Petstore Supply Chain Management Report STUDENT N.docx

Petstore Supply Chain Management Report
STUDENT NAME
California State University San Bernardino
SCM 607
XXXXX 2018
PETSTORE COMPANY Supply Chain Management Report
Table of Contents
Company History
...............................................................................................
................. 1
Evaluation of the Supply Chain
Processes.......................................................................... 3

Supply Chain Performance Drivers
.................................................................................... 4
Network Design
...............................................................................................
................... 6
Supply Chain Risk Mitigation
............................................................................................ 7
Forecasting Practices
...............................................................................................
........... 8
Sales & Operations Planning
..............................................................................................
9
Inventory Management Practices
...................................................................................... 10
Use of Transportation
...............................................................................................
........ 11
Sourcing Decisions
...............................................................................................
............ 12
Information Technology for Supply Chain Optimization
................................................. 13
Supply Chain Sustainability with Learning Outcomes &
Recommendations .................. 14

References
...............................................................................................
.......................... 17
1
Company History
Founded in 1965, the mail-order veterinary supply business,
UPCO, changed its name to
Petstore in 1979. The business started in San Diego, California
and expanded all the way to
Oregon by 1980, creating 40 retail store locations. By 1988,
Petstore had acquired two smaller
pet supply chains and more than tripled its number of store
locations, entering the Washington
and Texas markets. Live animals were introduced in the late
80s as well. By 1992, Petstore had
opened its first East Coast stores in New Jersey and coined their
signature phrase, “Where the
Pets Go.”

By 1994, Petstore was the largest pet specialty retailer,
operating in 13 states with 218
stores. They went public under the ticker symbol PETC. The
company has gone back and forth
from being publicly traded to privately held. It was bought out
by Leonard Green Partners and
Texas Pacific Group in 2000, but again went public in 2002.
The company became privately
held again in 2006 by investment groups led by TPG. Ten years
later, the company was acquired
by CVC Capital Partners and Canada Pension Plan Investment
Board. It continues to be
privately held to this date.
In the late 1990s, Petstore added grooming services and the
industry’s first loyalty
program. They also created the Petstore Foundation, a charity
that focuses on animal welfare
through adoption events, veterinary services, and research
initiatives. By 2001, Petstore had
launched its online platform, Petstore.com and had expanded to
over 600 stores in 48 states by
2002. Petstore Park opened in downtown San Diego to host the
major league San Diego Padres

team in 2004 and had stores in all 50 states by 2008. By 2013,
Petstore also opened stores in
Puerto Rico and Mexico. As of 2017, the company held over
1,500 store locations, including
more than 85 of its smaller, “Unleashed,” stores.
2
Petstore has a long and consistent history of focusing on animal
welfare and the creating
a better world for animals and animal lovers. Their vision
statement: “Healthier Pets. Happier
People. Better World.” guides the company’s focus. To date,
the Petstore Foundation has raised
over $250 million and helped over 6 million animals find new
homes (Our Mission n.d.). They
have also created the first National Pet Food Bank to help
families going through hard times
keep their pets. Petstore has also been long term partners with
the San Diego Humane Society
and was a founding sponsor of the Human Animal Bond
Research Initiative.

Another area that differentiates Petstore regarding their
commitment to animal welfare is
that they are very particular about the types of pet food they
will carry. Since 2014, the company
has refused to carry any dog or cat food or treats made in China.
In 2018, they took their
commitment to providing excellent food choices a step farther
and announced that they will
phase out all food and treats with any artificial colors, flavors,
or preservatives. Petstore has
also been expanding its pet services to offer in-store veterinary
hospitals throughout the United
States (Company History, n.d.).
As the company is now privately held, it can sometimes be
difficult to get specific details
on aspects of the operations and planning. The company is very
private when it comes to its
metrics and the specifics of its operations. This lack of public
information can be seen
throughout various areas in the remainder of this paper. Rather
than specific details about every
aspect of the company’s practices, there will be areas within the
paper that reflect general
recommendations for best practices that Petstore is most likely

following as a persistent industry
leader.
3
Evaluation of the Supply Chain Processes
Petstore’s supply chain is designed around meeting customer
expectations effectively and
efficiently. In order to do this, the company must ensure that
there is communication of
information across the entirety of the supply chain. This
requires the integration of data from the
point of sale all the way to the suppliers. Decision makers will
need accurate and timely updates
in order to properly adjust their plans and account for product
movement along the entire supply
chain. Adequate information is key to making every decision
from quantity of inventory supply
requests to the placement of facilities to best meet customer
demand.
Location of facilities is increasingly important as transportation
costs increase over time.

A well distributed supply chain network helps ensure that retail
locations and customers are
provided with responsive and rapid service at all times. Failure
to provide for these expectations
could easily result in loss of sales and customer loyalty to
competitors who may be better able to
provide alternative services to customers. With the increase in
e-commerce and physical
locations, distribution center locations must be strategically
planned in order to service the
markets most efficiently.
In 2016, Petstore christened their 10th distribution center,
located in Nevada. The facility
services over 200 Petstore locations as well as online orders.
The new distribution center was
opened as a part of the company’s aggressive growth strategy.
It was developed specifically to
suit the company’s needs and be environmentally friendly
(Johnson, 2016). This distribution
center will be discussed further in different sections of the
report as it is relevant. However, it is
important to note here that the decisions made in the
development of such a recent facility are

most likely indicative of the direction of trends within the
company’s decision-making processes.
4
There is clearly a focus on expansion and fulfilling their
obligations in an efficient, updated, and
environmentally friendly way.
Petstore also brought a new Executive Vice President of Supply
Chain and Inventory
onboard in 2018. Laura Wilkin, a seasoned leader with a retail
background, is now responsible
for the company’s inventory management operations. Bringing
on an executive with over 30
years of experience in supply chain operations should help
Petstore remain competitive in the
rapidly changing industry. Their CEO, Brad Weston, stated
that, “Laura will lead efforts to add
capabilities and capacity throughout our supply chain to ensure
our customers can get what they
want, whenever and wherever they want it” (Pet Age Staff,
2018).

It is clear that Petstore takes their supply chain processes very
seriously. They make
decisions after careful data driven consideration and are willing
to hire experienced veterans to
lead their expansion and operation initiatives. As a
multinational corporation operating with a
global supply chain network, failure to address any supply chain
pain points can drastically
undermine the bottom line.
Supply Chain Performance Drivers
As a privately held company, Petstore must continuously
provide its investors with
acceptable financial performance measures. These stakeholders
are concerned with the return on
their equity as the main summary measure of the company’s
performance. They will also be
interested in the other supply chain performance drivers such as
the return on assets, return on
financial leverage, accounts payable turnover, inventory
turnover and the property, plant and
equipment turnover.
Each of these supply chain drivers requires that the company
continuously adhere to the

customer demands and satisfy the trends in the market. One
such trend is exhibited in the
5
“humanizing” of food for dogs and cats. Pet owners are
increasingly willing to spend higher
amounts than ever before on their furry companions. Over the
last several years, sales of dog
and cat food and treats have steadily increased. As American
snacking trends increase, so too do
their tendencies to treat their pets with one in eleven pet owners
claiming that they feed their pets
some form of food toppers like a sauce or gravy as a treat and
expression of love. These owners
tend to highly value quality ingredients in both the food and
treats that they offer their pets. This
is primarily because, as pet owner’s views of their companion
animals become more humanized,
the health of their companions become a top priority (US Pet
Food Market, 2018).
Satisfying these customer desires is one way that Petstore can
create customer loyalty.

The company has taken significant steps toward this goal and in
recent years has begun phasing
out all pet foods with artificial flavorings, colors, and
preservatives. These items are no longer
being carried because data has shown that customers display a
marked preference for food and
self care products of their own that are free of such synthetic
ingredients. In order to
differentiate itself and remain competitive in the market,
Petstore is betting that this trend will
extend to customer purchases for their animal companions
(SupplyChainBrain, 2018).
Another performance driver that Petstore must consider is the
supply chain
responsiveness expected by today’s customers. Amazon has set
the standard for expectations in
the e-commerce industry and because of their two-day Prime
free shipping offerings, rapid
inventory availability is vital to a good customer experience.
Petstore.com has attempted to offer
its customers an acceptable experience by advertising free
shipping for orders over $49.00 as
well as discounts on repeat deliveries.

6
Network Design
Petstore has always needed to work strategically to design its
distribution network. It
must balance the costs of meeting the customer’s needs with the
value that it provides. Facilities
and distribution centers must be located in areas that can
provide responsive service to both
storefronts and online shoppers. Their latest distribution center
site located near Reno, Nevada
was chosen for several important reasons. Petstore’s Chief
People Officer stated, “As we looked
at the geographic criteria, proximity to our stores and being
near central transportation is
important. We wanted a location that would be good for our
northwest and have a skilled
workforce we could hire” (Johnson, 2016).
The best way to ensure that the company’s facilities and stores
are opened in the most
beneficial locations is to make data driven decisions regarding

site locations. In the next section,
Petstore’s use of Esri’s ArcGIS Business Analyst software to
make informed decisions about site
locations will be reviewed. The software has become an
integral part of the decision-making
process for Petstore for each new location selection.
Retail locations and cost are not the only things that must be
considered when it comes to
network design. Petstore must also consider the customer’s
desires, sustainability, and corporate
responsibility. One example of meeting both customer desires
and adhering to corporate
responsibility was discussed earlier when the company had to
redesign its supply network to
exclude all food and treat items with ingredients from China.
Another important aspect of customer preference regarding
network design is in how they
order and obtain their merchandise. In 2018, Petstore began
utilizing Yantriks in order to allow
customers to buy products online and pick them up in store.
The Yantriks Personalized
Fulfillment Platform gives customers the opportunity to see if
their desired item is available at

7
their local store and allows them to make their purchase to be
picked up the same day (Amigud,
2018).
Supply Chain Risk Mitigation
In order to help mitigate the risks associated with opening new
locations, Petstore has
been utilizing the Geographic Information Systems technology
put out by the Redlands,
California-based industry leader, Esri, since 2006. Prior to this
site selection method, the
company relied on a site selection committee that had a good
track record, but the company
wanted to utilize a more scientific selection process that would
allow them to feel more confident
in their location investments.
Opening a new store requires significant expenses and
commitments and accurate site
selection can help minimize the risk of costly mistakes. Shawn
Hanna, the Director of Financial

Analysis at Petstore, stated that by implementing this risk
mitigation software solution,
“[Petstore] successfully avoided the downside risk associated
with several locations, which more
than pays for our investment in the ESRI solution” (Pillar,
2010). By utilizing industry
benchmarks and tracking metrics regarding avoided losses as
well as key performance indicators
from locations opened utilizing the new process, Petstore is able
to prove that their Esri software
risk mitigation strategy is effective.
Petstore is also attempting to mitigate the risks it faces in losing
market share to Amazon
and other online retailers. Petstore.com offers customers a good
online experience with a clean
and user-friendly site, but that does not ensure that pet parents
will continue to come to a
specialty site when they could just as easily buy their pet the
desired items on Amazon at the
same time that they also purchase other things for themselves
that are unrelated to the pet
industry. Petstore must continue to ensure customer loyalty by
remaining relevant and offering

8
value. This requires innovation and the willingness to try new
offerings for both their new and
existing customers.
One method they are using to “Amazon-proof” themselves is to
begin focusing on more
service-based offerings. In 2018, Petstore launched a pilot store
in San Marcos, California. This
store, called Petstoreach, offers a limited assortment of
products, but only about a third of the
store is shelf-space for inventory. The remainder of the store is
focused on offering in-person
services that could not be replicated through an online platform.
These services include pet
training, veterinary care, grooming, dog walking and other
services. They are also testing a
membership offering that will hopefully ensure further customer
loyalty by giving members
discounts on merchandise as well as a number of free veterinary
visits at the store every year.

Petstore plans to carefully review and consider customer
feedback from this experiment and
make modifications as needed (Thomas, 2018).
Forecasting Practices
Since it is a privately held company, Petstore is not very
forthcoming about the methods
it uses to forecast sales. However, as one of the industry
leaders, it is safe to assume that they
are utilizing multiple methods of forecasting. By using multiple
forecast methods, the company
can create a combined forecast that is more effective than using
any one method alone. It is not
at all unlikely that they are using time series forecasting to
analyze their historical demand and
make assumptions that past demand is a good indicator of future
demand. They are most likely
also using causal forecasting to evaluate certain environmental
factors, such as the state of the
economy and trends in pricing.
Petstore has proven that it is willing to step out of the ordinary
and test innovative
offerings, such as more service-oriented storefronts and
focusing on selling products with no

9
artificial flavors or ingredients. These innovations are not
without risks. It would be foolhardy
for the company to proceed in such matters without some level
of simulation forecasting. By
simulating potential consumer choices, Petstore can make more
confident decisions regarding
less drastic moves, such as price promotions. Simulations will
also give them some idea of what
to expect on their more costly investment ideas. Although no
forecast is ever entirely accurate, it
is safe to say that by this time, the company has developed a
reasonably sufficient method for
determining the demand to be expected at any given time.
Sales & Operations Planning
The company must constantly work to properly manage its
supply with demand through
sales and operations planning. This can significantly help the
performance of products with a
predictable variability. By taking predictable variability into

account for strategic decisions,
Petstore can avoid many demand problems like high levels of
stockouts during high demand
times and high levels of inventory during low demand times.
It is important for a company with such a large footprint in the
industry to ensure that
their sales and operations teams are working toward the same
goal. There must be a constant
flow of communication in both directions so that planning and
executing the delivery of products
to the customers takes place as predicted. Creating a system of
communication through all levels
of the supply chain assists in creating an optimized aggregate
plan. Because the company is so
large, Petstore is able to see great benefit from aggregate
planning to determine levels of
capacity, production, stock-outs, inventory, and pricing.
Promotional timing is key to managing
demand.
10

Inventory Management Practices
Like most retailers, Petstore can vary the amount of workforce
it employs at any given
time. When necessary, the use of a seasonal or temporary
workforce can be employed. They
can also vary their available workforce by altering scheduled
employment shifts. This allows for
capacity management at its facilities.
Many of the products offered at Petstore stores are not actually
produced by the company
itself. This means that inventory must be managed by the
amounts purchased from suppliers and
held in inventory. Seasonality of each available item must be
considered. Although pet food is
necessary throughout the year, other items may prove to have a
predictable variability.
Responding to predictable variability in demand appropriately is
important. By managing supply
and demand for these items, Petstore can minimize their
increased costs and decreased
responsiveness.
This can be done using a tailored capacity management
technique that synchronizes

production and inventory rates with the expected demand, while
also utilizing a level strategy to
build up inventory on non-perishable goods in anticipation of
future demand. A mixed strategy
for inventory control is best because lay offs are never good for
workplace morale or company
image. However, many of Petstore’s products are perishable
and not all are seasonal, so a
straight level strategy would not be ideal. It is important to
utilize a first in first out shelf
stocking method in order to minimize spoilage. This means that
employees stocking shelves
must be trained to ensure that new product is placed at the back
of the shelf and older product is
moved to the front.
11
Use of Transportation
Transportation of products throughout the supply chain network
accounts for a large

portion of the overall cost of operations. It is therefore very
important to make design, planning,
and operational decisions strategically to ensure that costs are
minimized without adversely
affecting expected responsiveness. It is assumed that Petstore
primarily utilizes water
transportation methods to ship product from suppliers overseas
to their distribution centers in the
United States. Rail and truck shipments no doubt account for
the majority of the land
transportation, making the supply chain’s transportation system
intermodal. As mentioned
previously, distribution centers are used to store and process
bulk amounts of product for local
stores and they must be located strategically to provide the most
benefit to the bottom line,
including decreasing transportation costs.
In 2015, Petstore also partnered with Instacart, to create a same-
day delivery service
called PetstoreNow. Petstore’s Chief Marketing and Digital
Officer, Michael Zuna, stated that
Petstore’s younger pet parents want a more “on demand
resolution to their pet purchases.” With
so many tech-savvy Millennials treating their pets like real

children, this customer need comes as
no surprise. Zuna stated, “The value proposition was firing on
all cylinders and it quickly
became obvious to us that there was enormous opportunity for
competitive differentiation here”
(Enright, 2016).
Petstore must weigh the cost of this new service against the
value it provides to their
customers and decide how much they are willing to supplement
the cost of at-home delivery.
The same decision must also be made regarding their repeat
delivery and regular home delivery
orders. At present, Petstore offers discounted purchase rates on
some items for repeat delivery as
well as free shipping. Customers making one-time purchases
must pay for shipping their items
12
unless the total purchase amount exceeds $49.00. For
PetstoreNow services, the current
promotion offers free delivery on first orders.

Sourcing Decisions
Petstore is exceedingly particular about its sourcing decisions.
Because a part of the
company’s vision is to focus on “Healthier Pets,” their
decisions regarding product procurement
must remain in alignment with that goal. They must also
consider the customer’s demand and
trends in desires. The ever-increasing trend toward people
making more informed and healthier
choices about what they put in their body has certainly caught
the attention of Petstore’s
decision-makers. It stands to reason that with the uniquely
emotional position the pet supply
industry has, it is important that such trends be considered.
Customers looking for smarter
choices in their own diets often want to ensure that their
beloved pets are eating as well as they
are. The company has taken several significant steps toward
this goal.
In 2014, there was a series of complaints about pet illnesses and
deaths after apparently
ingesting treats made in China. The U.S. Food and Drug
Administration conducted an

investigation, but had not concluded that the treats were, in
fact, at fault for the problems.
Petstore, however, took customer complaints to heart when they
asked that the company
discontinue selling treats from China. Petstore had already
begun cutting down on the number of
treats that it sourced from China three years prior, but when pet
parents made their voices heard,
the company announced that it would discontinue sourcing food
from China completely
(Thixton, 2014).
In addition to these quality and customer preference
considerations, the company must
also consider other aspects when making sourcing decisions.
Cost, availability, and
responsiveness of the suppliers will undoubtedly play a role in
the final decisions Petstore makes
13
on who it retains as a supplier. The supplier’s reputation is also
important as it can affect the

brand image of Petstore. In 2016, the company dropped their
relationship with a supplier of
small animals after a USDA investigation was opened against
them because of allegations of
mistreatment of animals. Petstore stated that the supplier was
found to be operating outside of
the required animal care standards that Petstore established
(Bowerman, 2016).
Information Technology for Supply Chain Optimization
Like any successful company in this day and age, Petstore
utilizes numerous types of
technology in its everyday operations and planning practices.
As the first in the industry to
implement a loyalty program, Petstore is no stranger to tracking
customer data at the point of
sale. This data can be used to create more meaningful offerings
and advertisements. In 2016,
the company signed with Toshiba Global Commerce
Solution
s to begin implementing a new
retail point-of-sales technology to increase their focus on the

customer journey and allow for a
more unified cross-platform experience (Grill-Goodman, 2016).
The company continues to prove its willingness to adapt to
changing technologies and
remain innovative. Petstore recognized early on that there was
a strategic opportunity offered in
the new voice-assistant technologies on the market. In order to
remain top of mind as the best
source for consumers to gather pet-related information and to
find pet products, the company
would have to ensure that their message was the one that was
heard first when consumers
reached out to their voice assistants. To accomplish this, the
company acquired the Petstoreach
brand in 2017 and began working to create an artificial
intelligence system that would work with

voice to offer new ways for customers to engage with their
brand. In July of 2018, Petstore went
live with their voice-activated programming initiative on
Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant
(Kaplan, 2018).
14
As mentioned previously, Petstore utilizes Esri’s ArcGIS
Business Analyst software to
analyze the viability of its new store locations. This location-
based market intelligence software
is able to offer incredible detail on demographics, lifestyles,
and the spending habits of an area
down to the neighborhood level. By combining this data with

their own internal information,
Petstore is able to successfully utilize technology to mitigate
risk and improve their ability to
assess a new location’s sales potential. Use of this technology
allows for data-driven decision-
making when it comes to location selections as well as
prospective customer predictions
(ArcGIS, n.d.).
Petstore also integrates innovative technology into its new
distribution center in order to
increase efficiency at fulfilling orders and minimizing ongoing
facility operations costs. Their
latest distribution center offers LED lights that use motion
sensors to decrease unnecessary
usage. The lights are also equipped to harvest sunlight as well
as to adjust their own brightness

based on the level of natural light outside. The air conditioning
system also detects the weather
status outside and can capture it to offset excessive usage of
conditioning while still keeping the
room temperature consistent. Another installment in the center
is a voice picking system that
allows workers to get instructions from wireless headsets
(Johnson, 2016).
Supply Chain Sustainability with Learning Outcomes &
Recommendations
Customers are indeed becoming increasingly concerned with the
environmental impact
that is made by the companies at which they shop. It is
important for Petstore to continue to be
conscious of their footprint. In order to satisfy customer
desires, however, they must also offer

customers ways to feel that they too are making a difference.
Petstore has done this by “going
15
green” in several product lines it carries, including their own
Planet PETSTORE line. The earth-
conscious line of toys, grooming, home products, and pet
accessories focus on affordable
offerings made primarily of recycled and natural materials made
from sustainable sources.
Packaging materials on these products are also made of
sustainable and recycled materials (West,
2011).
Petstore has historically proven that they value sustainability.

As an industry leader, they
are able to hire staff that is specifically dedicated to focusing
on sustainability. They are aware
of the major environmental impacts that occur because of their
supply chain processes and work
to minimize them. In 2014, the Pet Industry Sustainability
Coalition (PISC) interviewed
Petstore’s Vice President of Sustainability, Safety &
Environmental Health, Jim Thomas.
Petstore was the first retailer to join the coalition and Thomas
stated that as part of their vision to
build a “Better World,” the company must work with other
“like-minded companies interested in
reducing energy use, decreasing waste and conserving precious
natural resources…Pet parents
really care about the environment and [Petstore’s] job is to
provide them with products that are

aligned with their values” (Bolton, 2014).
PISC is not the only organization concerned with sustainability
and ethics with which
Petstore associates itself. Another example of such
organizations is Habitattitude, an
environmental protection agency committed to not releasing
unwanted fish or aquatic plants into
public areas. Petstore lists this agency in its resource center
and on its animal care sheets to
encourage public education regarding the dangers of introducing
non-native animals to the wild.
In 2017, Petstore was recognized as one of the world’s most
ethical companies for the
sixth consecutive year by the Ethisphere Institute. Only three
companies received the honor in
2017. The recognition is only given to companies that

“recognize their role in society to
16
influence and drive positive change, consider the impact of their
actions on their employees,
investors, customers, and other key stakeholders and use their
values and culture as an
underpinning to the decisions they make every day.” The
institute developed an Ethics Quotient
framework to enable quantitative analysis of these aspects in
five key categories: ethics and
compliance program, corporate citizenship and responsibility,
culture of ethics, governance, and
leadership, innovation and reputation.

Moving forward, it is important that the company continue to
guard against any threats
that might tarnish its brand reputation. These threats could
occur internally, through breakdown
of the systems or bad employee behaviors, or it could come
from external sources, such as
unethical supplier practices. As an American household name,
Petstore’s brand is its most
valuable asset.
With so many aspects of the company’s daily operations kept
private, it is difficult to
offer recommendations for areas of improvement. All evidence
seems to point to the conclusion
that Petstore is doing an excellent job and remains both an
upstanding and socially responsible
company. They have obviously taken great care to practice

their vision in all aspects of their
decision-making processes. By continuing to remain vigilant
and adhering to their vision of
“Healthier Pets. Happier People. Better World,” Petstore can
continue to drive positive changes
in the industry and remain an exemplary leader in the pet supply
industry.
17
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Applied Global Logistics & Supply Chain Paper
WALMART
The paper is a written report typed, double-spaced, using a 12-
point font, with full APA citation, in-text citation and
formatting of reference page, pages numbered and appropriate
headings. The report should be based on the materials and
application learned in this course (text book: Supply Chain
Management, Seventh Edition, S. Chopra & P. Meindl, Pearson
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-380057-9).
Students are expected to apply the course learning outcomes to
their jobs and companies in which they are employed. They are
expected to explore the learning application and evaluate their
organization’s supply chain, and critically discuss the issues in
their company’s operational performances. It is expected that
students provide the improvement avenues in their organization
supply chain spectrum in light of their learning in this class. For
confidentiality purposes, students can use a fictional name for
their company in presenting their report. The minimum 11-12-
page written report should be uploaded on blackboard. All
exhibits must be integrated within the report, numbered
consecutively, with appropriate format, headings and labels, and
clear acknowledgement of the data sources. References should

be in the APA format.
Writtenn papers about Walmart must include the following
minimum elements:
· Company Background
· Evaluation of the Supply Chain Processes
· Drivers of Supply Chain Performance
· Network Design
· Risk Mitigation within the Supply Chain
· Forecasting Practices
· Sales & Operations Planning
· Inventory Management Practices
· Use of Transportation
· Decisions in Sourcing
· Use of Information Technology for Supply Chain Optimization
· Supply Chain Sustainability with Learning Outcomes &
Recommendations

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