made their first amphibious
assault only a few weeks after the battalions were created. In 1776 Fort Nassau in the Bahamas was
assaulted by a 234 man force led by Captain Samuel Nicholas. During this same year the Marines
earned a historic part of their heritage, the dress green and blue they wear today. The jackets started
out as a greenish color in 1791 before eventually becoming blue in 1841. The nickname for marines
"Leatherneck" comes from the iconic high collar of the uniforms.(Marine Timeline) The dress blues
were originally worn in memory of men who died in the Mexican–American war but this was
changed to a red stripe on the arm to commemorate all fallen soldiers. The Marines saw little use
after the Revolutionary war, that was until James Madison became president and refused to pay the
Barbary States a fee to allow US ships to sail along the Mediterranean sparking the First Barbary
War. The Corps decided to attack Trinidad, the home of the main leader of the Barbary States. The

Essay on Bosnian War
The Bosnian War was an international arms conflict that involved 2 main sides, the Republika
Srpska, and Herzeg–Bosnia. The Republika Srpska would show very little sympathy towards the
Non–Serb population of cities they would occupy. 1995 of the Bosnian War reached its most violent
climax, Bosnian Serb Forces in occupied Srebrenica began an ethnic cleansing of the Non–Serb
population, and massacred more than 8000 people. Many generals and other people of high class
within the Republika Srpska were tried for their actions, but none confessed and denied everything,
this is what makes the following person so significant. Dragan Obrenovic, who was the only person
who admit guilt for the Genocide and it taking place. The accused, Dragan ... Show more content on
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Dragan Obrenovic's remorse should not have been considered an important mitigating factor,
Genocide is despicable and evil and there is no excuse for plotting the death and annihilation of an
entire group of people, no matter how remorseful you are, it should have been excluded from
deciding the sentence.
The individual circumstances related to Dragan Obrenovic are mainly his aggravating and
mitigating circumstances. In this trial his mitigating circumstances outweigh his aggravating
circumstances. His 3 main aggravating circumstances were A. The position of leadership of Dragan
Obrenovic, B. The role of Obrenovic as deputy commander, and C. The vulnerability of the victims
and depravity of the crimes. His main mitigating circumstances were A. Guilty Plea and Acceptance
of Responsibility, B. Remorse, C. Cooperation with the Porsecution, D. Character of the Accused ,
E. No opportunity of volunteer surrender, and F. Personal Circumstances. Aggravating
circumstances are reasons why someone should be given a harsher penalty for a crime, in this
situation mitigating circumstances outweigh the aggravating circumstances and judges took this into
consideration when giving him his 17 year sentence. For part A of aggravating circumstances, the
Prosecution

Similarities Between World Bank And Imf
World Bank and IMF
The birth of World Bank and IMF can be traced to the 1944 Bretton Wood meeting in US which
brought over 700 delegates from 44 countries together to "establish a framework for a global system
of financial and monetary management" to prevent a repeat of the Great Depression of 1930s
(Moyo, 2009, p. 10). Three organizations were founded to achieve this goal: International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and
International Trade Organization.
World Bank was mandated to help in reconstruction of Europe after the devastation of Second
World War while IMF was intended to improve economic status of countries through applying
pressure on them to carry out economic reforms that would increase expenditure, reduce taxes, and
lower interest rates in order to stimulate growth (Stiglitz, 2002; Mudida, 2003). They have both
evolved to become leading international lenders. They are also at the front line in campaign for trade
liberalization across the globe.
Since 1960s IMF and World Bank have proposed economic frameworks for the developing
countries. These frameworks followed from the great success in the reconstruction of Europe
through the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan was designed by United States and involved giving of
aid to European countries for the purpose of reconstruction. It was a great success.
Decolonization of many countries in Africa, Latin America and Asia in the 1960s was followed by
aid flow

Bosnian War Research Paper
Alaeyshia Moore
Mrs. Yedinak
English Composition
13, September 16
The Bosnian War
Various ethnic groups and republics inside Yugoslavia sought independence, and as the end of the
Cold War neared, the country spiraled out of control. Serb nationalism was fueled as Slobodan
Milosevic rose to power in 1987. In 1991, Yugoslavia began to break up along ethnic lines. When
the republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence in 1992 the region quickly became
the central theater of fighting. The Yugoslav army invaded Croatia, killing hundreds and next on
their long list was Bosnia.
In April 1992, the government of the Yugoslav republic of Bosnia–Herzegovina declared it's
independence from Yugoslavia. Over the next several years, Bosnian Serb ... Show more content on
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This peace agreement established two semi–autonomous entities within Bosnia–Herzegovina: the
Federation of Bosnia–Herzegovina, inhabited primarily by Bosnia's and Bosnian Croats, and the
Republika Srpska (which includes Srebrenica), dominated by Serbs, both with their own political
structures, economies, and educational systems, though by the End of the War, Roughly 100,000
People had Died. Refugees were guaranteed the right to return to their pre–war homes, but only a
small number of Bosniaks opted to go back to Srebrenica, which had been re–inhabited by Bosnian
Serbs who had also been internally displaced by the war. An influx of international assistance came
after the fighting, including reconstruction efforts by non–governmental organizations, UN agencies,
and foreign governments and militaries and over $14 billion in aid (Genocide).
In conclusion the atrocities committed at Srebrenica are considered to be the worst on European soil
after the Holocaust (Genocide). The Bosnian War was a huge loss for Bosniak and Croatian
civilians. It was a presentation of how horrible and cruel spirited people can be. How come nobody
stopped before it got as far as it did. When it comes to tragedies like this one will you be person who
stops it or will you be the one to afraid to

Seven Characters In The Bone Bridge, By Trina Davies
The Bone Bridge, by Trina Davies, is centered around the lives of seven characters as they go
through the trials and tribulations of the aftermath of the Bosnian War. The Bosnian War took place
in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the late 1990's, stemming from the breakup of Yugoslavia ("Bosnian
Genocide"). During the Bosnian War, the Army of the Republika Srpska executed a genocide of
non–Serbs residing in areas dominated by Bosnian Serbs (Toal and Dahlman 6). The conflicts
dominating this play are ones of the past vs. present and good vs. evil. Each character plays a
different role within these conflicts ranging from victims to bystanders to leaders. The Bone Bridge
illustrates how a person in power cannot put anything into a population that ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In the production, directed by David Richman, this courtroom scene was very powerful. Mevla sat
in the front of the stage with a spotlight on her as she told her story directly to the audience
(Richman and Beagan). Dragan, Branka's husband, worked with Muslim women that had been
victims of the war, and he too decided to testify to give a voice to those that could not, or would not,
go against the Leader. He did this knowing that his choice would end his marriage, but he believed
something had to be done and justice needed to be served.
In The Bone Bridge, each character goes through a different journey and experiences when trying to
reconstruct and move forward with their lives after the Bosnian War. Mevla, a former judge, was
ripped from her house, never to see her family again, and was tortured and raped while in the
concentration camps. When she returned, her apartment was being occupied by Ankica, her former
secretary. Ankica, who is full Serbian, took over Mevla's apartment because she felt it "suited her"
and she did not think Mevla "would be coming back" (Davies 10). With Mevla's return, Ankica
confided in her friend Branka, who had a strong admiration for the Leader, saying she feared that
she would become homeless. Characters like Ankica and Branka were not victims of this genocide,
but instead felt that their lives had improved because of it. Once the war ended, Ankica was kicked
out of "her" apartment and Branka's marriage ended.

Wars Caused By Ethnic Conflicts : Wars Caused By Ethnic...
The following wars have been divided between 1.) Wars caused by ethnic issues and 2.) Wars not
caused by ethnic issues. After determining the cause of war, I will focus on particular aspects of the
war predominantly the death toll, how long the war lasted, if core states got involved in the conflict
and if so how far removed were they from the region of conflict. Finally and most importantly, I will
compare and contrast the two types of wars (1.) Wars caused by ethnic conflict and 2.) Wars not
caused by ethnic conflict) and determine how these wars were ultimately resolved. More
specifically, I am determining if wars caused by ethic issues are resolved by internal means or
whether they are resolved by external factors such as core states or states that have an invested
interest in the matter.
Wars Due To Ethnic Conflict
The Rwandan genocide was targeted towards the Tutsi population in April to July in 1994. This
genocidal mass slaughter of the Tutsi was carried out by the Hutu majority. At the end of the one
hundred day genocide about 800,000 Rwandans were pronounced dead. In the publication "How
many perpetrators were there in the Rwandan genocide? An estimate," Straus accounts for the
detailed precision that the Hutu's implemented in preparation to exterminate the Tutsi's. The Hutu's
preparation combined with the collapse of a failed state set the Hutu's up with the ability to strike
the Tutsi effectively. According to Straus, the collapse of the state created a power

Amnesty International : For Survivors Of Wartime Rape
Amnesty International: "WHEN EVERYONE IS SILENT: REPARATION FOR SURVIVORS OF
WARTIME RAPE IN REPUBLIKA SRPSKA IN BOSNIAAND HERZEGOVINA." Amnesty
International Publications (2012).
Amnesty International's purpose is "to analyze the failure of the authorities to respect the right to
reparation of survivors of wartime rape." (AI) This purpose is legitimate as out of the tens of
thousands of women who were victims of wartime rape, "fewer than 40 cases have been
prosecuted." (AI) The governments of Bosnia and Herzegovina are cited to have numerous new
legislation being passed that would provide reparations. For example, the Ministry for Human
Rights and Refugees set up a program for victims of violence in conflict, specifically targeting this
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It gives a clear summary of what Amnesty International has done throughout the 2000, providing
useful information about recent history pertaining to social reparation. Knowledge of the programs
present throughout the 2000s is particularly useful to know in order to visualize a timeline of what
has been done post conflict. This paper connects with Salzman as the historical basis of Salzman
allows the Amnesty International article to be read with the cultural understanding that the AI article
alone lacks. The difference in time is important between the two as Salzman's focus is on the UN
prosecution of the perpetrators, while Amnesty International focuses on victims forgotten by time, in
a place where they continue to get no redress for their grievances. This work relates to Ginn as well.
Both papers provide an account into policy and reformations of policy. While Ginn focuses more on
learning from failed court systems, Amnesty International emphasizes the promotion of more
effective social organizations, in order to promote human rights. These articles focus heavily on the
rape survivors' low success count in terms of compensation, which is another strong indicator that
the articles work well together, as the focus does not leave behind those to whom reformations to the
systems are for.
Salzman, Todd A. "Rape camps as a means of

Similarities Between Australia And Herzegovina
Essay #3 Croatia has a parliamentary republic, with a semi–presidential system. It has separate
branches of government that diffuse the power amongst them, so no one body can gain all control.
Their executive branch is composed of the president and corresponding bureaucracies. The president
acts symbolically for the country, both internally and abroad. The legislative branch is most
responsible for enacting as well as the enforcement of laws and acts. The legislative branch is
headed by the prime minister who oversees the welfare of the state. The country is a fairly new state
experimenting with the implementation of democracy. It is considered a semi–consolidated
democracy, due to the surrounding European states, some of which are reverting back to
authoritarianism and its history ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They both gained independence from Yugoslavia, following ethnicity disputes. They neighbor one
another with roughly the same population. Both states have similar climates and terrains, with the
same geographical location. However, they have a stark contrast in the way their political systems
function. In relation to freedom in the country Croatia is considered free and scored 87*. While
Bosnia and Herzegovina is only partly–free and received a score of 57*. Croatia scored a 1** for
political rights, a 2** in civil liberties, and a freedom rating of 1.5**. Bosnia and Herzegovina
received a 4** for political rights, a 3** for civil liberties, and a freedom rating of 3.5**. Croatia
was ranked 50/168*** and received a score of 51/100*** for corruption perception. Bosnia and
Herzegovina ranked 76//168*** and received a score of 38/100*** also for corruption perception.
Croatia's GDP per capita is about $21,635.10 USD, while Bosnia and Herzegovina's GDP is roughly
$10,426.90 USD. These differences illustrate the effects of an effective political system, while
comparing two similar

Rape In The Trojan War
In the period between April and July 1994, approximately 800,000 Rwandans were killed, and
350,000 Rwandan women were raped. In total, this number equalled about one–fifth of the country's
population. An informal, political organization called 'akazu' was at the heart of this genocide.
Members of the Hutu population, the National police, and the Rwandan army were some of the
perpetrators (Bijleveld, Morssinkhof, & Smeulers, 2009). Just one year later in July 1995, during the
period of the Bosnian war, about 10,000 male Muslim Bosniaks were murdered in the town of
Srebrenica. Again, the national government was behind the killings, particularly members of the
Bosnian Serb Army of Republika Srpska (Ash, 2013). Responding to these atrocities,

Ethnic Groups Ww1
Western stated that, "The brutal ethnic cleansing carried out during the war was never completed,
and many villages still contain pockets of minority ethnic groups." Since the ethnic cleansing was
never finished, the Muslims that still existed and became a minority ethnic group. They could not be
mixed into the population to create a diverse society unless the government passed laws allowing
them to be or if the superior ethnic groups accepted them into their society. The violence used
during the war destroyed the hopes for making Bosnia diverse. As verified by Black, "Although
Bosnian Serbs, Bosnian Croats, and Bosnian Muslims had been able to live together for decades, the
bloodshed of the 1990s nearly destroyed hopes for a multiethnic Bosnia." ... Show more content on
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Bosnia was still trying to create a multiethnic state, but the political institutions already supported
ethnic partition in the government. As asserted by McMahon and Western, "Although Bosnia
professes to seek the creation of a unified multi ethnic state, its political institutions support ethnic
partition at every level of government." The politicians of Bosnia wanted the government to be
diverse on all levels, but they were still trying to create a diverse society at the same time. Ethnic
partition in the government was also supported by the nationalist parties in Bosnia. As advocated by
Black, "The elections were held without violence, but the results were a victory for the nationalist
parties who wanted to maintain the ethnic partition of the country." The result of the election was a
new three person presidency with each president from a different ethnic group. The nationalist
parties saw this as a victory because they supported ethnic partition in the government. Although
people in Bosnia supported a diverse government, the country was still broken. Dahlman and
Tuathail described that, "Without cooperation from the local authorities to reverse the wartime
property laws, returnees to other areas could not re–establish possession over their

Bosnian War Research Paper
The Bosnian War
By Parley P Johnson
APA format
Bosnia Herzegovina
Bosnia is located in what was once the country of Yugoslavia. The landscape is very scenic and
majestic; the national parks and country side is a beautiful. Bosnia was a melting pot of ideologies
both political and religious. The location and political role played a key in its direction. The political
situation is also unique; it has a very close three way split between Serbs, Croats and Muslims. The
population was 44% Muslim, 31%, the third largest was the Croats, and lastly at 8 % was all others.
The Serbs are Orthodox Christians and support Serbia Bosnia's neighbor to the east The Croats were
Catholic and Bosnia neighbor to the north. The Capital Sarajevo ... Show more content on
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The rise of nationalist groups, in the void of a strong central government, the nationalists were able
to gain ground and push for their own agenda.
The massacre at Srebrenica was one of the worst crimes in the Bosnia War. According to a New
York Times article, After the Srebrenica and Markale massacres, which proved key in ending the
war? The world had had enough, the Balkans conflict, Bosnia War, the breakup of Yugoslavia.
NATO and the US would come to end the conflict.
The outcry of the world was loud and clear. The hind sight is clear that the world acted to slow to
prevent the ethnic cleansing that took place. The difficulty lay in how to accomplish the mission
with so many players, each having its own agenda. The United Nations and The United States
granted recognition to Bosnia in April 1992; this however was not enough to stop the coming

Genocide during the Bosnian War
Raphael Lemkin described genocide as "acts of barbarism that should be outlawed, even in times of
war". Lemkin is right. Genocide is a cruel vicious act that I do not wish upon my greatest enemies.
It is torture and death. A lot of people think genocide is a thing of the past. After all it is 2014
already. We are so much more advanced and connected then back during the time of the Holocaust.
A genocide started just 22 years ago and it was during the Bosnian War. The Bosnian Genocide was
atrocious because it classified and dehumanized a religion, it allowed for the extermination of a
people based on religion and the murderers denied they ever committed a crime and tried to cover
the deaths up. The Bosnian War took place in the republic of ... Show more content on
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Serbs who stayed friendly with Muslim neighbors or tried to protect them were considered traitors,
and they were dealt with harshly (Ching). The prisoners in the camps were beaten, denied food and
water, housed in horrific conditions, sexually assaulted, tortured, and finally killed (Bosnian
Genocide). " There was no food, little water, and a lot of fear"(Bosnia 1995). Some detainees there
were killed on a pyre of burning tires, while others were forced to load dead bodies onto trucks, or
to dig their own graves. As many as fifty thousand Muslim girls and women, aged nine to sixty,
were raped by Serbian soldiers and volunteers. This made them unfit, according to Muslim culture,
to be either wives or mothers (Ching). The Serbian soldiers would declare after rape that the women
had given birth to Serbian babies. Due to these incidents, many of the female captives lost all of
their strength and suffered from a number of sexually transmitted infections. The first goal of the
Serbs was to wipe out the educated, the intellectuals, the wealthy, and any other non–Serbs who
actively opposed their rule. By June 1994, fewer than 50,000 remained in their home and the area
had been determined "purified". (The Combat). Most Bosnian Croats and Serbs had the option of
fleeing to Croatia and Serbia. However Bosnian Muslims had nowhere to go. They crowded into
Bosnian cities that were still widely thought to be safe. Serbian forces continued to carry out

Conflict : The Bosnian Conflict
The Bosnian Conflict By the war's end, the Bosnian Conflict claimed the lives of 100,000 civilians
and soldiers, and forced another 2 million from their homes. The war began over ethnic and political
conflicts within Yugoslavia, especially the republics of Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia. Bosnians faced
many challenges coming from all sides with the help and manipulation of Serbia's president,
Slobodan Milosevic who wanted to gain control of Bosnia. In the face of all the attempts to stop
Bosnia from becoming independent, the Bosnians stood their ground, protected themselves and their
land, and gained their freedom in March 1992. Nevertheless over the next 4 years, Bosnian civilians
were ravaged by Serbian militaries and their use of "ethnic cleansing" that killed masses and caused
millions to become refugees. When Yugoslavia's communist leader Josip Broz Tito died in 1980, the
political system rapidly declined making the people unhappy with their government. Following in
1989 was the collapse of communism in Europe causing many changes in the attitudes and feelings
of civilians and many politicians. Independent political parties started to be put together all over
Yugoslavia especially Bosnia since so many ethnically different communities lived there. The
individual groups within Bosnia joined to form the tripartite coalition and included: the Bosniaks,
who were Muslim; Croats, which were Catholic; and Serbs, who were Christian. They voted and
discussed issues here

Essay on The International Tribunal for the Former...
The International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
On May 25, 1993, U.N. Security Council Resolution 827 established an international tribunal
charged with prosecuting violations of international law arising from the armed conflicts in the
former Yugoslavia. Not since the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, following World War II has an
international court tried individuals accused of crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide.
The International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTFY), which was established at The
Hague, Netherlands, is widely seen as an important step toward the deterrence of crimes, the
establishment of the firm rule of international law, and the promotion of world peace. Yet, from its
inception, the tribunal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In eastern Bosnia, these atrocities were war crimes that breached the Geneva Conventions and other
international laws governing conflicts between nations. They were also breaches of international
humanitarian law, as formulated at Nuremberg and elsewhere. When these tactics were employed by
Bosnian Serb forces as part of the program of so–called "ethnic cleansing" directed against Bosnian
Muslims and other non–Serbs, they also constituted genocide. The Genocide Convention is
specifically designed to cover crimes against groups, as opposed to crimes against humanity which
"do not necessarily involve offenses against or persecutions of groups." But the Convention also
limits the crime of genocide to actions occurring between states. Under the tribunal's mandate,
however, ethnic persecution is treated as an "international" crime even if it has occurred within a
single state. This is a considerable expansion of international law, yet, through it, ICTFY
"exemplifies a new understanding of accountability that makes heinous and systematic rights
violations an international matter." The thinking behind this change in the interpretation of
international humanitarian law is based on the easily observed fact that "victims of ethnic
persecution are citizens who have been rendered aliens within their own homeland," and their status,

The Yugoslav Wars: The Greatest Conflicts Since World War...
Known as Europe's deadliest conflict since World War II, the Yugoslav Wars (also known as the
Wars of Yugoslav Succession, the Yugoslav Civil War, or the War in the Balkans) were a series of
wars fought in the former Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. Though the entire conflict can be divided
up into four distinct wars, they are related due to their common origin and the presence of the same
ethnoreligious groups in the multiple wars. These wars have become notorious due to the atrocious
war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by all sides.
To better understand the atrocities of these wars, one must have knowledge of the definitions of
certain terms and war crimes. The ideas of "ethnic cleansing" and "genocide" are often thrown ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, these wars cannot be fully understood without a basic knowledge of the former
Yugoslavia. Formally known as the Soviet Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, it was a federation that
was comprised of six socialist republics: Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro,
Serbia and Slovenia. Additionally, two autonomous provinces, Vojvodina and Kosovo, were
established in Serbia. Many different ethnic groups called Yugoslavia home, namely the Serbs,
Croats, Slovenes, Bosniaks, Albanians, and Montenegrins. However, the presence of large ethnic
minorities across republic lines made things complicated, especially with the advent of rising
nationalism among these different peoples. The borders of the republics had originally been of little
significance; Josip Tito, the beloved leader of the Communist Party in Yugoslavia, decided the
borders with little opposition from anyone, as the federation was supposed to be a centralized
"dictatorship of the proletariat". Only with later decentralization and democratization would any
concern for the individual republics and nationalities be voiced and nationalism become an issue.
Tito's death in 1980 seemed to suddenly remind all the Yugoslav peoples that they had in fact
retained their separate ethnic identities and that the ethnic identity of Tito's successor would
certainly affect them, whether positively or negatively, and inter–republic relations began
deteriorating quickly. Tito and his communist

Bosnian Genocide Research Paper
The Bosnian Genocide: 1992–1995 From 1992 to 1995, Bosnia experienced an extended period of
turbulence due to a Serbian nationalist movement that resulted in violent upheaval. After many years
of being part of an empire or another country, Bosnia finally gained the opportunity to be
independent in 1992. Yet there was little reason to rejoice independence when many non–Serbs were
dispossessed of their home in Bosnia. Although this genocide was coined "ethnic cleansing," in the
early stages, the devastating casualties and human rights violations mark this event as one of the
worst mass killings since the Holocaust. The geographic location of Bosnia and its past history of
colonization help explain why non–Serbs were targeted and ... Show more content on
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However, starting in 1994, NATO led air strikes ("GENOCIDE – BOSNIA"), thereby deterring the
Serbian movement. Even so, Srebrenica became bombarded with shells by Serb troops led by Ratko
Mladic in July 1995, a date that has since been associated with the name "Bosnian genocide "
("GENOCIDE – BOSNIA"). Many have drawn parallels between the brutal actions of this genocide
with the Nazi actions of the Holocaust: shootings killing thousands, forcibly relocating residents,
concentration camps, and for females–rape ("Bosnia–Herzegovina 1992–1995"). Men and men were
separated in this torture process and while men were sent to concentration camps, women were sent
to rape camps (Krkljes). The genocide violated many UN Declaration of Human Rights articles
including Articles 3, 7, 5, 13, and 15. Article 3 was violated because non–Serbs were deprived of the
right to life; Article 5 violated since genocide is an example of inhumane treatment; Article 7
violated because non–Serbs were discriminated against; Article 13 violated since Bosnian Serbs
drove out Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks; and Article 15 violated since "ethnic cleansing" stripped
non–Serbs of their home in

Serbian Nationalism And Identity Of A Nation State 's...
Perhaps one of the biggest points of contention in Serbia is nationalism and identity. Serbian
nationalism is especially unique due to its particular ethnic implications. It can be traced back to the
rise of nationalism in the Balkans during Ottoman rule. Serbia has existed between various empires
and nation states. Many Serbians voice the need for self–autonomy, often citing being ruled by
outsiders for hundreds of years. Today Serbia seen by its people as an unfinished state. Thus, the
need for creating autonomous identity is especially relevant.1 Ristic in her essay on Serbian identity,
that the formation of a nation–state 's identity is crucial to its wellbeing. In general, identity is built
upon three "essential interdependent elements: 1. birth, which creates ties to family, nation and to a
concrete geographical space; 2. culture, which forms individuals and groups spiritually and
emotionally; 3. acceptance of common values which help creating communities of values." Hence
identity can be determined on the basis of the following categories: place of living (town or district
of town, country, continent etc), religion, family, profession, nation, age–class, ideology etc.2
The problem with Serbian national identity is that there is not enough security in the aforementioned
criterion historically. Ristic states that "defining national identity upon values and ideology leads in
Serbia to two relatively opposite understandings of national identity and the values and norms

The Tragedy Of The Bosnian Genocide
Reflections about major significant historical occurrences often lead to a philosophical inquiry as to
whether the outcome could have been changed. Often inspired by unfortunate events, historians may
never know if they could have been prevented. Genocides are an example of such an event, as they
are often influenced by delicate situations, and are often very tragic. The deepest tragedy of all is
that we will never know if these mass murders of specific ethnicities could have been averted. One
such dreadful occurrence became known to the public as the Bosnian Genocide. Lasting from 1992
till 1995, the Bosnian Genocide erupted after the ruination of Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia was a
communist government that was formed in 1929 from several ... Show more content on
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By 1991, emboldened by the absence of a unifying figurehead, several provinces declared their
independence from Yugoslavia, which was now in ruins. Croatia, Serbia, and Slovenia all officially
formed their own nations in 1991. Slobodan Milosevic had taken control of Serbia in 1987, which
was largest by land area, and inspired strong nationalist feelings in Serbs. In 1992, Bosnia declared
its independence as well. Bosnia was composed of several ethnicities, including the Bosnian
Muslims (Bosniaks), who were the majority, Bosnian Serbs, and Bosnian Croats. Savo Heleta, who
was living in Bosnia at the time, described the ethnic boundaries in her book, Not My Turn To Die:
"...there were no clear–cut boundaries– there weren't three different regions, one for each ethnic
group. People lived in ethnically mixed cities, villages, neighborhoods, and apartment buildings."
The presence of borders may have prevented the genocide, and at least it might have softened the
degree and severity of the killings. Boundaries might have been able to allow the ethnicities to split
peacefully and without forcing anyone out of the area or out of the world. The declaration of
Bosnian independence was not received favourably by the Serbs. Since Bosnia, in 1991, was
composed of forty–four percent Bosniaks, thirty–one percent Serb, and seventeen percent Croat.
Due to the clear majority of the Bosniaks, the Serbs had fears about

Bosnia Genocide Essay
Zvornik and the later genocide around Srebrenica." Since the returnees were harassed, making the
society multiethnic was very difficult. Also since the local security took part in the attacks and
genocide, it was hard to unify the country because they supported the ethnic cleansing. The
returnees not being able to return to their homes added to Bosnia being ethnically fractured after the
war. As expressed by McMahon and Western, "In ethnically fractured postwar Bosnia, however,
such decentralization further weakened efforts to build a coherent state." The ethnic decentralization
made it difficult to unify Bosnia since the power was scattered. This split the government along with
society, which kept the country fragmented. The isolation of ... Show more content on
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Although many returnees ended up returning to their homes, the country was still broken due to
many causes. As represented by Dahlman and Tuathail, "The success of reaching one million returns
is tempered by the reality that Bosnia is still a broken country, where obstructionism, political
corruption, and economic hardship compound the legacy of wartime displacements (Ó Tuathail and
Dahlman 2004b)." All of the problems that still existed in Bosnia even after the war, like political
corruption, caused the country to remain broken even though so many people were able to return to
their prewar homes. The country also remained broken after the war because the Bosnian Muslims
were still left isolated and vulnerable. As supported by McMahon and Western, "Second, exiting
Bosnia will now leave Bosnian Muslims isolated and vulnerable, sending precisely the wrong
message to the Muslim world at a time when Brussels and Washington are trying to mend
relationships frayed by the Iraq war and the 'global war on terror.'" The country remained divided
due to the isolation and vulnerability of the Bosnian Muslims after the war. This caused the failure
of Bosnia to become diverse, which kept the country

The Bosnian Genocide
During the years of the Bosnian crisis, without the North Atlantic Treaty Organization working with
the United Nations and executed humanitarian relief by launching military intervention, sending
peacekeeping forces and imposing sanctions respectively. Former Yugoslavia was made up of
Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia and Bosnia Herzegovina. During the collapse of
Yugoslavia, many wars erupted through conflicting interests between the six states. One of the many
wars that occurred was the Bosnia War from April 6th, 1992 to December 14th, 1995. Muslims,
Serbs and Croats are the three main groups who populated Bosnia–Herzegovina. After Slovenia and
Croatia declaring their independence, they began claiming territory in Bosnia–Herzegovina. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The United States of America and NATO worked together which led to the creation of The General
Framework for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina A.K.A. the Dayton Accords that began in
November 1995. The Dayton Accords was signed on December 1995 that marked the ceasefire in
Bosnia Herzegovina. The Dayton Accords also marked a unified state that consisted of Muslim–
Bosnians and Croats Federation gaining 51% of Bosnia Herzegovina while Republika Srpska
controlled the remaining 49%. Both groups have their own government and central government
where it will be carefully balanced. As Bosnia Herzegovina was split into nine zones, NATO
approved the creation of the Implementation Force (IFOR). Their objective is to mandate Bosnia–
Herzegovina for a year. IFOR is a military force made up of NATO and non NATO nations. 60,000
soldiers were deployed as a strong peace keeping force from thirty two nations to maintain peace
between Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats. Also, the troops monitors the demilitarized and
ceasefire zones. Operation Joint Endeavour was IFOR's mission to set up a secure domain for
military and civilian purposes including the build up of arms. Once military security was ensured,
IFOR began Bosnia–Herzegovina's "transition to peace". The "transition to peace" involved holding
elections, arrest of war criminals,

Bosnia And Herzegovina Research Paper
Baylor Pyles, Austin Scarberry
Mr. Wentz
Period 8th
May 5th, 2017
Bosnia and Herzegovina is located upon the Balkan Peninsula within Southern Europe. Sarajevo is
the capital city and also holds the title for the largest city within Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the
time zone known as "ancient" or during the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C. the native name of the land
was Illyricum. This piece of land was shuffled through many rulers such as the Roman Province,
Goths, Byzantine Empire, Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. Bosnia and Herzegovina has been
involved with one of the Yugoslavian wars known as the Bosnian War. This civil war was fought
between the country's Serbs, and Bosnian Muslims. During the time of October 1991 supreme rule
was placed upon ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Only certain specialties were available too at the time leaving many unattended. Pharmacies had
eligible drugs but there were many private pharmacies which offered to bolster patients but there
was a lack hospital pharmacists making it difficult all around. HIV amongst the population of
Bosnia is under 1% and is not likely to increase anywhere near or above 5% the population. Women
in Bosnia come for abortions and that requires a certain degree of healthcare. Women also gained
many rights after the Bosnian war and started to fight in the wars. Women were brought out of
homes to share the job with men. They did not have to clean, cook, and watch their children at all
times. Abortion is legal which is a high right for women. This can only occur during the first ten
weeks of

Comparing The United Nations and the North Atlantic...
The United Nations and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization are two different groups, but they
affect the world in the same way. They both want to make a difference in today's world, they strive
for peace and prosperity, and they work hard to accomplish their goals. The UN and NATO are
similar in the way they are organized. They are each structured into several groups. They both have
councils, a Secretary General, and Secretariat. The UN is made up of six organs. They are the
council, Secretariat, and International Court of Justice. NATO is made up of the Defense Planning
Committee, Nuclear Atlantic Cooperation Council.
UN and NATO were both formed after major crises in the world. UN was being formed during and
after WWII. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They have different purposes, but they basically strive for the same goals. UN's purpose is to
preserve world peace and security, encourage nations to be just in their actions toward each other,
help nations cooperate in trying to solve their problems, and serve as an agency through which
nations can work toward these goals. NATO's purpose is to enhance the stability, well–being, and
freedom of its members by means of collective security. UN and NATO are involved in many of the
problems in the world today. Both the UN and NATO have been actively involved in Kosovo. In
recent years, the UN has been trying to keep peace in Central African Republic. The UN sent
peacekeepers to Central African
Republic because they had suffered three separate army mutinies in 1996. The UN operation is
helping to maintain security in the capital of Bangui. They also helped to provide a secure place for
the elections and they trained the country's police. In Siberia Leone, there have been revenge attacks
by the former military group called Junta. Hundreds of villagers had been killed and thousands more
mutilated by former Junta troops hiding in the country. The Security Counsel voted to establish a
70–member team that worked with peacekeepers to reduce Junta. They also support to restore the
new government. The UN pledged 55 million dollars in humanitarian aid for refugees there and in
neighboring countries. In June of 1998, the Security Council lifted an arms

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