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Chapter 027
- 1. 1Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Chapter 27
Disseminating Research Findings
- 2. 2Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Disseminating Research Findings
Final step in research process
If it isn’t communicated, nobody knows
Ethical responsibility to research subjects not
to have wasted their time
Developing a research report
Disseminating report through
Presentations
Publications
- 3. 3Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Content of a Research Report
Article, conference podium presentation,
conference poster presentation
Four major sections:
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion of the findings
Also includes title and abstract
- 4. 4Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Title and Abstract
Title
Tells reader what was studied
Engages the reader
Includes principal variables and hints at method;
may include population
Abstract
Summarizes key aspects of study
100 to 300 words in length
Problem, purpose, framework, methods, sample,
one or two results, conclusions
- 5. 5Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Introduction
Discusses background/significance of
problem
Identifies problem statement and purpose
Reviews relevant empirical and theoretical
literature
Describes study framework (variables may be
conceptually defined here)
Identifies research purpose (aims, objectives,
questions, or hypotheses if applicable)
- 6. 6Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Methods
How study was conducted
Must provide sufficient detail for critical
appraisal or replication
Design
Sample and setting
Methods of measurement
Data collection process
Plan for data analysis
- 7. 7Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Design
Explicitly stated
What type of quantitative research
Must match title, purpose, type of variables,
and statistical tests used
- 8. 8Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Sample and Setting
Describe
Sampling method
Criteria for selecting sample
Sample size
Sample characteristics
Statistical power analysis used
Details about subject recruitment
Method for assigning subjects to groups
- 9. 9Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Measurement Methods
How variables were operationalized and
measured
Measure’s scaling and range of scores
Frequency with which instrument was used
Reliability and validity information
Accuracy, precision, selectivity, sensitivity,
and sources of error of physiological
measures
- 10. 10Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Data Collection Process and
Procedures
Who collected, and how they collected
If more than one person collected, how they
were trained
How data were recorded, if not apparent
- 11. 11Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Analysis Plan
Pre-analysis preparation of the data
Data analysis:
Statistics used
Program used
- 12. 12Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Results
What was learned from This study
Results generated from statistical analyses
Description of the sample
Narrative format
Organized into figures and tables
Presentation of results
Descriptive statistics first (mean, standard
deviation) (quantitative)
Then results organized by hypotheses, questions,
or objectives (quantitative)
- 13. 13Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Presentation of Results in
Figures and Tables
Space-saving
Use of APA guidelines
Must be clear, accurate, complete
- 14. 14Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Figures
Diagrams or pictures that illustrate the results
Used only if they clarify, save space, and are
acceptable by journal editors
Bar graph
Line graph
Pie chart
- 15. 15Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Tables
More frequently used than figures
Useful for display of complex statistical
relationships
Used to identify correlations among variables
Correlation matrices
- 16. 16Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Discussion
Ties other sections of the research report
together and interprets them
Includes
Major findings
Limitations of study
Conclusions drawn from findings
Implications of findings for nursing
Recommendations for further research
- 17. 17Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Reference Citations
All sources that were cited in the report
APA (2010) format required by editors of
many nursing and psychology journals
In alphabetical order by first author:
First author is the major contributor
Don’t change order of authors for a publication
when citing them
- 18. 18Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Qualitative Research Report
Title: clear, concise, identifies study focus
Abstract: briefly summarizes key parts of
study and usually includes
Aim of study
Qualitative approach (e.g., phenomenology,
grounded theory, ethnography, or historical)
Methods including sample, setting, and methods
of data collection
Brief synopsis of findings
Implications of findings
- 19. 19Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Introduction
Principal concept to be studied
Significance of study topic
Type of qualitative study conducted
Aim/purpose of study
Why topic is important (gap) in relation to
existing literature
Sometimes a brief literature review
- 20. 20Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Methods
General method of inquiry
Specific methods of inquiry used in study
Data analysis plan/procedures
- 21. 21Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Results
Presentation of findings
Usually organized by themes/essences
Presented in context, when possible
Ethnography
Phenomenology
Grounded
- 22. 22Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Discussion
Conclusions
Study limitations
Implications for nursing
Recommendations for further research
- 23. 23Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Theses and Dissertations
Detailed reports that students develop as part
of requirements for a degree
Most organized as chapters (more recently,
some now organized as introduction, and two
to five publishable papers)
Huge literature reviews, especially in
dissertations
All written in accordance with requirements of
their respective programs
- 24. 24Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Audiences for Communication of
Research Findings
Targeting the audience or readership
General considerations:
Cui bono? Who will benefit by knowing this?
Within nursing? Within another discipline?
Limitations to generalization may increase with
geography
- 25. 25Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Strategies for Communicating
Research to Different Audiences
Nurses
Health care professionals
Policymakers
Consumers
- 26. 26Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Audience of Nurses
Most commonly selected by nurses
In-person presentations at conferences of
organizations
Conference abstracts in program proceedings
Journals Target by readership
Target by professional interest
Books—popular or professional
Textbook chapters
- 27. 27Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Audience of Health Care
Professionals and Policy Makers
Pan-disciplinary conferences
Some specialty journals
Most useful when
Topic applies to others outside nursing
A substantial nursing interest group exists within
the organization
- 28. 28Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Audience of Health Care
Consumers
News releases
Nursing research article in a local paper
Online
Popular press
Journals
Books
Television and radio
Patient and family teaching
- 29. 29Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Purpose of Presenting Research
Findings
Share preliminary findings
Answer questions about their studies
Interact with other interested researchers
Receive immediate feedback on study
Verbal presentations
Poster presentations
- 30. 30Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Verbal Presentations
Requires
Receiving acceptance of your abstract as a
presenter
Developing a research report
Delivering the report
Responding to questions
- 31. 31Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Receiving Acceptance as a
Presenter - Hints
Submit a good abstract (acceptance based
on the quality of the abstract)
Usually based on results from completed study,
not yet published
Title of abstract must create interest, and
body of abstract “sells” the study to reviewers
When writing abstract, know the audience
- 32. 32Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Developing an Oral Research
Presentation
Depends on focus and audience of
conference, and on total time allotted
Aim: One slide per minute
Focus: What is new in this area of research?
Acknowledgment of funding sources and
declaration of conflict of interest
- 33. 33Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Delivering a Research Report
and Responding to Questions
Practice, practice, practice
Time the presentation
Attempt not to read the slides
Attempt not to read from a script
Try to anticipate questions that audience
might ask
- 34. 34Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Poster Sessions
Usually last 1 to 2 hours
Poster might be accepted while study is still in
progress, or might be an entire completed
study
Much less threatening to present
Individual conversations with passersby at
conference who look at the poster
Networking
Must be eyecatching
- 35. 35Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Publishing Findings
Most theses are never published
Even negative findings are important
Very time-consuming
Authorship credit: discussion best when a
paper is First considered
First author: largest contribution and/or
conceptualized the research
All authors: must have contributed
Last author: sometimes a distant senior member
of a large research team
- 36. 36Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Publishing a Journal Article
Steps in developing a manuscript for
publication:
Select a journal
Develop a query letter
Prepare a manuscript
Submit a manuscript for review
Revise the manuscript
- 37. 37Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Selecting a Journal
Refereed journal: peer-reviewed; uses
referees or expert reviewers to determine
whether a manuscript is acceptable for
publication
Nonrefereed journal: editor makes decisions
to accept or reject manuscripts
Type of journal must match article
- 38. 38Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Journal Impact Factor
May not be the principal concern for new
authors
Measures the frequency of citation for
average articles in that journal
Journal citation report (JCR) provides
quantitative measures to evaluate scientific
journals, including data on journal impact
factors
- 39. 39Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Develop a Query Letter
No more than one page
Usually includes abstract and researcher’s
qualifications for writing article
May mention length of manuscript (but first
check to see what length of article that journal
accepts)
May mention number of tables or figures (but
first check to see how many that journal
accepts)
- 40. 40Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Preparing a Manuscript
Written according to format outlined by journal -APA
most common
Written according to journal’s guidelines
Guidelines pertain to
Manuscript preparation
Submission guidelines
Discussion of copyright and conflict of interest
Read some of journal’s articles, and imitate the style
of the better ones
Use an article from journal as a guide or template
- 41. 41Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Submitting a Manuscript for
Review
Submit to only one journal at a time
With few exceptions, use electronic
submission only
- 42. 42Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Peer Review
By two or more persons
Usually standing reviewers for that journal
Read, evaluate, identify strengths and
limitations, and make suggestions
Like a critique
- 43. 43Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Possible Results of Review
Accept as submitted (rare), with likely date for
publication
Accept pending minor revisions, sometimes
with likely data for publication
Tentatively accept, with major revisions
Reject (less frequent, but sometimes because
topic is not suitable for that journal)
- 44. 44Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Revisions as Requested
Address limitations identified by reviewers in revised
manuscript
Write cover letter explaining exactly how each comment
was addressed in rewrite
Usually results in an acceptance; sometimes results in a
rejection
Quality manuscripts will display
Knowledge of research evidence
Timeliness/topic of current interest
Newly emerging idea
Generalizability across population or international boundaries
contribution to theory
- 45. 45Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Publication in Online Journals
Advantages:
All applications and feedback online
Faster communications
Continuous publication (usually), so article
published promptly
Fewer page limits
More tables, figures, accepted
Animations acceptable for some
Links to other citations possible
Real-time tracking of access for impact measures
- 46. 46Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Publication in Online Journals
(Cont’d)
Disadvantages
Not as prestigious
Not all refereed
- 47. 47Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Publishing Research Findings in
Books
Monographs, books, and chapters in books
Rarer than journals for most studies
Some qualitative, some complex quantitative
Requires extensive commitment on the part
of the researcher
- 48. 48Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Duplicate Publications and Self-
Plagiarism
An article or major portions of an article
concurrently published by two journals
Only acceptable if each represents a Different
part of the same research
If intentional, self-plagiarism—scientific
misconduct
Also applies to published conference
proceedings
When publishing, acknowledge previous
conference presentations with same material