The document discusses quality control tools used for statistical process control including histograms, check sheets, Ishikawa diagrams, Pareto charts, scatter diagrams, and control charts. It provides descriptions and examples of each tool. Specifically, it explains that Pareto charts rank data to identify the most critical failures from a small number of items. Cause and effect diagrams display the relationship between causes and effects in a visual format. Check sheets standardize data collection. Flow diagrams map process flows. Scatter diagrams show the relationship between two variables. Histograms describe variation and process capability. Control charts and run charts represent process variation over time.

1. RME-085
Total Quality Management
Topic: QC tools: Histogram, Check sheet, Ishikawa diagram, Pareto
chart, Scatter diagram
By:
Dr. Vinod Kumar Yadav
Department of Mechanical Engineering
G. L. Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management
Greater Noida
Email: vinod.yadav@glbitm.org
Note: The contents from Reference [1] is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in M.E Department at G.L. Bajaj Institute, Greater Noida
in VIII semester 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.

2. Statistical Process Control (SPC)
Figure-1 Pareto Diagram [1]
SPC Tools
1.Pareto Diagram
2.Cause and Effect Diagram
3.Check Sheet
4.Flow Process Diagram
5.Scatter diagram*
6.Histogram*
7.Control Charts*
8.Run chart*
Pareto Diagram
*Sl. No. 5-8 are based on statistics
Ranks data in descending order from left to right
Other
F and C covers about
80% of total results
from 20% items
Most critical failures can be identifiedPareto Diagram
Alfredo Pareto 1848-1923
Statistics: Systematic collection of
quantitative data pertaining to any group
Note: The contents from Reference [1] is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in M.E Department at G.L. Bajaj Institute, Greater Noida
in VIII semester 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.

3. Statistical Process Control (SPC) contd.
Figure-2 Cumulative line of Pareto Diagram [1]
1. Pareto Diagram..
X-axis : category
Pareto Diagram- may have Cumulative line
Line represents the sum of data –added together from left to
right [1]
Pareto Diagram – construction steps [1]
1. Identify method to classify data
2. Decide Y axis parameters – best suited
3. Collect data from appropriate time intervals
4. Sort – Largest to smallest
5. Construct diagram and find critical parameters
Scale must match for %
Note: The contents from Reference [1] is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in M.E Department at G.L. Bajaj Institute, Greater Noida
in VIII semester 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.

4. Statistical Process Control (SPC) contd.
Figure-3 Cause and
effect diagram [1]
2. Cause and effect diagram (Picture with lines and symbols)
- Correlates causes and
effects
- Converts bad effect to
good effect
- Also called as Fish
bone diagram due
to their shape
- Useful in :
- (i) Analysis
- (ii) Elimination
- (iii) Standardization
(iv) Education and
training
Ishikawa - 1943
Major cause
Major cause
Minor cause (Brain storming by project team)
Note: The contents from Reference [1] is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in M.E Department at G.L. Bajaj Institute, Greater Noida in VIII semester
2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.

5. Statistical Process Control (SPC) contd.
Figure - 4 Process analysis: Cause and effect diagram [1]
2. Cause and effect diagram – process analysis.
Major cause
Minor cause
Minor cause
Note: The contents from Reference [1] is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in M.E Department at G.L. Bajaj Institute, Greater Noida
in VIII semester 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.

6. Statistical Process Control (SPC) contd.
Figure-5 Check sheet – paint non-conformities [1]
3. Check sheets
- To ensure the accuracy of
collected data by
concerned operator
- To make the data easily
analyzable
- Designed by project team
Note: The contents from Reference [1] is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in M.E Department at G.L. Bajaj Institute, Greater Noida
in VIII semester 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.

7. Statistical Process Control (SPC) contd.
Figure-6 Flow diagram for order entry [1]
4. Flow diagram (Process map)
- Shows the flow of
products or services as
it passes through
different processes or
operations.
- Systems can be easily
visualized
- Standard symbols are
used in Industries
- Designed through team
work
Note: The contents from Reference [1] is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in M.E Department at G.L. Bajaj Institute, Greater Noida
in VIII semester 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.

8. Statistical Process Control (SPC) contd.
Figure-7 Scatter Diagram for price of corn and price of ethanol [1]
5. Scatter diagram
- Graphical representation of
relation between two variables
(Controllable – (x-axis) and
dependent (y-axis) )
Note: The contents from Reference [1] is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in M.E Department at G.L. Bajaj Institute, Greater Noida
in VIII semester 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.

9. Statistical Process Control (SPC) contd.
Figure-8 Histogram for hole location [1]
6. Histogram
- Describes variation in process
- Represents process capability
- Suggests the shape of the
population and identifies gaps
between data [1]
Note: The contents from Reference [1] is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in M.E Department at G.L. Bajaj Institute, Greater Noida
in VIII semester 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.

10. Statistical Process Control (SPC) contd.
Figure-9
7. Control charts
- Good technique for problem
solving and quality
improvement.
- Helps in decision making –
patterns of the plotted points
represents whether the plan is
good or bad
- Xo and Ro are the ideal
conditions
For quality improvement
Note: The contents from Reference [1] is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in M.E
Department at G.L. Bajaj Institute, Greater Noida in VIII semester 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.

11. Statistical Process Control (SPC) contd.
8. Run charts
- Graphical presentation of data collected from a process running
over time [1]
- Its similar to control chart but does not have a control limit
- It only represents process variation
Note: The contents from Reference [1] is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in M.E Department at G.L. Bajaj Institute, Greater Noida
in VIII semester 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.

12. References:
[1] Dale H. Besterfiled. A Text book on Quality Improvement. 9th Edition. Pearson (ISBN 10: 0-13-262441-9) pp. 19-94.