Grammar

1. Active And Passive Voice - Basic Rules With Examples PDF
Some sentences can be written in two forms- Active Voice and Passive Voice. In Active Voice
Sentence We have focus on subject towards a action, While In Passive Voice Sentence , We have
to make some alteration and we give importance to the object. These sentence can be converted
from active voice to Passive Voice and from Passive Voice to Active Voice. For Example
Active: I read a book.
Passive: A book is read by me.
There are definite rules for converting from active Voice to Passive Voice. But before these
rules, It is necessary to know some basic concepts.
Condition Under Which Conversion from Active Voice to Passive Voice is not
Possible
(A) The sentence in which the main verb is Intransitive can not be converted into Passive voice.
For Example
(i) I read.
(ii). We go.
(iii). They laugh.
(B) The sentences of Future Continuous Tense can not be converted into Passive Voice. For
Example
(C) No Perfect Continuous Tense of any Tense can not be converted into Passive Voice. For
Example
Rules for Conversion from Active Voice to Passive Voice
Rule 1: Interchange of Subject and Object
While changing from the Active Voice to Passive Voice, the Subject is made the Object, and the
Object becomes the Subject in the Passive Voice. Also, 'By' is used before the subject when it is
made the object in the Passive Form. Sometimes 'By' is kept understood or implied also. For
Example.
Active: Ram loves Shyam.
Passive: Shyam is loved by Ram.
Rule 2:

2. While Interchanging the Subject and Object in the Passive Voice, the Articles, Adjectives and
Adjectives Phrases connected with each other are also carried over with them. They are not
separated from the Subject or the Object. For Example
Active: All the children heard an interesting story.
Passive: An interesting story was heard by all the children.
Rule 3
When the pronouns are transferred from the place of Object in the Active Voice to the place of
Subject of Passive Voice, their forms are changed. For Example
(i). I in place of me.
(ii). We in place of Us.
(iii). He in place of him.
(iv). She in place of her.
(v). They in place of them
Note: No change is made in the change of You or It or any Noun. For Example
Active: Mohan hates them.
Passive: They are hated by Mohan.
Rule 4
When the pronouns are transferred from the place of subject in the Active Voice to the place of
Object in the Passive Voice, Their forms are changed. For Example
(i). By me in place of I
(ii). By us in place of We.
(iii). By him in place of He.
(iv). By her in place of She.
(v). By them in place of They.
Note: There is no change in You, It or any Noun, but by is added before them. For Example

3. Active: We love the Child.
Passive: The child is loved by us.
Active: You wrote a letter.
Passive: A letter is written by you.
Rules for Change In Verbs
Rule 5
The following changes are made in the verb -
(i). The main Verb are used in the third Form.
(ii). An Appropriate verb to be ( is, am , are, was, were, be, been, being ) is used before the
Third Form of the main verb According to the Number and Person of the Subject and Tense of
the Verb.
Present Tense
(i). Indefinite Tense
In this Tense, Is, am or Are is used before the third form of the Main Verb according to the
number and person of the Object. Structure of the Verb
Is / am / are + V3 (Third form of Verb) For Example
Active: Ram follows me.
Passive: I am followed by Ram.
(ii) Present Continuous Tense
The Structure of the Verb in this tense. Is / Am / Are + being + V3. For Example.
Active: He is writing a letter.
Passive: A letter is written by him.
Active: Ram is helping me.
Passive: I am being helped by Ram.
(iii) Present Perfect Tense

4. The Structure of the Verb in this Tense is. Has / have + been + V3 For Example.
Active: Mohan has read many books.
Passive: Many books have been read by Mohan.
(B). Past Tense
(i) Simple Past Tense
The structure of the verb in this Tense is. Was / Were + V3 For Example.
Active: He helped me.
Passive: I was helped by him.
Active: Ram wrote a letter.
Passive: A latter is written by Ram.
(ii) Past Continuous Tense
The structure of the verb in this tense is. Was / Were + being + V3 For Example.
Active: Ram was writing a letter.
Passive: A letter was being written by Ram.
Active: Harry was reading a book.
Passive: A book was being reading by harry.
(iii) Past Perfect Tense
The Structure of the verbs in this Tense is Had + Been + For Example.
Active: Ram had read many books.
Passive: Many books had been read by Ram.
Active: Ram had helped me.
Passive: I had been helped by Ram.
(C) Future Tense

5. (i) Future Indefinite
The structure of the verbs in this tense is. Will / shall + Be + V3 For Example.
Active: Shyam will help me.
Passive: I will be helped by Ram.
(ii) Future Perfect Tense
The Structure of verbs in this tense is. Will / Shall + Have Been + V3 For Example.
Active: Ram will have written a letter.
Passive: a letter will have been written by Ram.
Rule 6
In a sentence in which an Auxiliary Verbs can / could / may / might / should / Would are used
with Finite Verbs, they are retain as they are given in the Active Voice, they are followed by Be
+ V3 Structure of the verbs in this tense is. Auxiliary Verbs + V3 For Example.
Active: She should help Sita.
Passive: Sita should be helped by her.
Active: They can help you.
Passive: You can be helped by them.
Rule 7
In some sentence, verbs ' to be ' ( Is , am , Are, was , were ) is followed by Has / Have / Had,
Which are followed by an Infinite ( To + verb ), While converting these sentence into Passive
Voice, Verb ' to be' and ' Has / Have / Had' are retained in the form appropriate to the subject,
after which are used to be +V3 For Example.
Active: She has to help me.
Passive: I have to be helped by her.
Rule 8
Sometimes an intransitive Verbs joined with a Preposition does the work of transitive verb.
Sentences using this type of verb are converted into Passive Voice According to the normal
rules, keeping in mind that the preposition must be retained with the verb. For Example

6. Active: She looks after him.
Passive: He is looked after by her.
Active: They laughed at him.
Passive: He was laughed at by them.
Rule 9
Some sentences have two objects.
Direct Object Or Indirect Object. For Example
She teaches me grammer.
Here "grammer' is Direct Object and me is Indirect Object.
While converting such sentences into Passive Voice, The Indirect Object should be used as
Subject. For Example
Active: I shall give you necessary help.
Passive: You will be given necessary help.
Note Sometimes, Direct Object can also be used as a Subject in the Passive Voice. For Example
Active: He teaches me Hindi.
Passive: I am taught Hindi by him.
Rule 10
Some sentences containing Double Object begin with Let in the Active Voice. In Passive Voice
also these sentences begin with Let , and the Direct Object is used as the Subject. Also, Be
should be used before the third form of the verb. For Example.
Active: Let him bring a glass of water.
Passive: Let a glass of water be brought by him.
Conversion of Imperative sentences into Passive Voice
Rule 11

7. If the Imperative sentence carries the sense of Order or Command, Its Passive Voice should
begin with Let, and be should be used before the third form of the verb. For Example
Active: Shut the door.
Passive: Let the door be shut.
Active: Bring the pen.
Passive: Let the pen be brought.
Rule 12
If the Imperative sentence carries the request of advice, should be used before the third form of
the Verb. These sentences do not begin with Let. For Example
Active: Love Your country.
Passive: Your country should be loved by you.
Rule 13
If the Imperative sentence is negative, the Passive voice should have Let not in place of Do
not. Also, after the subject be + Third form of the verb should be used.
Active: Do not beat the Child.
Passive: Let not the child be beaten.
Conversion of negative sentences into passive Voice
Rule 14
Nagative sentences are converted into Passive Voice just like the Affirmative Sentences. Not is
retain at its normal position. For Example
Active: The baby was not hitting a toy.
Passive: A toy was not being hit by the baby.
Active: This boy cannot lift the box.
Passive: The box cannot be lift by this boy.
Conversion of Interrogative Sentences Into Passive Voice

8. Rule 15
If the Interrogative sentences begin with the helping verb ( do, does, did, is, was, were, are, am,
has, have, had ), The passive voice also begin with the Helping Verb, but the form of the Helping
Verb changes according to the new subject in the Passive Voice. For Example
(i). Has, Have, had take been before the third form of the verb.
(ii) Interrogative sentences beginning with an Interrogative pronoun / Adverb ( Who, What ,
Whom etc...) begin in the Passive Voice with By whom or By With What. For Example
Active: Has he killed the dog. ?
Passive: Has the dog been killed by him ?
Some Other Structures
Rule 16
Usually By is used before the Object in the Passive Voice. But there are some verbs on account
of which some other Preposition are used befor e the Object in place of By.
(i). 'at' is used after- Shocked, Surprised, astonished, alarmed, disappointed, displeased, distress.
(ii). 'To' is used after - Obliged, Known
(iii). 'With' is used after - Pleased, disgusted, impressed, Satisfied.
(iv). 'In' is used after - Consisted, contained, interested.
For Example
Active: Her behaviour disappointed me.
Passive: I was disappointed at her behaviour.
Active: This Job interests me.
Passive: I was interested in this job.
Rule 17
Some sentence begin with ' There' followed by Verb + Subject + Infinitive. No change is made
in such sentence in the Passive Voice that the Simple Present Infinitive is changed into the Past
Infinitive ( To be + Past Participle). The rest of the sentence remains unchanged. For Example
Active: There is no milk to waste.

9. Passive: There is no milk to be wasted.
Rule 18
In some sentences Infinitive without ' to ' is used. For Example.
Active: I made him run away.
Passive: he was made to run away.
In sentences of this pattern normal Rules are applied for conversion into Passive Voice. with one
more provision. that Infinitive without 'to' is used in place of Infinitive without ' to'. The structure
of the main verb would be - to be + Past Participle.
Active: We saw him jump the ditch.
Passive: He was seen to jump the ditch.
Note: It may be noted here that ' to' is not used after ' let' even in the Passive Voice.
Rule 19
In some sentences that + a noun clause is used after the principle clause, and this Noun Clause
is the Object of the Transitive Verb in the Principle Clause. Some Special care has to be taken in
converting such sentences into the Passive Voice. In such sentences no Passive Voice is made of
the Principle Clause, only its sentence is expressed in some way. Then the noun clause is
changed into the Passive Voice according to the normal rules. In such sentences, we don't usually
use By + Object. For Example
Active: We know that he is a great scholar.
Passive: He is known to be a great scholar.
Note The verb after which a Noun Clause can be used as the object are these.Think, Consider,
Believe, say, Know, Find, Claim, find, report, hold, etc...
Rule 20
Sometimes in the sentences of the above pattern, the noun clause is already in the Passive Voice.
For Example
Active: He wants that he should be recognized as a great scholar.
In converting such sentences into passive voice, the principle clause is retained unchanged. That
+ Subject + Verb of the noun clause are removed. After the verb of the Principle Clause we
should use to be + third form of the verb of the noun clause.

10. Passive: He wants to be recognized as a great scholar.
Active: He desires that he should be respected by all.
Passive: He desires to be respected by all.