The Port Authority of New York and New JerseyProposal for .docx

The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Proposal for Performing an Environmental Impact Statement
and Alternatives Analysis for Modifying or Replacing the
Lincoln Tunnel Helix
Proposal for Performance of an Environmental
Impact Statement and Alternative Analysis
–
For Modifying or Replacing the
Lincoln Tunnel Helix
Prepared by:
Greenfield Environmental Consulting
Issued: April 21st, 2015
The Port Authority of
New York and New Jersey

Table of Contents:
Section A – Firm Qualifications and Experience
……………………………………....3
A.1 – Governmental Regulations and Laws
…………………………………………………. 4
A.2 – Guideline Documents
…………………………………………………………………. 7
A.3 – Environmental Permits
……………………………………………………………….. 12
A.4 – NEPA Lead Agency
………………………………………………………………….. 13
A.5 – Environmental Documentation
……………………………………………………….. 14
Section B – Staff Qualifications and Experience
……………………………………..16
B.1 – Organizational Chart
………………………………………………………………….. 17
B.2 – Personal Profiles and Individual Experience
…………………………………………. 18
Caulfield, Christopher
………………………………………………………………………..
18
Greenleaf, Luke
…………………………………………………………………………
…… 23
Anderson, David
…………………………………………………………………………
….. 25

Zyndorf, Oren
…………………………………………………………………………
…….. 27
Schroeder, Alison
…………………………………………………………………………
… 30
Lombardi, John
…………………………………………………………………………
….... 32
Mahmud, Anna
…………………………………………………………………………
….... 34
Martin, Jonathan
…………………………………………………………………………
….. 37
Mugabel, Abdul
…………………………………………………………………………
…... 38
Section C – Technical Approach
……………………………………………………..40
C.1 – Preparation of Environmental Impact Statement
……………………………………... 41
C.2 – No-Action Alternative
………………………………………………………………... 43
C.3 – List of Alternatives to be Reviewed
………………………………………………….. 44
C.4 – Environmental Impact Statement Table of Contents
…………………………………. 48
C.5 – Data Analysis Sources
………………………………………………………………... 54
C.6 – Safety Measures
…………………………………………………………………….....
56
C.7 – Public Participation
…………………………………………………………………… 59
Section D – Cost and Timetable

……………………………………………………...60
D.1 – Project Schedule
………………………………………………………………………
61
D.2 – Cost Estimate and Budget
…………………………………………………………..... 62
Firm Qualifications and Experience
A
Section
A.1
Governmental Regulations and Laws

Law is defined as the principles and regulations established in a
community by some authority and applicable to its people,
whether in the form of legislation or of custom and policies
recognized and enforced by judicial decision. Laws are actually
rules and guidelines that are set up by the social institutions to
govern behavior. Laws are made by government officials. Laws
must be obeyed by all, including private citizens, groups and
companies as well as public figures, organizations and
institutions. Laws set out standards, procedures and principles
that must be followed. Regulations can be used to define two
things; a process of monitoring and enforcing legislations and a
written instrument containing rules that have law on them. Even
though laws are passed by the government, it falls up to
regulations to ensure and enforce the law. It has the ability to
maintain and regulate the laws that govern the people. All the
listed laws and regulations are applicable to every alternative
provided.
Environmental Laws and Regulations:-
Clean Air Act – The Clean Air Act is a United States federal
law designed to control air pollution on a nationwide level. It
entails the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop
and implement regulations to protect the public from airborne
contaminants known to be hazardous to human health. The Act
accomplished this by establishing a federal program within the
U.S. Public Health Service and authorized research into
techniques for monitoring and controlling air pollution. It also
enabled the federal government to escalate its activities to
consider enforcing interstate air pollution transport, and, for the
first time, to perform far-reaching ambient monitoring studies
and stationary source inspections. The Act also authorized
expanded studies of air pollutant emission inventories, ambient
monitoring techniques, and control techniques. With the
construction on the Helix Rehabilitation project and the work
done in the tunnel, there needs to be a suitable approach for not
perturbing the air quality.
Clean Water Act – The Clean Water Act exists to restore and

maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the
nation's waters by avoiding point and nonpoint pollution
sources, providing aid to publicly owned treatment works for
the improvement of wastewater treatment, and maintaining the
integrity of wetlands. It establishes the basic structure for
regulating discharges of pollutants into the waters of the United
States and regulating quality standards for surface waters. All
the waste produced from the construction for the Helix
Rehabilitation Project can leak into the Hudson River if
regulations are not followed.
Safe Drinking Water Act – The Safe Drinking Water Act
(SDWA) is the principal federal law in the United States
intended to guarantee safe drinking water for the public.
Following the act, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
is obligated to set standards for drinking water quality and
oversee all states, localities, and water suppliers who implement
these standards. SDWA applies to every public water system
(PWS) in the United States except for private
wells. As a consultant, we need to check for groundwater spots
where will be doing the construction so it does not interfere
with drinking water.
Endangered Species Act – The Endangered Species Act was
devised to protect vital imperiled species from extinction as a
"consequence of economic growth and development untempered
by adequate concern and conservation." The U.S. Supreme
Court found that "the plain intent of Congress in enacting" the
ESA "was to halt and reverse the trend toward species
extinction, whatever the cost." The Act is administered by two
federal agencies, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service
(FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA). Any endangered species and their
habitat cannot be disturbed while doing any construction.
Noise Control Act – The Noise Pollution and Abatement Act is
a statute of the United States initiating a federal program of
regulating noise pollution with the intent of protecting human

health and minimizing annoyance of noise to the general public.
The Act founded means of setting emission standards for
virtually every source of noise, including motor vehicles,
aircraft, certain types of heating, ventilation, and air-
conditioning (HVAC) equipment and major appliances. It also
put local governments on notice as to their responsibilities in
land-use planning to address noise mitigation. This noise
regulation framework encompassed a broad database detailing
the extent of noise health effects.
Rivers and Harbors Act – The Rivers and Harbors Act makes it
a violation to discharge refuse matter of any kind into the
navigable waters, or tributaries thereof, of the United States
without a permit. This Act also makes it a misdemeanor to
excavate, fill, or alter the course, condition, or capacity of any
port, harbor, channel, or other areas within the reach of the Act
without a permit. It also made it illegal to dam navigable
streams without a license (or permit) from Congress; this
included for the purposes of hydroelectric generation, at a time
when the electric utility industry was expanding rapidly.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act – The Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) gives EPA the
authority to control hazardous waste from the "cradle-to-grave."
This includes the generation, transportation, treatment, storage,
and disposal of hazardous waste. RCRA also set forth an outline
for the management of non-hazardous solid wastes. The
amendments to RCRA enabled EPA to address environmental
problems that could result from underground tanks storing
petroleum and other hazardous substances.
Coastal Zone Management Act – The Coastal Zone Management
Act is an Act of Congress which encourages coastal states to
develop and implement coastal zone management plans. This act
was established as a United States National policy to preserve,
protect, develop, and where possible, restore or enhance, the
resources of the Nation's coastal zone for this and succeeding
generations.

Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority
Populations and Low-Income Populations – Its purpose is to
focus federal attention on the environmental and human health
effects of federal actions on minority and low-income
populations with the goal of achieving environmental protection
for all communities. The E.O. directs federal agencies to
identify and address the inexplicably high and adverse human
health or environmental effects of their actions on minority and
low-income populations, to the greatest extent practicable and
permitted by law. The order also guides each agency to develop
a strategy for implementing environmental justice. The order is
also intended to encourage non-discrimination in federal
programs that affect human health and the environment, as well
as offer minority and low-income communities access to public
information and public participation. The Helix Rehabilitation
project has to be sensitive to the issue of minority populations
and make sure that it does not deteriorate their environment.
Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and
Safety Risks – The order applies to economically significant
rules underExecutive Order 12866that concern an environmental
health or safety risk that EPA has reason to believe may
excessively affect children. Environmental health risks or safety
risks refer to risks to health or to safety that are traceable to
products or substances that the child is likely to come in contact
with or ingest (such as the air we breathe, the food we eat, the
water we drink or use for recreation, the soil we live on, and the
products we use or are exposed to). When publicizing a rule of
this description, EPA must evaluate the effects of the planned
regulation on children and explain why the regulation is
preferable to potentially effective and reasonably feasible
alternatives.
Occupational Safety and Health Act – Congress passed the
Occupational and Safety Health Act to ensure worker and
workplace safety. Their goal was to make sure employers
provide their workers a place of employment free from

recognized hazards to safety and health, such as exposure to
toxic chemicals, excessive noise levels, mechanical dangers,
heat or cold stress, or unsanitary conditions. All workers have
to have the OSHA training to work on the Helix Rehabilitation
Project.
Pollution Prevention Act – The Pollution Prevention Act
focused industry, government, and public attention on reducing
the amount of pollution through cost-effective changes in
production, operation, and raw materials use. Opportunities for
source reduction are often not realized because of existing
regulations, and the industrial resources required for
compliance, focus on treatment and disposal. Source reduction
is fundamentally different and more desirable than waste
management or pollution control. Source reduction refers to
practices that reduce hazardous substances from being released
into the environment prior to recycling, treatment or disposal.
The term includes equipment or technology modifications,
process or procedure modifications, reformulation or redesign
of products, substitution of raw materials, and improvements in
housekeeping, maintenance, training, or inventory control.
A.2
Guideline Documents
There are many documents available through public records or
on the internet that could be useful in preparing the
Environmental Impact Statement. For use as guidelines
regarding the format or content of other environmental
documents, the following resources could be invaluable.
Guideline documents dealing with design are denoted in italics.
1. Alternative and Clean Fill Guidance for Site Remediation
Program Sites

This document has been used to assist the working relationship
between a construction company and the New Jersey
Department of Environmental Protection. Specifically, the
person who is in charge of complying with the NJDEP is
responsible for understanding the contents of this Guidance
Statement to ensure both parties are content with the outcome of
the construction.
Relevance Of This Document – The N JDEP is highly concerned
with construction because of the multiple threats it presents to
the environment. By understanding this guidance document, the
construction can run smoothly without the NJDEP concerning
over the project.
2. Data Quality Assessment and Data Usability Evaluation
Technical Guidance
This document has been used to reference during construction
for the Technical Requirements for Site Remediation. The
objective is to facilitate a prospective review of the analytical
data used to identify a discharge of a contamination due to the
aforementioned construction.
Relevance Of This Document – To further define exactly what
technical requirements are needed for this project, this
document lays out the data for the Department more
specifically. This allows the NJDEP to thoroughly understand
exactly what effects the project will have on the environment.
3. Quality Assurance Project Plan Technical Guidance
This document has been used to identify the materials that will
be used during construction and the quality that these materials
offer. Clearly, reconstruction requires a certain way about
reconstructing and these ways require materials. By identifying
the quality of the material, the construction firm can extrapolate
which materials to use.

Relevance of this Document – By reading and understanding
this document, the negative effects done by the construction can
be minimized. Therefore, putting forth this Guidance Document
can mediate the construction and make it to last longevity.
4. Technical Guidance for the Attainment of Remediation
Standards and Site-Specific Criteria
This document has been used to help the person responsible for
obtaining important documents and permits. It may be difficult
to find these certain criteria for such a big project that is
affecting a whole lot of people. Essentially, there is a general
idea of how to access this type of material and this document
sets the guidelines for doing so.
Relevance of this Document – For a huge project like this, time
is money. By hastening the process of paperwork, work can get
done faster and therefore money is not wasted. This document is
crucial for the project going smoothly.
5. Technical Guidance on the Capping of Sites Undergoing
Remediation
This document defines what caps are. Caps are components of
engineering controls used for remedial actions, and must
comply with certain administrative requirements. With any
engineering project, caps will be a topic to consider. Using the
caps can aid an investigator with important information needed
about the project. There are different types of caps and each
particular cap is selected for a particular type of project.
Relevance of this Document – Caps are crucial for facing
remedial issues. By utilizing them properly, red tape can be

eliminated. They remove the barrier between the receptor and
the media.
6. Technical Guidance for Preparation and Submission of a
Conceptual Site Model
This document is used to assist in developing proper paperwork
for those who are requesting it. It alleviates the process by
implementing a specific framework to be used. It defines what a
conceptual site model is and how it should represent the
conditions of the physical, biological, and chemical effects of
the contamination.
Relevance of this Document – Without this guidance document,
the understanding of what the effects of this project are become
very ambiguous. The NJDEP requires multiple documents
describing which effects a project will have on the environment.
This outlines how they should be done.
7. Ecological Evaluation Technical Guidance
This document is used to understand how to conduct an
Ecological Evaluation and an Ecological Risk Assessment. It
also provides the information on how to interpret a risk of
ecological factors in a specific area.
Relevance of this Document – Those who are Licensed Site
Remediation Professional ought to use this document to help
them express the ecological effects of the project. When dealing
with construction, there are always risks of endangering the
wildlife around the area. This document provides a proper way
to go about describing those effects.

8. Ground Water Technical Guidance
This document provides guidance on performing and achieving
compliance with the requirement of the NJDEP with regard to
remediation of ground water. It also provides a list of specific
water-related effects that a construction project could possibly
have. Lastly it describes how to evaluate the effectiveness of
the ground water remedial actions.
Relevance of this Document – This document will help in
understanding whether or not remediation is necessary because
of contaminants. Usually, wetlands around a construction site
are going to be affected. This document will provide any
guidance needed on reporting such effects. This document also
provides a list of previously submitted documents that were
sufficient for the NJDEP. With this document, the design can be
bettered.
9. Historic Fill Material Technical Guidance
This document provides guidance on how to deal with the soil
around the construction area. Specifically, this document will
enable the use of investigators and therefore analyze the
historical content of the soil and how it has been changing over
time and how construction projects such as this one will change
it.
Relevance of this Document – This document will help in
understanding how to treat the soil around the construction site
area. There is a specific model of how to determine whether the
soil will be greatly affected or not. These documents will alieve
the process of making that determination.
10. Immediate Environmental Concern Technical Guide
The purpose of this document is to provide technical guidance
on the investigation of landfills. This document is used to

address immediate environment concerns when on site for the
construction project. Should there ever be a time when the
effects on the environment are not going as planned, this
document will explain what the steps are to remediating the
process.
Relevance of this Document – Without this document, a project
could completely fail to meet the NJDEP requirements and
result in a disaster not only for the environment but for the
company as well. In order to completely abide by the rules for
the duration of the project, the company must have a good
understanding of this document.
11. Landfills Investigation Guidance
The purpose of this document is to provide guidance in regard
to the investigation of landfills used during construction. These
investigations include a background on the landfills that need
investigation. The document also offers different approaches to
achieve compliance with the landfill investigation requirement.
After this investigation is done, there are specific protocols for
how to utilize the landfill, whether it should or shouldn’t be
used.
Relevance of this Document – This document is specifically
used for understanding which landfills to use for the project.
Obviously if construction is being done, things are being taken
down. The debris from the construction needs to go somewhere,
and the properties of the
landfills to which it goes are very important. Therefore this is
crucial for the Licensed Site Remediation Professional to
understand.
12. Linear Construction Technical Guide

This technical guidance is designed to help the person
conducting a linear construction project to ensure that
contamination encountered during the project is handled in a
manner that is protective of human health, safety, and the
environment. This is the most important document when
considering the possible different alternatives to construct.
Relevance of this Document – When thinking of construction
plans, the alternative with the least amount of effect on the
environment should be the one chosen, before cost analysis
comes into play. Using this document will assist in choosing
which plan to coordinate.
13. Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL) Initial Recovery
and Interim Remedial Measures Technical Guide
This document is used for the understanding of changes within
the NJDEP. In fact, the Site Remediation Reform Act requires
that the NJDEP update its environmental policies upon new
findings of environmental impact. The Light Non-Aqueous
Phase Liquid is definitely the main topic of this article.
Understanding the LNAPLs is crucial.
Relevance of this Document – By defining what LNAPLs are,
construction sites can be more aware of them and their use
during construction. Examples of LNAPLs include gasoline,
benzene, toluene, xylene and other hydrocarbons. Any amount
of LNAPL exceeding a thickness in 0.01 feet must be revised.
This document introduces how to deal with them and how to
report the accumulation of them. With these LNAPLs, the
design of the project will surely be altered to befit ideal
conditions.
14. Monitored Natural Attenuation Technical Guidance
This document is used to understand that the remediation of the
contamination sites is constantly changing. This document
provides detailed information on the monitored natural

attenuation as remedial action for contaminated ground. Natural
attenuation processes include a variety of physical, chemical, or
biological processes that, under favorable conditions, act
without human intervention to reduce the mass, toxicity,
mobility, volume, or concentration of contaminants in ground
water.
Relevance of this Document – The ability to comprehend how
the chemistry and biology of the ecosystem function is
important in understanding the effects that will come from these
construction projects. Basically, this document provides
information and statistics on what effects construction has had
on prior projects.
15. Preliminary Assessment Technical Guide
This document is used to assist the person assigned to assess the
soil before the project is started. To figure out how much
damage is done after the project is completed, there needs to be
an initial value for the company to compare. Additionally, the
preliminary assessment is made to determine whether or not this
soil is safe to construct over.
Relevance of this Document – The NJDEP is committed to
keeping the environment safe in addition to keeping the aspiring
participating companies safe. They need to make sure the soil is
safe for the company to work on and they need to make sure
that after the construction is done, that the soil is still safe for
close parties afterward.
16. Presumptive and Alternative Remedy Technical Guide
This document is used assist investigators in implementing
presumptive remedies and alternative remedies. Essentially, this
document is used by the being doing the actual investigation of
the project and the remedies that come with working with the

NJDEP
Relevance of this Document – There is always a person who is
required to keep an eye on the project to make sure all is
running smoothly. This document is used to mediate that
process. By adhering to the NJDEP, projects can be completely
safely and finding the best remedies between the two parties is
required.
17. Guidance for Characterization of Concrete and Clean
Material Certification for Recycling
This document is used to present the best type of materials for a
project such as the helix reformation. It goes into great depth
about the strength of concrete and the consistency of the
material itself. It provides information on how to use such
materials for the ideal design of the project.
Relevance of this Document – Very similarly to the Quality
Assurance Project Plan Technical Guidance, this document
actually delves into the strength of materials that should be used
and materials that have been used during projects such as this
one.
18. Technical Guidance for Site Investigation of Soil, Remedial
Investigation of Soil, and Remedial Action Verification
Sampling for Soil
This document provides the investigator with the technical
guidance to conduct soil sampling and analysis in order to
complete as site remediation. Analysis of soil is a crucial part
of building. The design of the helix starts with a good
foundation. Soil is the beginning to a good foundation.
Relevance of this Document – Our structural engineering takes
into account all things including that of soil and the resulting
design will greatly depend on such factors. Knowing how a
material like cement, let’s say, reacts with this specific ground
site solid will surely decide the overall design of the new

alternative.
A.3
Environmental Permits
As with any environmental project, there are myriad permits
which must be acquired in order to perform any work. This
project is no different, and will require many, if not all of the
following permits. All Permits required for the alternatives fall
into one of the following categories:
Clean Air Act Permits: Most large sources and some smaller
sources of air pollution are required to obtain operating permits.
The major permit is Air Pollution Control Permit.
Clean Water Act Permits: The Division of Water regulates
sewage/waste discharge into river waters, withdrawal of water
exceeding 10,000 gallons per day from surface, spring, or
groundwater sources, construction and physical disturbance
activities along streams or wild rivers, and other water related
activities.
Endangered Species: The Endangered Species Act, with some
exceptions, prohibits activities affecting threatened and
endangered species unless authorized by a permit from the U.S.

Fish and Wildlife Service or the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration's National Marine Fisheries
Service. Some activities may also require a state permit. Major
permit is Habitat Conservation Permit.
Wetlands: Any work conducted in or near wetlands, federal,
state, and local governments may all have specific permit
requirements. At the federal level, the Army Corps of Engineers
regulates the discharge of dredged or fill materials into U.S.
waters, including wetlands, under Section 404 of the Clean
Water Act; and for those states without EPA permit
authorization authority, the EPA issues permits for the
discharge of pollutants, including wastewater and storm-water,
from a point source pursuant to Section 402 of the Clean Water
Act. State environmental agencies regulate wetlands under
various laws such as those pertaining to water pollution,
shoreline management and forest practices. Local governments
regulate wetlands primarily through zoning and similar
ordinances. This includes coastal zone and bridge permits.
RCRA Permits: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) Permits are designed to help ensure the safe treatment,
storage, and disposal of hazardous wastes. Permits are issued by
authorized states or by EPA Regional Offices. This includes
hazardous waste permits and minor waste management permits.
A.4
NEPA Lead Agency
As stipulated by the NEPA statute, every environmental project

is required to have a lead agency which is ultimately
responsible for any and all actions taken for the project.
The Lincoln Tunnel, as well as any of its approaches –
including the Weehawken Helix – resides under the jurisdiction
of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ).
Their auspices extend to all infrastructure which links New
York and New Jersey – including the bridges and tunnels that
span the Hudson River, the major air and sea ports of the New
York metropolitan area – including LaGuardia, JFK, and
Newark airports, as well as the Port of Newark and the Port of
New York City. Because the Helix falls within this prescribed
jurisdiction, the PANYNJ would be the NEPA Lead Agency on
this project. Regardless of the implemented alternative, the
Port Authority would remain the Lead Agency throughout.
However, this project is not occurring in a vacuum, removed
from outside influences or assistance, and it is certainly not
being implemented outside the regulatory jurisdiction of
agencies besides the Port Authority. Therefore, there would be,
by necessity, other Cooperating Agencies which would
participate in this project. The specifics of this project will
determine which agencies will be involved; the proximity to the
Hudson River, as well as the possibility of bringing in materials
and/or equipment on barges will necessitate the involvement of
the Coast Guard; the obvious environmental impacts will bring
in the Environmental Protection Agency, the New Jersey
Department of Environmental Protection, and potentially other,
private environmentally active entities; the New Jersey
Department of Transportation will be involved because this
project is related to the roadway infrastructure of the state of
New Jersey in terms of highway 495, the NJ Turnpike, and
others; and finally, the municipal governments of Weehawken,
Hoboken, Jersey City, and any other towns who have a stake in
the project will also have input because their citizens and
infrastructures will be impacted profoundly.

A.5
Environmental Documentation
The following are examples of projects that are similar to the
Helix project. They could be useful as illustrations of how to go
about preparing an Environmental Impact Statement, as well as
in other areas of environmental project logistics.
A. Valley Highway Project- Logan to US 6
Final Environmental Impact Statement Colorado Department of
Transportation Federal Highway Administration November 2006
"I-25 Valley Highway Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
and ROD."Colorado Department of Transportation. N.p., 2006.
Web. 14 Apr. 2015.
Summary:
The Valley Highway Project was proposed in 2006 to enhance I-
25. I-25 at the at the site of the project is near the South Platte
River which is similar to the Helix project with its proximity to
the Hudson River. Also, just as the Helix is a vital link
between New York and New Jersey, I-25 and US 6 are vital
links in the freeway system serving Metro Denver and Colorado.
The improvements to 1-25 between Logan and US 6 (in
Colorado) were needed to Provide lane continuity and balance
on I-25 from Logan to US 6, link with sections of I-25 to the
north and south, optimize highway system operations while
recognizing the constraints on highway expansion identified

through the regional transportation planning process, improve
connectivity between transportation modes, increase safety
along and across the corridor for motorists, pedestrians, and
bicyclists, correct roadway deficiencies along I-25 and US 6 to
meet current design standards to provide a safer, more efficient,
and more reliable transportation system, and reduce
congestion/delays related to the at-grade crossing of Santa Fe
Drive / Kalamath Street and the Consolidated Main Line
railroad
B. Vanderbilt Corridor and One Vanderbilt
Notice of Completion: Final Environmental Impact Statement
by the Department of City Planning City of New York
Planning, Nyc Department Of City. "Vanderbilt Corridor and
One Vanderbilt."NOTICE OF COMPLETION FINAL
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT(2015): n. pag.
DEPARTMENT OF CITY PLANNING CITY OF NEW YORK.
Web. 14 Apr. 2015.
Summary:
The Final Environmental Impact Statement considers the series
of proposed discretionary actions proposed by the New York
City Department of City Planning that would facilitate
commercial development between Madison and Vanderbilt
Avenues in East Midtown Manhattan, improve pedestrian
circulation within Grand Central Terminal and its vicinity, and
allow greater opportunity for area landmarks to transfer their
unused development rights. This is similar to the Helix project
because the both projects affect traffic in heavily congested
areas. The area affected by the proposed actions is located in
Manhattan’s Community District 5 and is in one of the highest-
density commercial districts in New York City. It is centered on
Grand Central Terminal, one of the City’s primary
transportation hubs serving the Metro-North commuter rail
system and several subway lines. Similarly, the Helix serves as
a major connection to New York City and is the link between

New Jersey and the Port Authority Bus Terminal.
Staff Qualifications and Experience
B
Section

B.1
Organizational Chart
Assoc. Vice President Financial Planning & Budgeting
David Anderson, CFA, CPA
Assoc. Vice President of Environmental Policy
John Lombardi, J.D.
Port Authority of NY & NJ
Lead Agency
Vice-President of Operations
Luke Greenleaf
President of Greenfield Consulting
Dr. Christopher Caulfield
Sr. Traffic Engineer
Alison Schroeder
Assoc. Vice President of Engineering
Oren Zyndorf
Sr. Environmental Analyst
Anna Mahmud
Assoc. Vice of President of Strategic Communications
Jonathan Martin
Sr. Communications Assoc.

Abdul Mugabel
B.2
Professional Profiles and Individual Experience
Christopher Caulfield, Ph.D.
Project Role:
Principle-in-Charge
Title: President
Home Office: New York City
Years of Experience: 30
Education:
Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA – 1992
MBA, Consultancy, 4.0

Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Columbia University,
New York City, NY – 1985
PhD, Environmental Science, 4.0
Newark College of Engineering, New Jersey Institute of
Technology, Newark, NJ – 1980
BS, Environmental Engineering, 3.93
Certifications and Skills:
· EPA 608, 609, IAQ, R-410A, and Green Certifications –
Certified Summer 1990 by EPA
· Master Water Specialist – Certified April 1988 by Water
Quality Association
· Leadership and teamwork skills developed extensively
throughout a prodigious career
Employment History:
2003 – Present
Walden Consulting Associates
1995 – 2003
Environmental Protection Agency
1985 – 1995
Detailed Experience:
Greenfield Environmental Consulting, Inc., 2400 Eighth
Avenue, New York City, NY
President October 2011 – Present
As President, is responsible for all activities of the firm; has no
direct involvement in any one particular project. The position of
President of the company does not come with field
responsibilities. However, the President must be inherently
knowledgeable about all projects that the company is working
on, even if he/she does not directly consult on any of the jobs.
Knowledge of business and economics are obviously extremely
important for the President, but continued and updated

knowledge in the areas of air quality, water quality, wildlife
conservation, and sustainability are imperative as well.
Senior Project Manager April 2003 – September 2011
· Samuel Beckett Bridge Refurbishment Environmental Impact
Assessment; Dublin Ireland
The Samuel Beckett Bridge, also colloquially known as the
“Harp Bridge”, in Dublin, was in need of extensive
refurbishment and repair. An environmental analysis was
necessary, due to the potential issues of wildlife endangerment,
disruption of the River Liffey, and environmental justice on
both the north and south sides of the bridge. Greenfield was
chosen as the environmental consulting company, and was
tasked with compiling an Environmental Impact Statement (very
similar in nature to its American counterpart required by NEPA)
on the refurbishment work that was to be done. Water and air
testing were both done, with the primary concerns in those areas
being any dumping or runoff of repair materials into the river,
and the emissions of the construction vehicles, respectively.
The impact of the project upon the endangered cormorants
which swim and eat in the Liffey, and nest along its shores, was
a primary
concern of many environmental and conservationist groups
headquartered in Dublin. Extensive research and tests were
performed by Greenfield’s wildlife expert to ensure that the
repair alternatives proposed would not adversely affect the
cormorant population. Finally, polls of the neighborhoods
directly bordering the north and south easement points of the
bridge were done and demographic statistics of those areas
analyzed, in addition to several public relations meetings being
held between the major stakeholders in the repairs and the
community. Overall, it was found that the air quality issues

were not a problem, the water quality concerns would only
become an issue if left unregulated and unmonitored – which
was guaranteed to not be the case, the cormorant population
would not be affected, and environmental justice in the areas
affected by this project was only a slight concern. As a result,
some of the staging areas and traffic deviations were altered.
Following Greenfield’s environmental consultation, the actual
repairs and refurbishments were completed successfully, and did
not adversely affect the surrounding environment.
· Installation of New SEPTA Rail Line from Philadelphia, PA
to Trenton, NJ Environmental Assessment
The Southeast Pennsylvania Transit Authority (SEPTA) decided
to install a new rail line, connecting their 30th Street Station in
Philadelphia to the NJ Transit Hub in Trenton, NJ in order to
facilitate easier public transportation between the major cities
of Philadelphia, Newark, and New York – the latter two already
being served by NJ Transit trains out of Trenton. The proposed
line would pass through several towns on its way to Trenton,
and would also have to cross the Delaware River. Such an
extensive project had not been attempted by SEPTA since the
expansion of its Philadelphia subway system, and it required
environmental consultation regarding the project. Much like the
Yangtze Dam project, several environmental consulting firms
were brought in, each specializing in one particular area.
Focusing on one of its strengths, Greenfield was hired by
SEPTA to assess the environmental justice issues that would
stem from the railway’s passage through the communities
between Philadelphia and Trenton. Greenfield’s public relations
and environmental justice experts extensively assessed the
reaction of the communities to the announcement of the
proposed project, took several polls regarding public opinion of
the project, and organized three ‘town hall’ meetings between
SEPTA and members of the affected communities to discuss
issues. It was found through these media that while there were
many objections regarding the issues that the construction

would cause, including traffic, noise, emissions, and some
eminent domain disputes, the public was generally in favor of
the proposal. No environmental justice issues were found; while
some lower income families would be affected, the project did
not place any undue stress upon these families, and certainly no
more than any of the other affected citizens. Indeed, it was
found that the public fully endorsed the project – provided their
input was listened to often and well – because many of them
worked in Philadelphia or Trenton, and this rail line would give
them a much easier and cheaper way to get to work.
· Yangtze Three Gorges Dam Environmental Assessment;
Sandouping, Hubei, China
This project was an enormous undertaking by the China Yangtze
Power Company (CYP), aimed at building an expansive
hydroelectric dam in the Yangtze River. Because of the scale of
this project, more than one environmental consulting firm was
hired; each focused on a specific portion of the proposed work.
Greenfield was brought in exclusively to assess the impact that
this project would have upon the air quality of the area directly
surrounding the dam site. Air quality during construction was
the primary concern, but long-term projections regarding the air
quality during the future operation of the facility were also
important to CYP. Other firms were hired to look at such issues
as water quality control, wildlife impacts, and environmental
justice, among others. The primary considerations when
performing the air quality assessment were the current
air quality of the region, what types of emissions could be
expected during construction, how those emissions would affect
the air quality, and how the air quality would be affected by the
long-term operation of the plant. It was determined that many
different types of emissions would likely be expelled during the
construction process; CO2, SO2, NO, CO, and particulate matter
2.5 were all listed in the EIS compiled by Greenfield as

potential pollutants. As might have been expected in China, the
parts per million (ppm) of all of these emissions were higher
than is generally deemed safe or ‘clean’. It was concluded that
the construction process would significantly increase these
levels in the immediate area of the dam, but construction was
approved anyway, as this was deemed a transient consequence.
Indeed, long-term emissions by the finished plant were
projected to be substantially lower and only mildly contribute to
the pollution of the area. In addition, the generation of power by
the dam would render the nearby coal-run electric plant obsolete
(a facility which was found by Greenfield to be causing the
majority of the area’s pollution). The emissions of the dam
facility were much lower than those of the coal plant; CO2,
SO2, NO, CO, and particulate matter 2.5 were projected to all
be reduced by a minimum of 31 million tons/year, and some as
much as 100 million tons/year. Overall, while the construction
of the dam would greatly increase the ppm’s of many pollutants,
the eventual outcome of the air quality in that area was found to
be positive.
Walden Consulting Associates, Inc., 16 Spring Street, Oyster
Bay, NY
Senior Air Quality Consultant August 1995 – April 2003
· Air Quality Assessment and Alternative Proposal, Los
Angeles, CA
At the turn of the century, Mayor James Hahn of Los Angeles
decided to take action regarding the extreme air quality issues
that plagued his city. Walden was hired by his administration to
assess the degree of the pollution and to propose any actions
that could be taken by the Mayor or his staff to reduce it. Many
air quality tests were performed, and it was found that the
primary pollutants of the Los Angeles area were CO2, CO, and
NO. After three more extensive studies performed by Walden,
in and around the city, it was determined that the principal
cause of these pollutants was vehicle emissions. The intense
commuter traffic into and out of Los Angeles every day,

intensified by an extreme population density, was causing a
tremendous amount of emissions to be released into the
atmosphere every day. In response to these findings, Walden
proposed a few actions that the Mayor might make in an attempt
to reduce the emissions. The proposal that was followed most
closely was the public transportation initiative introduced by
the Mayor in 2002. The initiative passed several edicts
restricting the travel of commuter vehicles in the city, and
granting the bus and regional rail systems greater exclusivity in
and around Los Angeles. As a result, the air quality of that
region was improved by 17% in the first six months, and was
improved by an additional 24% throughout the next year.
· Metro Line Expansion Environmental Assessment, Stockholm,
Sweden
The municipal government of Stockholm decided in the late
1990s to investigate the possibility of expanding its Metro
system. A new strand, running from Gullmarsplan to Hagästra,
was one of two proposed projects. The line would run beneath
two blocks of buildings, as well as a municipal park. Walden
was brought in to assess two things; the environmental impacts
of the project as a whole, specifically air quality in the
commercial district under which the Metro would pass, and the
impact of the project upon any and all wildlife that lived in the
affected park. The air quality issue was a concern in regards to
the particulates and emissions that would be thrown into the air
by the construction that could be inhaled by pedestrians or
employees of that area. After performing several tests, Walden
found that the air quality of that area was quite good; all levels
of PM2.5, CO, NO, SO2, and CO2 were well within the Swedish
equivalent of the United States’ “in attainment” designation.
The project was found to potentially release up to 35% more of
these pollutants into the surrounding air. However, because of
the extraordinary

levels before the project, construction would only push the
pollutant numbers slightly outside the “in attainment” levels. It
was determined by Walden that the proposed Metro extension
would not unduly affect the air quality of the surrounding area.
However, Walden’s two wildlife experts performed tests of their
own and determined that the noise, vibration, and particulate
matter would affect the wildlife populations living in the park.
While the municipal government did not stop the project, they
did temporarily relocate the wildlife to a park on the other side
of Stockholm, thus alleviating the issues.
Environmental Protection Agency – Region 2, 290 Broadway,
New York City, NY
Director – Clean Air and Sustainability Division June
1992 – August 1995
The Direct of the Clean Air and Sustainability Division is
responsible for all activities and projects within that area. As a
governmental organization, the EPA has regulatory power to
inspect and determine the compliance of any facilities within
the governmental bounds of the United States. For Region 2,
those bounds are restricted to New York, New Jersey, Puerto
Rico, and the Virgin Islands. In addition to regulation and
inspection, the EPA officials for any of the Regions can be
asked to perform tests to determine water and air quality within
their Region, especially for governmental officials within that
Region. Sustainability is obviously a large concern of this
Division, and so the officials within it often visit facilities, not
only to determine their water and air quality and other
environmental impacts, but also the sustainability and footprint
of their operations.
Air and Water Quality Assessor September 1985 – June 1992
· San Juan Bay Estuary Water Quality Assessment, San Juan,
Puerto Rico
Pollution of the San Juan Bay Estuary threatened to destroy the
urban wetlands in and around Puerto Rico’s capital. The cause

of the pollution was fairly well-known; nearly thirty years of
solid waste and medical waste had choked and polluted the
waterway to an almost unrecognizable degree. Region 2 was
asked to figure out just how bad the pollution was, the degree to
which it could be reversed, whether any wildlife in the area had
been permanently affected, and the future impacts of continued
pollution. By testing many locations within the estuary, Region
2 determined that the water was fairly clean upstream of the city
and that the vast majority of the pollution was coming from
several locations within San Juan, as was expected. The degree
of the contamination was found to be quite severe. The aerobic
quality of the water had even begun to be affected, and the
wildlife in the area was quite negatively affected. However, the
damage was determined, at least by Walden, to be reversible.
Fairly drastic measures of reform and restrictions regarding
dumping into the estuary were suggested, and the government
followed most. The future impacts were determined to be
profound; if continued at the current rate, pollution would lead
to a desolation of the wetlands, as well as irreversible detriment
to the majority of the wildlife populations in the area.
· Port Newark Channel Deepening Environmental Impact
Assessment; Newark, NJ
In conjunction with the Port Authority of New York and New
Jersey (PANYNJ), Region 2 was asked to complete a NEPA-
required Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) regarding the
PANYNJ’s project to deepen the channels leading into the Port
of Newark in order to accommodate larger vessels. As might be
expected, the water-related impacts of this project were the
primary concerns of the EIS. Two distinct water fowl
populations were found to be potentially prone to the effects of
the project. In addition, there were extensive water pollution
concerns generated by the nature of the project. For the EIS,
Region 2 completed an extensive survey of the area, performed
expansive tests upon the water quality and other aspects of the
water in and around Port Newark, and projected the future

impacts that the channel deepening project might have upon the
affected waterways. It was found that the project was feasible,
but tight restrictions
were eventually imposed upon the firm that completed the
project regarding the import and export of materials and waste
to and from the project area. In addition, Region 2 performed an
extensive wildlife assessment, and determined that three of the
five proposed alternatives were not allowable given their unduly
high impact upon one or both of the waterfowl populations in
the area. This project did not have environmental justice
ramifications, seeing as how the project was completed entirely
in the waterway, and only affected the traffic of other ships,
which were relatively easily rerouted to neighboring channels
and berths.
Environmental Sciences Intern May 1979 – August 1979
The EPA in Region 2 hosted a summer program for
environmental engineering and environmental sciences
undergraduates to expose them to the governmental – as
opposed to industrial – opportunities open to them when they
graduated. The 12-week program consisted of three rotations
(four weeks each) in which the students were exposed to three
different areas of the office’s projects – air quality, water
quality, and sustainability.

Luke A. Greenleaf, Ph.D.
Project Role:
Operational Director
Title: Vice President
Education:
Stanford University – 2009
PhD, Computer Science
California Institute of Technology – 2005
MS, Computer Science
Massachusetts Institute of Technology – 2003
BS, Computer Science
· Lead research initiatives in both academia and business
· Managed team of engineers and interfaced between business
managers and engineers
· Experience as a system level architecture planner
· Big data and artificial intelligence algorithms
· Systems Integration
Employment History:
2013 – Present

International Business Machines (IBM)
Research Manager: 2011 – 2013
Researcher: 2010 – 2011
IBM Researcher - Predictive Weather Senior System Engineer –
Poughkeepsie, NY — 2010-2011
Started out as a senior engineer acting as the team lead for the
data layer. I was responsible for storing and operating on the
very large data sets that helped our system predict weather
patterns.
Accomplishments
· Lead a small group of engineers that were working on the data
layer
· Effectively communicated amongst team leaders to ensure
resources were properly allocated at the right time
· Worked with the Engineering Manager to help distribute
resources and build good resources to aid team communication
and ensure teamwork
IBM Researcher - Predictive Weather Engineering Manager –
Poughkeepsie, NY — 2011-2013
Continued working on the project as the engineering manager
whom is responsible for distributing engineers to the different
teams that make up the overall project. Was responsible for
creating architecture diagrams and model system processes.
Accomplishments
· Brought the system’s accuracy from 63% to 72% through
working closely with the data layer team
· Worked closely with the sales team to ensure they had
appropriate material to sell to our respective customers
· Held team leader meetings to ensure that teams had proper
level of resources

Vice President - Greenfield Environmental Consulting -
Newark, NJ — 2014-Present
Responsible for interfacing with the Engineering, Legal, and HR
to ensure company effectively utilizes resources. Work with the
Engineering Staff and use my computer expertise to assist them
in how to effectively solve our problems using the latest
technologies.
Accomplishments
· Helped the company utilize newer technology in order to make
our staff more productive at their respective jobs
· Worked with our engineers to create a cheaper air monitoring
system that incorporates existent infrastructure
· Applied big data algorithms to assist in environmental
planning
David Anderson, CFP, CPA
Project Role:
Financial Director
Title: Associate Vice President of Financial Planning and
Budgeting

Education:
Wharton School of Business – University of Pennsylvania –
2004
MBA, Finance and Business Administration, 4.0
New York University – 1996
BS, Financial Planning and Accounting, 3.97
· Certified Public Accountant (CPA), Certified Financial
Planner (CFP)
· Beta Gamma Sigma, NYU Chapter
· NYU Deans List 1992-1996
· Fluent 4 languages
· Proficient in MS Word, C++, C, Fortran, Matlab, SAS, SPSS
· Employee of the Year – Greenfield; 2010, 2011
· Professional Beer Connoisseur
Employment History:
2006 – Present
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
2002 – 2006
Arthur Andersen
1996 - 2002
Greenfield Environmental Consulting —Newark, NJJuly 2006–
Present
President of Financial Planning & Budgeting
· As President of Financial Planning & Budgeting, I personally
managed the funding and budgeting of all Greenfield
Environmental Consulting Projects.

· Managed teams to estimate costs of projects accurately and
effectively.
· Project Expertise:
· Installation of New SEPTA Rail Line from Philadelphia, PA
to Trenton, NJ
When the Southeast Pennsylvania Transit Association (SEPTA)
selected Greenfield Environmental Consulting to perform the
Environmental Assessment of the expansion of the rail line from
Philadelphia, PA to Trenton, a team to determine the budget was
placed under my lead. As a team the budget was quickly and
efficiently produced and presented to SEPTA. It succeeded in
being well within their budget requirements and was readily
accepted. Information gathering and production of the
Environmental Impact Statement was performed within
budgetary restrictions.
· Samuel Beckett Bridge Refurbishment Environmental Impact
Assessment; Dublin, Ireland
Prepared budget for Samuel Beckett Bridge Refurbishment
project in Dublin, Ireland. Insured that sufficient funds were
available to carry out extensive research into wildlife, air, and
water effects by Greenfield’s environmental experts. Also
budgeted was
the cost of the poll to the neighborhood communities as well as
salaries of Greenfield consultants and fees of EIS. The result
was a well-funded project and was well within the constraints of
the Irish Government.
Port Authority of NY & NJ—New York, NYMay 2002-July
2006
Senior Financial Planner & Budgeter
· Planned budgets for multiple Port Authority projects and

allocated funds for consultant expenses
· Allocated bonds necessary for construction and infrastructure
projects
· Project Expertise:
· World Trade Center Budgeting Project
Post 9/11, Port Authority of NY & NJ reconstruction of World
Trade Center, the World Trade Center transit station as well as
other infrastructural replacements was necessary to be
completed quickly and well-planned. As a financial planner for
the Port Authority of NY & NJ, I personally led group of
financial planners to determine number of government bonds
necessary to fund WTC project. Included analysis of future
interest payments and projected revenues from tolls and fees.
Created budget for necessary consultant and construction firm
stipends in all aspects of the project. Updated budget as it
progressed in order to make sure needed changes were funded
sufficiently
Arthur Andersen—Metro Park, NJ
Junior Accountant Rotational ProgramJune 1996-September
2002
· Rotational Program Employee, experienced work with clients
throughout many parts of the Ernst & Young Business including
consulting, auditing, tax, and budgeting.
· Through Rotational Program, learned all parts of consultancy
business and sparked an interest specifically in budgeting
consultant business.
· Led budgeting consulting team for client projects especially in
oil and gas sector, these included some major offshore oil rig
construction budgeting.
J.P. Morgan Chase & Co.—New York, NY Summer 1994,
Summer 1995
Private Investment Management Analyst Intern
· Evaluated government bonds for purchase, based on market

interest rates, bond volatility, and bond interest rates.
· Developed a special method for hedging J.P. Morgan private
investment risk using government bonds that maximized yield
and minimized the risk associated with the bond.
Oren Zyndorf, Ph.D.
Project Role:
Lead Engineer
Title: Associate Vice President of Engineering
Education:
Duke University – 1991
PhD, Environmental Engineering, 4.0
University of Oregon – 1986
MA, Environmental Studies, 4.0
University of Michigan – 1984
BS, Environmental Science, 3.75
Society Memberships:
· National Association of Environmental Professionals
· National Wildlife Federation
· Environmental Defense Fund
Employment History:
2014 – Present

2008 – 2014
ESA Environmental Services
2001 – 2008
Aspen Environmental Group
1996 – 2001
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
1991 - 1995
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
1991-1995
· Environmental Tester/ Restoration Planner for Lower Passaic
River Restoration Project
Hired by the NJDEP to help support the restoration of the
Lower Passaic River. The Lower Passaic River is a 17-mile tidal
stretch from Dundee Dam to the river mouth at Newark Bay.
The river has a long history of industrialization, which has
resulted in degraded water quality, sediment contamination, loss
of wetlands and abandoned or underutilized properties along the
shore. Helped tremendously in the development of the Focused
Feasibility Study to evaluate the action needed to address the
sediment within the river. Gathered data in order to characterize
the nature and extent of contamination in the river along with
planning future action to remove and transport the
contaminants. Lastly, human health and ecological risks were
calculated to further support the projected course of action of
removal.
· Soil Remediation Update
The NJDEP adopted new remediation standards. Basically
minimum standards for the remediation of contaminated ground
water and surface water were created; I was involved in creating
these new standards with the help of many other top experts in

the field.
Aspen Environmental Group
1995-2001
Environmental Impact Researcher
· Alta-Oak Creek Mojave Wind Project
Assisted the Kern County Planning and Community
Development Department with the California Environmental
Quality Act to
process the Alta-Oak Mojave Project. Prepared an
Environmental Impact Report for the project, which was
approved by the Kern County Board of Supervisors in 2010. The
project, owned by Alta Windpower development LLC is a wind
energy generation company, which wanted to use land in Kern
County to create an area for wind turbines. The EIR evaluated
potential impacts of implementing a change in zone
classification to incorporate the Wind Energy Combining
District to the base district for approximately 2,772 acres of
the project site. The EIR was approved by the Kern County
board of Supervisors and the project has been completed.
· East Valley High School No. 1B
Under contract to the Los Angeles Unified School District,
Helped prepared an EIR for the proposed East Valley High
School No. 1B located in the east San Fernando Valley within
the City of Los Angeles. The construction of the school required
the vacation of the portion of Cumpston Street between Case
Avenue and Vineland Avenue. The proposed school was planned
to help alleviate overcrowding at Francis Polytechnic, Grant,
and North Hollywood High Schools, and would allow students
to attend school in their own neighborhood. The project was
part of the LAUSD’s effort to provided needed school capacity
to meet rising current and projected enrollment demands.
· City of Palmdale Hybrid Power Plant

The City of Palmdale proposed to construct, own, and operate
the PHPP, which consists of a hybrid of natural gas-fired
combined-cycle generating equipment integrated with solar
thermal generating equipment on an approximately 377-acre site
in the northern portions of the City of Palmdale. Assisted the
California Energy Commission (CEC) with the Staff Assessment
for the Palmdale Hybrid Power Project (PHPP). Prepared the
analyses for the following issue areas: Air Quality, Cultural
Resources, Land Use, Geology and Paleontology, Waste
Management, Hazardous Materials, Worker Safety, Public
Health, and Alternatives. The project was approved by the CEC
in 2011.
ESA Environmental Services
2001-2008
Restoration Engineer
The historic 127-acre tidal marsh and coastal lagoon at Crissy
Field was filled nearly a century ago during construction of the
Panama Pacific International Exposition and later used as an
airfield. It has been transformed into a popular public
waterfront park featuring 14 acres of restored coastal lagoon
that serves as a focal point for visitors to San Francisco's
Presidio. Help provide planning and design services to restore
Crissy Field wetlands. The need to preserve historic cultural
resources and public access limited the size of the restored
wetland to 14
acres. Unlike previous tidal habitat restoration projects around
San Francisco Bay, large amounts of wave-driven sands are
naturally deposited along the site's shoreline. A key design
consideration was whether the wetland produces enough tidal
scour to maintain an open connection to the Bay, or if
deposition of beach

sands at the mouth of the inlet would periodically close the
entrance channel. ESA monitored Crissy Field's evolving beach-
inlet-lagoon system for seven years following restoration. We
used the monitoring data to develop a quantified conceptual
model of inlet closure and breaching. This model was applied to
predict how often the inlet would need to be excavated
(breached) mechanically versus the reduction in breaching
requirements with a larger wetland. These methods are being
applied at other inlets to guide management actions.
Environmental Protective Agency
2008-2014
Air Quality Monitor
The nation's air quality monitoring networks, located across the
country, are integral to the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's efforts to protect public health and the environment.
Provided day-to-day information on the welfare of the nation,
region 1, air quality. Region 1 consists of CT, ME, MA, NH, RI,
and VT. Moreover, performed research on the relationship
between energy and air quality, climate change and air quality,
health and air quality, ecosystems and air quality, etc. Published
two papers on air monitoring and measuring capabilities.
Greenfield Environmental Consulting, Inc.
2014-Present
Recently hired as a science and technology expert due to my
extensive background in the environmental sciences.

Alison L. Schroeder, MS, PE
Project Role:
Traffic Engineer
Title: Senior Traffic Engineer
Education:
Georgia Institute of Technology – 2001
· MS, Civil Engineering – Transportation Engineering, 3.87
· BS, Civil Engineering, 3.92
· Minors: Business and Applied Mathematics
University of New South Wales – 1999
Study Abroad
Awards and Certifications:
· Professional Engineering License
· Distinguished Member – ASCE
· Tau Beta Pi Member
Skills:
· Leadership Abilities
· Teamwork Abilities
· Problem Solving
Employment History:

2014 – Present
Kaye Well Drilling, Inc.
2008 – 2014
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
2002 – 2008
Greenfield Environmental Consulting 2014 – Present
· Researching traffic patterns and emissions from major
roadways in New Jersey
Working as a traffic and transportation engineer at Greenfield I
have been given the freedom to design my own workday while
working under the constraints of the companies objectives.
Since being staffed at Greenfield I have helped the main
engineering consultant evaluate the integrity of various major
roadways in New Jersey while simultaneously doing my own
data acquisition on traffic and emissions. By working under the
main engineer and also being able to conduct my own research I
have been able to provide the company with a more complete
and accurate report on the roadways and potential projects.
Kaye Well Drilling Inc. 2008 – 2014
· Worked in an environment where my personal failures and
accomplishments directly affected the company
I worked as a middle-man for companies situated near roadways
that needed to drill new wells but needed to guarantee the
integrity of the roadways in close proximity. I was responsible
for doing the appropriate soil tests in order to determine the
best location of the well that would minimize the cost of
acquisition while also minimizing impact to the roadways.
When I was able to gather sufficient data and place the well in
the optimal location the company and I reaped the benefits but
if I failed to gauge the soils correctly where we drilled the
effects were felt by both the company and I.

· Increased annual revenue by 27%
This small, family-owned business was suffering from almost a
decade of declining profit when they reached out to me for my
help. I performed analysis on business practices to find the
optimization of time of year compared to price point. By
calculating peak months and not just peak season I was able to
create a mathematical approach to increasing the chance of
profit while managing to keep cost of operations relatively low.
By figuring the payout of obtaining new machinery I was also
able to guarantee them an increase in income after 7 years (the
time it will take them to break even on new and more effective
machinery).
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 2002 – 2008
· Gained familiarity with research practices
For my first couple years I worked as an assistant to the project
manager in charge of making headway on redesigning the
bridges under the jurisdiction of the PANYNJ. Under him I was
tasked with compiling structural archives of the bridges and
also doing analysis on the current integrity of the structure.
· Headed the venture for designing the new bus depot as project
manager
In 2005 I was named project manager for redesigning the bus
depot located in Manhattan. I had a web of consultants,
engineers, mathematicians, and scientists under my leadership
that were each tasked with the appropriate responsibilities
towards meeting our common goal: the finished design. This
job helped me sharpen my leadership skills and also allowed me
to thrive while trusting my own intuition. Under my direction
the new bus depot was designed and completed in three years
total.
Summer Research Intern at California Institute of Technology
2001
· Remained calm and patient under stressful and chaotic
situations
· Interned for 10 weeks under Dr. Shoebits
The first two weeks of the internship were spent gathering data

from local highways about peak hours of congestion and
compiling all the information. In weeks three through nine, I
conducted analysis on the collected data, including but not
limited to statistical analysis, differential analysis, and
environmental impact analysis. In week ten of my internship I
presented my work to an advisory committee and was granted
permission to showcase my findings at the universities
showcase.
John T. Lombardi, J.D.
Project Role:
Environmental Director
Title: Associate Vice President of Environmental Policy
Education:
McGill University – 1987
JD, Environmental Law
Stanford University – 1977
MS, Chemical Engineering
New Jersey Institute of Technology – 1975
BS, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering
Certifications:
· First Aid
· CPR/AED
· Emergency Response
Skills:

· Proficient in:
· MATLAB
· Microsoft Office
Employment History:
1995 – Present
1988 – 1995
G.C. Environmental Inc.
1977 – 1982
Long Beach Township Beach Patrol
1970 – 1973
Greenfield Environment Consulting
Environmental Management
Solution
s Consultant 1995- Present
· Provide sustainable environmental solutions that meet specific
customer needs
· Remain consistent with the long-term interests of the
environment
· Maintain high standards of professional conduct and comply
with local, state, and federal regulations
· Provide initial site evaluations and environmental assessments
· Provide intrusive investigations and remedial operations

Environmental Protection Agency, 1988-1995
· Make efforts to reduce environmental risk based on the best
available scientific information
· Study federal laws for protecting human health and the
environment
· Promote environmental protection concerning natural
resources, human health, economic growth, energy,
transportation, agriculture, industry, and international trade
G.C. Environmental Inc., 1977-1982
· Provide resources to help buildings convert to the cleanest
heating fuels as soon as possible
· Production of full range of tank and boiler services
· Familiarize with all environmental regulations and inspections
· Assisting in all compliance efforts
· Helping install, maintain, repair, and decommission an entire
range of heating, processing, and boiler system needs
Long Beach Township Beach Patrol, 1970-1973
· Ocean Lifeguard supervising the safety and rescue of beach
patrons
Past Projects:

Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, Began 1990 Environmental
Protection Agency
· Chemical analysis of acid rain and its effect in the atmosphere
from the tristate of the New York metropolitan area
Acid Rain Project, Began 1995 Environmental Protection
Agency
· Efforts to reduction annual SO2 emissions
· Part of team to promote a restriction of fossil fuel burning
Bradley Landfill Project, Began 1979 G.C. Environmental Inc.
· Designed first landfill gas energy recovery for Bradley
Landfill
· The plant was designed to process 5 million metric standard
cubic feet per day

Anna Mahmud, Ph.D.
Project Role:
Environmental Analyst
Title: Senior Environmental Analyst
Education:
University of Toronto – 2009
PhD, Environmental Engineering
McMaster University – 2005
BS, Ecology and Evolutionary Science Minor, Environmental
Sciences
Skills:
· Proficient in Microsoft Office

· Multidisciplinary expertise and team-working ability
· Well organized
· Has carried out analysis on environmental issues and
suggested the remedial measures
· Has worked on wetland mitigation strategies & documented
the proofs of concept for concrete results
Employment History:
2013 – Present
SNC-Lavalin
2012 – 2013
Golder and Associates Corporation
2011 – 2012
Groundwater and Environmental Services
2010 – 2011
Maple Reindeers
2009 – 2010
Greenfield Environmental Consulting 2013 – Present
New York City, New York
· Performed field collection of water pollution samples in the
morning.
· Performed validation and archival of collected samples in the

afternoon and prepared samples for the following day.
· Performed simple data processing.
· Performed basic equipment maintenance in field and
laboratory.
· Determined effectiveness of corrective and control measures.
· Resolving problems encountered in industrial hygiene
surveillance, community environmental evaluations, and
radiological health activities.
· Provided assistance to other base activities on
Bioenvironmental Engineering (BEE) programs.
· Conducted internal inspections of program activities, analyzed
findings, and implemented corrective action or recommend
solutions.
· Documented worker exposures and identified abatement
procedures as necessary.
· Documented survey results and assessments in Water Force
local Environmental Safety and Occupational Health (ESOH)
databases.
· Prepared technical reports detailing findings and
recommendations from assessments.
SNC-Lavalin 2012 - 2013
Mississauga, Ontario
· Perform ambient air quality data collection and data quality
assurance, as well as dispersion modeling.

· Perform data management and technical report writing and
proposals.
· Conduct air dispersion modeling analyses.
· Collect, validate, and report ambient air quality and
meteorological data.
· Calculate air emissions and determine required control
technologies.
· Assemble permit applications, understand existing regulations
and continue to review new and proposed regulations as they
relate to industrial clients.
· Maintain relationships with existing clients and cultivate new
clients as appropriate.
· Preparation of planning document for a 0.75 MGD oxidation
ditch sewage treatment plant expansion.
· Prepare and complete action plans; coordinate actions of
various scientific discipline specialists.
· Resolve problems; complete audits; identify trends; determine
system improvements; implement change.
· Meet environmental research financial objectives by
forecasting project requirements; prepare an annual budget;
schedule expenditures; analyze variances; initiate corrective
actions.

Golder Associates Corp. 2011 – 2012
· Prepared environmental determination reports, environmental
overviews for minor projects, technical sections of
Environmental Assessment, and portions of general planning
and multi-use studies.
· Assisted in maintaining and updating project files properly
and in a timely manner.
· Prepared project descriptions at close of project and updated
professional resume quarterly.
· Performed specific tasks such as mapping land used
jurisdiction and zoning as directed.
· Researched background information for use in planning and
environmental projects.
· Performed a variety of routine tasks to provide experience and
interaction with other technical professionals.
· Assisted in information management, such as library reference
material.
· Assisted in organizing public involvement meetings and
hearings.
· Maintained and updated project files properly and in a timely
manner.
· Helped in coordinating tasking, forecasting, tracking and

reporting of all related environmental schedule, budget and risk
elements.
Groundwater and Environmental Services Inc.
2010 - 2011
Neptune, New Jersey
· Plan, direct, and coordinate soil and groundwater
investigations and required remediation at company facilities
and legacy sites
· Manage environmental due diligence actions for company
acquisitions within a team-based environment
· Develop and implement sustainable strategies which are both
cost-effective and minimize long-term environmental liabilities
· Deploy environmental procedures and standards that address
regulatory requirement and Company policies and initiatives
Maple Reindeers
2009 - 2010
· Worked as an intern under the senior environmental engineer
· Was present during inspections and at meetings and hearings
before appropriate local, state, and national regulatory agencies,
as well as various technical and civic committees relating to
environmental matters

· Administered all monitoring and reporting as required by the
environmental regulations and permits
· Established sampling and analysis procedures; compiling,
analyzing, and evaluating the generated data, and preparing
required reports
Jonathan Martin, Ph.D.
Project Role:
Public Relations Officer

Title: Associate Vice President of Strategic Communications
Education:
PhD, Social Policy
BS, Sociology
Minor: Law and Society
Skills:
· Expert in demographics research
· Leadership and team-working abilities
· Effective communicator to project stakeholders from all
socioeconomic classes.
Employment History:
2009 – Present
Hackmann Consulting Group
2008 – 2009

Hackmann Consulting Group, Intern
2007 – 2008
Minneapolis: 2008 – 2009
· Responsibilities included making sure local needs are
considered, that low-income and minority communities are not
disproportionately affected by proposed solutions, and insuring
that all plans presented meet both the client’s needs but also
those of the community.
Minneapolis: 2008 – 2009
Internship Position
· Responsibilities included aiding in the development of
strategies for strategically important regional clients, preparing
and delivering presentations, and working to identify client
challenges and bring opportunities and ideas to senior
Hackmann Consulting Group staff.

Abdulrahman Mugabel, Ph.D.
Project Role:
Title: Senior Communication Associate
Education:
Indiana University – 1983
PhD, Public Relations – Mass Media Specialization
Columbia University – 1977
MS, Environmental Science – Public Policy Specialization, 4.0
Florida International University – 1974

BS, Communications – Public Relations, 4.0
Minor: Journalism
Skills:
· Proficient in HTML, XML, SQL, and JavaScript
· Fluent in English and Arabic (native)
Employment History:
2009 – Present
Institute of Public Administration – Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
2003 – 2009
Saudi Ports Authority
1993 – 2003
Environmental Systems International
1984 – 1993
Environmental Systems International LLC
Emirate of Sharjah United Arab Emirates, U.A.E
Public Relations Representative
February 1984 – June 1993
· Managed all media, press and public relation issues.

· Developed corporate communication strategies and programs,
including project timeline.
· Work with management to identify trends and developments
that might influence PR strategies.
· Established long-range objectives and developed innovative
strategies.
· Integrated public and analyst relation program with all the
company’s departments.
· Confer with production, graphic design and web-design
personnel to coordinate production of corporate communications
materials.
Saudi Ports Authority
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Public Relations Coordinator November 1993 –
February 2003
· Defined project and company vision, strategies and tactics.
· Researched, negotiated, implemented, and tracked advertising
and public relations activities.
· Maintained co-operative relationships with representative of
the community, employee, and public interest group.
· Coached client representative of effective communication with
public and employee.
Institute of Public Administration

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Public Relations and Communications Assistant
August 2003-December 2009
· Wrote engage copy with attention-grabbing headlines for print
and web use.
· Assisted with the integration of public relations campaigns
across multiple media.
· Prepared, edited, and reviewed internal employee
communications.

C.1
Preparation of Environmental Impact Statement
The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) process
is necessary in this project as this project’s scope and impact
are great in a number of areas; some that are hard to predict and
must be monitored and watched closely. The purpose is to allow
those with the power of making important decisions to properly
weigh the pros and cons of the proposed solutions against its
impact and the alternatives and their impacts and select the best
option from among them. This is a time consuming process but
it aids in the overall goal of NEPA gotten from its own
preamble stating, “To declare national policy which will
encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and
his environment; ...”. This should be seen as the purpose of
NEPA overall was to alert mankind as a whole that the earth is

but one and man but many; our footprint is equally backwards
with the earth taking so little and we taking all but scraps
remaining. The overall process outlined by NEPA need be
followed if project receives: 1) Federal Funding, 2) Project
reviewed by Federal Employee requires analysis. This project
will most assuredly need to have some level of federal funding
as well as being reviewed by various government agencies that
are bound by NEPA including the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA). The Act lays a framework for all projects
undertaken by the government to adopt a least environmentally
impactful per societal gained metric difficult and not thought to
be important before by all. This act has served as a foundational
document in numerous other countries in helping set up
environmental laws that govern a society.
This project most likely will not qualify for either a Categorical
Exclusion nor an Environmental Assessment with a Finding of
No Significant Impact; thus leaving us to file the most rigorous
of the three documents an Environmental Impact Statement. The
EIS will contain our proposed action along with its thought to
be environmental impacts and how we both quantify and
alleviate said pressures. We will then discuss the possibility of
alternatives to the proposed solution as well as their
environmental impacts and qualify why they were not the
proposed alternative essentially comparing and contrasting each
alternative against the solution solidifying why it is the best of

the solutions. These solutions then need to be given a resource
allocation to weigh the cost of each solution with the proposed
gain of the solution and perform risk management at a
government level. This is an important point as the Federal
Government only has a limited budget and has a lot of proposals
for necessary projects and need some criteria to judge each
based upon. NEPA helps this and the court cases that have
happened have helped solidify as well as offer good precedent
for others to use to aid in their cases. Finally as with all things
in life there are pros and cons and to conclude we must discuss
both the resources and the impacts that are irreversible and their
detriment value to society. Actuarial science is concerned with
this type of information and would greatly be of assistance in
giving actual values to this different possible scenarios.
Depending on the desired solution that is to be taken in order to
repair the Helix various impacts to the environment will take
place. The possibility of needing a barge would cause water, air,
and sound
pollution. Large Machinery used in the construction of new
structures would cause air pollution as well as sound pollution.
These are just two of the many possible causes of added
pollution caused by this project and for these reasons I believe
that no matter what solution is chosen an EIS is going to be
needed to be filed in order to accommodate the needs of this

extensive project. The regulatory document that handles the
difference between needing an EIS or an EA is [40 C.F.R. §
1508.9] or Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Chapter 5,
Part 1508, Section 9.
The permits needed for this project will vary depending on
which solution we are investigating. We will have to monitor air
quality surrounding the site and in neighboring communities to
ensure we remain in attainment or know we must gather permits
for falling out of attainment. We also may need further permits
for things such as having a barge on the worksite, or running
onsite generators. This is something that is highly dependent on
the solution that is being implemented.
The largest environmental issue that will be caused by the
undertaking of the Helix project will be the overall impact to
the surrounding air quality due to air pollution from the heavy
machines to the extra trucking of materials and supplies into the
job site. If a barge is needed there are huge emissions caused by
the need of the barges heavy octane fuel in order to move this
massive structures. In order to combat these problems the
project will have to build special work tents to capture the
emissions and deal with them through clever and emerging
techniques rather than allowing them to dissipate through the
ambient air. These techniques can range from storing them
under water in pockets of air and gas to using plant life as a
means of processing and filtering some of the negative

compounds resulting from these emissions. Algae is a large
research area and being used as an attachment to smokestacks
for factories in order to process fumes; I do not see why this
could not be broadened to work on a barges emissions and help
in a similar fashion.
C.2
No-Action Alternative
To be in accordance with the NEPA statute, Greenfield
Environmental Consulting, Inc. will propose a No Action
alternative. The Lincoln Tunnel Helix has been a steeple
structure of the PANYNJ since its construction and has served

74 years of traffic entering and leaving New York City. The
PANYNJ has been working on The Helix Fix-The Lincoln
Tunnel Helix Rehabilitation Project since its approval in late
2011. Phase 1 of the rehabilitation project, the East-bound
portion, was completed in 2013. Phase 2 of the rehabilitation
project, the West-bound portion, is set to be completed in mid-
2015. The refurbishing of the Lincoln Tunnel Helix will extend
the life of the structure a sufficient amount and Greenfield
Environmental Consulting, Inc. sees this as an adequate
solution. The No Action alternative minimizes construction
time, environmental impact, community impact, and other
similar aspects.

C.3
List of Alternatives to be Reviewed
In accordance with NEPA, a number of alternatives must be
proposed as possible solutions to the problem. The following
four alternatives are those which Greenfield will be considering.
Alternatives
1. Circle Ramp
2. Double Decker
3. Dig in to Tunnel
4. Bridge Development
· Alternative 1 consists of creating a 450 degree circle ramp
inside the existing Helix. This would allow construction to not
interfere with the traffic flow. The new circle ramp would
connect to the lower Helix; the upper Helix would no longer be
used. The NJ Transit bus parking lot would have to be utilized
for this construction.

· Alternative 2 results in creating a Double Decker roadway
system: the lower deck will be responsible for traffic to the city
and the upper deck will contain traffic going away from the
city. Construction for this alternative would be tricky to
perform. The top deck of the Helix would be constructed first,
while traffic would continue to flow through the original Helix.
When the top deck is finished, traffic would be directed to the
top deck. This would allow the old Helix to be demolished and
begin the construction of the lower deck. After the lower deck
is completed, traffic would flow on both decks. This would be a
major construction project. The Double Decker Helix would
have to have similar geometry as the old Helix. Each deck will
have the same width as the original Helix. This would allow
traffic to flow more smoothly and erase problems such as lack
of shoulders and seismic capacity.
· Alternative 3 consists of digging a tunnel directly from Route

495 into the Lincoln Tunnel. The Helix (including both the
lower and upper) or the space where the Helix existed would no
longer be needed. This would be extremely effective but would
result in eminent domain of private property to be utilized.
Drilling underground will require soil studies to be performed
along with air quality studies.
· Alternative 4 consists of creating a bridge directly from route
495 completely by passing the Lincoln Tunnel. The bridge
would be used exclusively by passenger vehicles. The old Helix
would then exclusively be used by mass transportation. The
Helix would undergo a massive refurbishing initiative which
would help raise the quality and extend its useful life. Due to
the Helix only servicing mass transportation the stress that will
be exerted on the Helix would be much less.
Alternative
Long Term

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