Semantic web and Linked Data

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Content
Semantic Web
Ontology
RDF, URI
Linked Data
RDFa, Schema.org
* Social Semantics
00

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Growth of the Web01
– The amount of information available on the Web grows so fast.
– The February 2014 survey shows there exist at least 920,120,079 sites
(http://news.netcraft.com/archives/category/web-server-survey/).

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Querying on the web, searching the Web07
Show me Peter’s Photo Eva likes.
Play me a music Eva Listened Yesterday at Last.fm.

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Definition of Semantic Web08
The Semantic Web is an extension of the Web through standards by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
The standards promote common data formats and exchange protocols on the Web, most fundamentally
the Resource Description Framework(RDF).
According to the W3C, "The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and
reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries". The term was coined by Tim Berners-Lee for
a web of data that can be processed by machines. While its critics have questioned its feasibility, proponents
argue that applications in industry, biology and human sciences research have already proven the validity of the
original concept.
또..나!!
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee
2007
Process-able? Understand-able?
shared and reused
≒ interoperable
W3C standard

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Web vs Semantic Web09
With HTML mark-ups, Web is about displaying the data
Semantic web is about the meaning of the data

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Semantic Web Data Representation10
또..나!!
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire
create
create
entitle
descriptionStandard
standardize
standardize
The Semantic Web is an extension of the Web through standards by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The standards promote common data
formats and exchange protocols on the Web, most fundamentally the Resource Description Framework(RDF).
According to the W3C, "The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and
community boundaries". The term was coined by Tim Berners-Lee for a web of data that can be processed by machines. While its critics have questioned its
feasibility, proponents argue that applications in industry, biology and human sciences research have already proven the validity of the original concept.

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Vision of Semantic Web
최종적인 목적지는 인공지능 Agent의 실현
11
Siri
Ok Google
IBM Watson

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Graph Data Model with Shared Data schema12
자동차 정보 데이터 in Database
Table Structure
(Data Schema)
Data Schema on the Web
Data on the Web or local

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Self describing Data with Shared Data Schema13
Ok, got it.Ok, got it.
Ok, got it.
Ok, got it.
현대 그랜져

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Graph Data could be diverse14
현대 아반때
쉐보레크루즈

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Graph Data could be entailed15
Inference, Reason, Entail unstated statements
차종
대형
3등급
연비등급
현대 그랜져
현대 그랜져
현대 그랜져
Entailed Statements

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Goal of Semantic Web16

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Semantic Web Layer Cake17
Data Description Structure
Encoding, Addressing
Common Syntax
Vocabularies
Querying Language
Shared Meanings(Ontology)
Rule Description
Establish logical truth, Infer Unstated statements
Trustworthiness of statements

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Semantic Web Data Representation01
또..나!!
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire
create
create
entitle
descriptionStandard
standardize
standardize
The Semantic Web is an extension of the Web through standards by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The standards promote common data
formats and exchange protocols on the Web, most fundamentally the Resource Description Framework(RDF).
According to the W3C, "The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and
community boundaries". The term was coined by Tim Berners-Lee for a web of data that can be processed by machines. While its critics have questioned its
feasibility, proponents argue that applications in industry, biology and human sciences research have already proven the validity of the original concept.

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HTML, XML02
In HTML In XML

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XML, RDF, Ontology, URI03
XML describes Data
RDF supports Logical Description
<fact>
<person>Tim_Berners-Lee</person>
<behavior>create</behavior>
<object>Semantic_Web</object>
</fact>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="Tim_Berners-Lee">
<create>Semantic Web</create>
</rdf:Description>
Ontology explains Meanings
<rdf:Description rdf:about="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee">
<scientificBehavior:create resource=“https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic Web”></ scientificBehavior:create >
</rdf:Description>
URI

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Def. of RDF, Ontology, URI04
Semantic Web 기반으로 데이터/온톨로지를 표기하기 위한 Standard 데이터 포맷
공유 가능한 개념들을 표현해 놓은 집합
웹에서 표현 가능한 자원, 대상을 지칭하기 위한 방법, 혹은 이름
RDF
URI
Ontology

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Ontology
Ontology
– Ontology is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming,
existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their
relations. – In Philosophy
– Ontology is said to be an agreement about a shared, formal, explicit
and partial account of a conceptualisation.- In Computer Science
Heterogeneous/ Interoperability
05
Concept
Symbol Referent
Concept: 머리 속에 담아두고 있는 바 (개념)
Symbol:개념을 언어로 표현한 것(단어)
Referent: 개념이 지시하는 대상(외연)Meaning

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Ontology 구성요소
1. 클래스(Class)
- 클래스는 일반적으로 우리가 사물이나 개념 등에 붙이는 이름 "키보드", "모니터", “자동차“
2. 인스턴스(Instance)
- 인스턴스는 사물이나 개념의 구체물이나 사건 등의 실질적인 형태를 지칭
- "LG전자 ST-500 울트라슬림키보드", "삼성 싱크마스터 Wide LCD 모니터", "로미오와 줄리엣의 사랑"은 일반적으로 인스
턴스라 볼 수 있음. 이와 같은 클래스와 인스턴스의 구분은 응용과 사용목적에 따라서 달라짐
3. 속성(Property)
- 속성은 클래스나 인스턴스의 특정한 성질, 성향등을 나타내기 위하여 클래스나 인스턴스를 특정한 값(value)와 연결시킨
것
- 예를 들어, "삼성 싱크마스터 Wide LCD 모니터 크기(size)는 XX인치이다."라는 것을 표현하기 위하여, Size와 같은 속성
을 정의할 수 있음
4. 관계(Relation, Object Property)
- 관계는 클래스 – 인스턴스, 인스턴스-인스턴스 간에 존재하는 관계들을 지칭
- 예를 들어, 소나타-brand-현대차 와 같은 정보를 표현하고자 할 때 인스턴스를 대상으로 가지는 속성, brand는 Relation
이라고 함
06

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Ontology Example 208
Brand
Model
Name
Publish
Year
Standard
Price
Warranty
Miles
Service
Center
Phone
Number

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Modeling Ontology 10109
Ontology Modeling
- “Ontology Development 101”, Natasha Noy, Stanford University
- http://protege.stanford.edu/publications/ontology_development/ontology101-
noy-mcguinness.html
FOAF (Friend of a friend)
- http://www.foaf-project.org/

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Around Ontology, Modeling10
Ontology Editor
- http://protege.stanford.edu/
Querying Language
- SPARQL (w3c Recommendation)
Ontology Description Language
- RDF, OWL
Online Ontology Editor
- http://vowl.visualdataweb.org/webvowl/

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RDF11
RDFstands for
Resource
Description
Framework
: URI를 갖는 모든 것 (웹 페이지, 이미지, 동영상 등)
: 자원(Resource)들의 속성, 특성, 관계 기술
: 위의 것들을 기술하기 위한 모델, 언어, 문법

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URI12
URL : Uniform Resource Locator
URN : Uniform Resource Name
URI (통합 자원 식별자,Uniform Resource Identifier):
인터넷에 있는 자원을 나타내는 유일한 주소

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RDF Data Model13
subject Object
predicate
주어
(Resource)
술어
(Property, Relation)
목적어
(Resource, Literal)
URI
Blank Node
URI URI
Literal
RDF는 Graph Model 을 갖고 있다.
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Billie_Jean has a singer whose value is http://dbpedia.org/resource/Michael Jackson
• Subject : http://dbpedia.org/resource/Billie_Jean (URI)
• Predicate: www.example.com/terms/singer (URI)
• Object: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Michael_Jackson (URI)

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RDF is Graph Model14
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Billie_Jean
http://www.example.com/terms/singer
1983-01-02
http://www.example.com/terms/released
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Michael_Jackson

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Graph Model Expandable15
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Billie_Jean
http://www.example.com/terms/singer
Michael_Jackson
1983-01-02
http://www.example.com/terms/released
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Michael_Jackson
http://www.example.com/terms/name
http://dbpedia.org/resource/USA
http://www.example.com/terms/bornIn

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Semantic Web 관련 언어 흐름16
Ontology
(information science)
RDF
(W3C WD)
1997.08
XML
(W3C WD)
RDF Scheme
(W3C WD)
OWL
(W3C WD)
SPARQL
(WD)
DAML
OIL
(Europe IST Project)
DAML+OIL
1970s
1996.11
1998.04 1999 2000
1999 2002
2004.10

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RDF is Database?17
Ontology = Schema
RDF = Data
URI = Key 값
 Database ?

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RDF as a Database18
Movie Ontology (Shared Schema)
subClassof
Artifact
Project Music
Singer
hasSinger
Matrix
Director
Du Hast
Wachowski
brothers Rammstein
isA isA
isA
isA
hasDirector
hasDirector hasPlayer
RDF Data
Movie Database
URI URI URI URI

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Web as a Database19
Movie data #3
Person data #1
Standard Schema
Web of Data
Web of Data
Movie data #1
Movie data #2

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Web of Data20
Universally Opened
Semantically Expandable
Easily Re-usable
Database on the Web
 Web of Data

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Linking Open Data Project01
 Building a “Web of Data” to enhance the current Web
 The Linking Open Data (LOD) project:
 http://linkeddata.org/
 Translating existing datasets into RDF and linking them
together.
 For example, DBpedia (Wikipedia) and GeoNames, Freebase, BBC
programmes, etc.
 Government data also available as Linked Data
 DATA.gov
 DATA.gov.uk
공유자원포탈(http://data.go.kr)
by 인터넷 정보화 진흥원
서울 열린 데이터 광장(http://data.seoul.go.kr)
by 서울시 정정보화 사업단

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Linked Data Cloud02
2008
2007

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Linked Data Cloud Expanded03
2011
2009
2010
또..나!!
‘5-star Open Data’

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Linked Data Cloud Now04

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Linked Data Data05
- DBLP Bibliography - provides bibliographic information about scientific
papers; it contains about 800,000 articles, 400,000 authors, and approx.
15 million triples
- GeoNames provides RDF descriptions of more than 6,500,000
geographical features worldwide.
- riese - serving statistical data about 500 million Europeans (the first
linked dataset deployed with XHTML+RDFa)
- Sensorpedia - A scientific initiative at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
using a RESTful web architecture to link to sensor data and related
sensing systems.
- BBC Things - Data on the places, people and organisations that appear
in BBC programmes and online content.

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What they do with LOD
The Bio2RDF Cloud
06

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DBtune Slashfacet
07
• Visualizes music-related Linked Data
• Uses LastFM, MySpace, and BBC data

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Where-are-jobs
08
http://www.symsoftsolutions.com/award/2011-where-are-jobs

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Google Knowledge Graph
09

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Origin of Linked Data
Wikipedia to DBPedia
10
2007
2014

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Wikipedia.org
Knowledge of Crowd
12

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DBpedia13
 DBPedia is a community effort to
 extract structured (“infobox”) information from Wikipedia
 provide a SPARQL endpoint to the dataset
 interlink the DBpedia dataset with other datasets on the Web

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Extracting structured data from Wikipedia14
@prefix dbpedia <http://dbpedia.org/resource/>.
@prefix dbterm <http://dbpedia.org/property/>.
dbpedia:Amsterdam
dbterm:officialName “Amsterdam” ;
dbterm:longd “4” ;
dbterm:longm “53” ;
dbterm:longs “32” ;
...
dbterm:leaderName dbpedia:Job_Cohen ;
...
dbterm:areaTotalKm “219” ;
...
dbpedia:ABN_AMRO
dbterm:location dbpedia:Amsterdam ;
...
as

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Automatic links among open datasets15
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Amsterdam>
owl:sameAs <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/...> ;
owl:sameAs <http://sws.geonames.org/2759793> ;
...
<http://sws.geonames.org/2759793>
owl:sameAs <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Amsterdam>
wgs84_pos:lat “52.3666667” ;
wgs84_pos:long “4.8833333” ;
geo:inCountry <http://www.geonames.org/countries/#NL> ;
...

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Inlink to DBpedia16
Central of Linked Data
DBpedia is being linked to from a variety of datasets. The sum of inlinks is 39,007,478.

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Linked Data is to Replace the Web?17
Nope… is to re-organize little potion of the Web
LOD

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Rich Snippets
INTO RDF from Text Page
19
[ rdf:type schema:Review ;
schema:name "Oscars 2012: The Artist, review" ;
schema:description "The Artist, an utterly
beguiling…" ;
schema:ratingValue "5" ;
…
]
Search engines add text under results to preview what’s on page and why it’s
relevant
Text often extracted from structured data embedded on the page

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RDFa / MicroData / Microformat20
 We’d like to add semi-structured know-ledge to a conventional
HTML document
– Humans can see and understand the regular HTML content (text, images,
videos, audio)
– Machines can see and understand the data markup in XML, RDF or some other
format
 Possibilities include
– Add a link to a separate document with the knowledge
– Embed the knowledge as comments, javascript, etc.
– Distribute the knowledge markup throughout the HTML as attributes of existing
HTML tags

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Where there are now?
Intelligence Agent
22
IBM Watson ExoBrainProject

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Web 2.0 is about The Social Web
“Web 2.0 Is Much More
About A Change In People
and Society Than Technology”
• 1 billion people connect to the Internet
• 100 million web sites
• over a third of adults in US have contributed
content to the public Internet. - 18% of
adults over 65
-Dion Hinchcliffe,
tech blogger

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Potential Roles for Semantic Web Technology
• Composing and integrating user-contributed data across
applications
– example: tagging data
• Creating aggregate value from a mix of structured and
unstructured data
– example: blogging data
• Ontology of Folksonomy : applications that use tag data from
multiple systems
– tag search across multiple sites
– collaboratively filtered search
• “find things using tags my buddies say match those tags”
– combine tags with structured query
• “find all hotels in Spain tagged with “romantic”

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Core concepts
• Term – a word or phrase that is recognizable by
people and computers
• Document – a thing to be tagged, identifiable by
a URI or a similar naming service
• Tagger – someone or thing doing the tagging,
such as the user of an application
• Tagged – the assertion by Tagger that Document
should be tagged with Term

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SKOS : Term
• SKOS
– Simple Knowledge Organisation System(s)
– W3C 2nd Public Working Draft – work in progress!
– (probably Recommendation within 1-2 years).
• SKOS is about declaring and publishing
taxonomies, thesauri or classification schemes,
for use in a distributed, decentralised information
system (I.e. a semantic web).
– The application of library science to the semantic web.

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FOAF : Tagger
• Friend of a Friend Project - an OWL vocabulary
for describing social networks
• Some centralized social networking sites, like
Ecademy and LiveJournal, and other sites with
network data, like the Dean Campaign, output
their data in FOAF format
• Currently, there are millions of FOAF files and
users. Recently the count has risen by orders of
magnitude, but estimates put the total over
5,000,000

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SIOC : Document
• Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities Project
• SIOC provides methods for interconnecting discussion methods such
as blogs, forums and mailing lists to each other.
• It consists of the SIOC ontology, an open-standard machine readable
format for expressing the information contained both explicitly and
implicitly in Internet discussion methods, of SIOC metadata producers
for a number of popular blogging platforms and content
management systems, and of storage and browsing/searching
systems for leveraging this SIOC data.

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SIOC + FOAF + SKOS : Tagged

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