3. Àæèë [A]
Àëèâàà ìåõàíèê õºäºë㺺íèé ººð÷ëºëòººð
òîäîðõîéëîãäîíî.
Òåðìîäèíàìèê àæèë íü :
dA F dx= ⋅
F P S
dV S dx
dA F dx P S dx P dV
P
= ⋅
= ⋅
= ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅
− äàðàëò
⋅dA = P dV
0dV > õèé òýëýõ ¿åä dA >0 ãàäàãøàà àæèë õèéíý.(ýåðýã )
dV <0 õèé øàõàãäàõ ¿åä dA <0 ãàäíààñ àæèë õèéíý.(ñºðºã)
4. Äîòîîä ýíåðãè -
Àòîì ìîëåêóëóóäûí äóëààíû õºäºë㺺íä íººöëºãäºõ ýíåðãèéã
äîòîîä ýíåðãè ãýíý. Äóëààíû ýíåðãè íü àòîì ìîëåêóëóóäûí ÷ºëººíèé
çýðýãò æèãä õóâààðüëàãäàíà.
Íýã ìîëåêóëä íººöëºãäºõ ýíåðãè :
Äîòîîä ýíåðãèéí òîìú¸î:
äîòîîä ýíåðãè íü
èçîòåðì ïðîöåññò
õàäãàëàãäàíà áóñàä
ïðîöåññò ººð÷ëºãäºíº.
UΔ
2
i
U kT=
2
i
U N kT= ⋅
2 2 2
A
i i i
U N kT v N kT v RT
i
2
U v R T
= ⋅ = ⋅ = ⋅
äîòîîä ýíåðãèéí ººð÷ëº ëòíü:
Δ = ⋅ Δ
8. Òåðìîäèíàìèêèéí 1-ð õóóëèéã
èçîïðîöåññóóäàä õýðýãëýõ
T=const èçîòåðì
ïðîöåññ
2 2
2
1
1 1
1 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
10
0
2
ln( ) ln
V VA
V
V
V V
i
dU vR dT dT dU const
Q A
PV V
A dA PdV PV PV dV PV V PV
V V
δ δ
= ⋅ ⋅ → = → =
=
⎛ ⎞
= = → = → = = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
∫ ∫ ∫
Òåðìîäèíàìèêèéí 1- ð õóóëü áè ÷ âýë :
2 2 2
1 1
1 1 1
2
1
ln ln ln
ln
V V P
A PV v RT v RT
V V P
P
Q A v RT
P
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
= = ⋅ = ⋅⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞
= = ⋅ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
9. Èçîõîð V=const
Ýíý ¿åä ýçýëõ¿¿í ººð÷ëºãäºõã¿é.
0dA PdV dV const A= → = → =
( )
2 2
1 1
2 1
0
2 2 2
T TQ
T T
Q dU
i i i
Q dQ dU vR dT vR T T vR T
δ =
= = = ⋅ = − = Δ∫ ∫ ∫
Òåðìîäèíàìèêèéí 1- õóóëèéã áè ÷ âýë :
10. Äóëààí áàãòààìæ
Áèåèéí òåìïåðàòóðûã íýãæýýð íýìýãä¿¿ëýõýä øààðäàãäàõ äóëààíû
õýìæýýã äóëààí áàãòààìæ ãýíý.
Íýãæ ìàññòàé áèåèéí õóâèéí äóëààí áàãòààìæ :
Ìîëèéí äóëààí áàãòààìæ:
Q
C
T
Δ
=
Δ
0
Q
C
T m
Δ
=
Δ ⋅
0M
Q C
C C M
T v v
M
Δ
= ⋅ = =
Δ ⋅
− ìîëèéí ìàññ
v - áîäèñûí õýìæýý
11. V=const ¿åèéí
ìîëèéí äóëààí áàãòààìæ
2 2
MV V
Q dU i vR i
C C R
T v dT v v
Δ
= = = = =
Δ ⋅ ⋅
2
V
i
Q U vR T vC T= Δ = Δ = Δ
12. Èçîáàp P=const
Äàðàëò ººð÷ëºãäºõã¿é ó÷ðààñ àæèë õèéãäýíý, äîòîîä ýíåðãè íü
ººð÷ëºãäîæ, äóëààí ººð÷ëºãäºíº. Òåðìîäèíàìèêèéí 1- ð õóóëü íü:
Ñèñòåìèéí àâñàí äóëààí íü äîòîîä ýíåðãèéí ººð÷ëºëò áîëîí ãàäàãøàà
õèéõ àæèëòàé òýíö¿¿.
Q dU Aδ δ= +
2
1
2
1
2 1
2 1
0
( )
( )
2 2 2
V
V
TU
V
T
A PdV P V V
i i i
U dU vR dT v R T T v R T vC T
= = −
= = ⋅ = − = Δ = Δ
∫
∫ ∫
13. Äàðàëò òîãìòîë ¿åèéí
Òåðìîäèíàìèêèéí 1- ð õóóëü
PV vRT
δ
=
Δ Δ
òýãøèòãýëèéã äèôôåðåíöèàëáàë :
VdP +PdV =vRdT
A = PdV =vRdT
A = P V =vR T
1 1
2 2 2
i i i
Q A U vR T vR T vR T A
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
Δ = + Δ = Δ + Δ = + Δ = +⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
14. P= const ¿åèéí
ìîëèéí äóëààí áàãòààìæ
2
2 2
2
2
2
MP P V
P P
V
Q i i
C C R R C R R
T v
i
Q vC T v T
CQ i
R
Δ +
= = = + = + =
Δ ⋅
+
= Δ = Δ
Δ
= =Èçîáàð ¿åä
A
P VC C R− =
Ìàéåðûí òýãøèòãýë