1. Applying International Standards in Building
Smart Cities:
GS1, bSI/OGC, and Schema.org
Daeyoung Kim
December 11, 2020
Professor, School of Computing, KAIST
Director, Auto-ID Labs, KAIST
• kimd@kaist.ac.kr, http://oliot.org, http://autoidlab.kaist.ac.kr, http://resl.kaist.ac.kr, http://autoidlabs.org, http://gs1.org
2. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 2
Auto-ID Labs at KAIST
Professor, School of Computing, KAIST
Director, Auto-ID Labs, KAIST (Daejeon and Seoul)
Director, Data Engineering and Analytics Laboratory (Daejeon)
Board Member, GS1 Korea
Founding and Board member, Urban Technology Alliance (Geneva, Switzerland)
Member, Open Data Strategy Council of Korea
Assistance Planner(Data Platform), Busan Eco Delta City national smart city project
5. 2013 – WEF Global Agenda Council on Oceans
--> traceability identified as a key to sustainable management of oceans
2015 – Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation funds WWF & IFT-GFTC
--> start of work to launch the Global Dialogue on Seafood Traceability
6. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 6
Why we need global seafood traceability systems?
Safety [1]
http://www.fsis.go.kr/front/api/totalView.do?cnts_id=24800&title=%EC%97%B0%EC%96%B4&select_list_no=3
7. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 7
Why we need global seafood traceability systems?
Regulations [2]
https://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/cfp/illegal_fishing_en
http://www.iuuwatch.eu/
8. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 8
Why we need global seafood traceability systems?
Regulations [2]
9. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 9
Why we need global seafood traceability systems?
Protection [3]
The certifications require at least 50% mangrove cover per
farm. Farmers can then sell certified shrimp to the Minh
Phu Seafood Corporation at a premium price.
https://www.worldwildlife.org/magazine/issues/summer-
2018/articles/saving-mangroves
10. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 10
Why we need global seafood traceability systems?
Certifications [4]
• Wild, traceable, sustainable
• Has been independently assessed
and certified for the impact on
wild fish population
• The product comes from farms working
towards environmental sustainability and
social responsibilities
• These farms deliver cleaner seabeds,
cleaner water, healthier fish, and preserve
the diversity of the species and wild
population
Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)
Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC)
https://www.msc.org/kr/about-the-msc/is-seafood-with-the-MSC-label-really-
sustainable
11. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 11
Why we need global seafood traceability systems?
Human Rights [5]
12. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 12
Why we need global seafood traceability systems?
Brand Power [6]
https://www.genovaseafood.com/trace/6P56X-AS4EP
https://sustainablebrands.com/read/organizational-change/eicc-cross-industry-
initiative-aims-to-eliminate-forced-labor-in-global-supply-chains
2017
13. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 13
수산물 이력 추적 개념 (WWF SASSAI)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKi5c3qdZY8
14. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 14
Global Dialogue
WWF and Global Food Traceability Center, IFT (Institute of Food Technologies)
15. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 15
Global Dialogue Trackathon
Auto-ID Labs, KAIST is a DAG(Dialogue Advisory Group) member
16. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 16
The same from seafood industry to
smart city !
17. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 17
Various Subjects and Definitions of
Smart Cities
Division Definition
Ministry of
Land,
Infrastructure
and Transport
Future city that utilizes cutting-edge ICT for all urban resources
such as human resources, environment, energy, transportation, and
urban infrastructure to realize continuous economic development
and quality of life
ITU Smart Sustainable City is an innovative city that uses ICT to
improve the quality of life, the effectiveness of city operations
and services, and competitiveness. This ensures the needs of
present and future generations in economic, social, environmental
and cultural aspects.
IBM A city that can collect, analyze, and integrate information using ICT,
which is the key to the core system to operate the city.
Hall(2000) A city that monitors and integrates conditions of all of its critical
infrastructures, including roads, bridges, tunnels, rails, subways,
airports, seaports, communications, water, power, even major
buildings, can better optimize its resources, plan its preventive
maintenance activities, and monitor security aspects while
maximizing services to its citizens
Smart Cities
Council
City using IT and ICT to improve livability, workability and
sustainability
The Definitions of Smart Cities
※Source : ITU, World and cities (The Seoul Institute, 2015)
18. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 18
Smart City Services
Traditional city Smart city
Infra-
structure
2-dimensional
city
3-dimensitional
city
Segmented Organic
Operation Mechanical Creative
Controlled Self-organized
Services City-centered Citizen-centered
Process-based Data-based
Traditional City
+ Data
+ Cloud Services
+ AI/Deep Learning
Services
Transport
/Logistics
• Intelligent Safety Management System for
subway/rail/bus
• Smart Crosswalk
• Autonomous Car / Smart Parking
• Traffic Information Collection and Bypass
Road Guidance
• Traffic/Cargo Traceability
Environment • Air Quality Management System
• Subway Vent Management System
• Smart City-Environment Management System
Energy • Smart Building Energy Save System
• Electric Car Charging Station
• Smart Store Energy Management
Safety • Smartcity Disaster Prevention System
• Safe Driving Alert System
• Smart anti-kids-lost services
• Smart Traffic Safety Services in School Zones
• Socially Underprivileged Security Services
Healthcare • Medicines and Medical Devices Management
System
Food
Services
• Food Safety Systems
• Disclosure / Tracking / Recall Service
Smart City Services
Smart City
19. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 19
Barcelona
• Barcelona Smart City
• Create an ecosystem that industry and academia cooperate under the shared value
• Open various city public data ➔ Drive development of creative smart city services
• Operate data-driven City OS platform
• Based on IoT platforms
20. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 20
Chinese Smart Cities Platforms (BAT)
Alibaba
CityBrain
Tencent
WeCity
21. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 21
Korean Smart City Projects
Sejong
Busan
Daegu
Siheung
24. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 24
Legacy City Platforms Fragmented in Silos
More than several hundreds of
heterogeneous platforms in a single
Korean city
Source: Verizon. Smart Cities Solutions, 2014.
25. Manufacturing Data
(Parts, Factory,
Manufacturing date)
Korea, Busan Bus Spain, Santander Bus
Registration/
Inspection Data
(VIN, Plate Number,
Reg. Number, Owner,
Inspection Data)
Sensor Data
(Location, Speed,
RPM)
Accident Record
Data
(Date, Location,
Damages)
Arrival
Estimation
Service
Traceability
Service
Recall
Service
Nearby
School
Service
Advertise-
ment
Service
26. Seoul
Busan
In
In Korea, 50 number of Bus Line #100, Three bus stops of ID 43030
Local and non-standard Identification System, API, and Data format/contents
1. Data Sharing
(Data Hub)
27. QR code carries a single service
Through URL
Needs Scalability
2. Service Sharing
(Service Hub)
28. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 28
How GS1 standards help integrating city platforms
in perspectives of both data and services
City Legacy Platforms
GS1 Standards
Smart City Services
Fragmented data and services
Interoperable and integrated data and services
Insights and new services
29. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 29
Humanitarian
Logistics
Provides Data and Service Sharing
Framework for various
Industry Domains
“Smart City” and “Internet of Things”
where people and things live together
“Internet of Things
in Data and Service Perspectives＂
30. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 30
GS1, The Global Language of Business
GS1 is the non-profit organization which
• Provides the common foundation (standards) for business by uniquely identifying, accurately capturing, and
automatically sharing vital information about products, locations, and assets
• Enables visibility through the exchange of authentic data
• Empowers business to grow and to improve efficiency, safety, security, and sustainability, Using
• Consists of 115 Member Organizations and 170 countries, and more than 2 millions companies and organizations
• In 1999, the Internet of Things term is coined by Kevin Ashton of Auto-ID Labs
32. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 32
Identify, Capture, Share, Use
GS1 Philosophy and Internet of Things
33. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 33
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC31 Adopts GS1 Standards for Applications
and Automatic Identification and Data Capturing
• ISO Application Standards
that refers GS1 Standards
• GS1 Components ⇔ ISO/IEC Standard
34. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 34
GS1 Company Prefix for Identifying Companies
and Organizations (e.g., Cities)
• Globally unique GS1 company prefixes are allocated to each company
and organization
• GS1 Company Prefix = GS1 Prefix + Company No
• With GS1 Company Prefix, companies and organizations could use
various GS1 Keys such as GTIN, GRAI, GIAI, GLN, GSRN, etc
GS1 ID Key
Company Prefix
X X (X)* X X X (X)* X X X X X (X)*
GS1 Prefix
Assigned by Global
GS1 Office
* length: 2-3
Company No.
Assigned by GS1 MO
* length: variable
Reference No.
Class level number for
Internet objects,
products, people,
places, and services
* length: variable
X X X X X X X X X (X)*
Serial / Extension No.
Instance level number for Internet objects,
products, people, places, and services
* length: variable
• A GTIN is a unique number that identifies any pre-defined trade item
35. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 35
GS1 ID Types and Usage Scenario
(Smart Cities Resource Identifier)
Volkswagen Models (GTIN)
AVIS Rental Cars (GRAI)
AVIS Shuttle Bus (GIAI) AVIS Contract Documents (GDTI)
AVIS Employees and Customers (GSRN)
AVIS Rental Office (GLN)
Automotive Components (CPID)
AVIS Coupon (GCN)
Pallet / Box (SSCC)
Manual Books (ISBN)
Shipping (GSIN)
Consignment (GINC)
36. Bali Museum:
GLN (Global Location Number)
Sacred Monkey Forest Sanctuary:
GLN
Train:
GIAI (Global Individual
Asset Identifier)
Bajra Sandhi Monument:
GLN (Global Location Number)
Waterbom Bali Discount Ticket:
GCN (Global Coupon Number)
Bikago rental bike:
GRAI (Global Returnable Asset Identifier)
Seminyak Shopping:
GTIN (Global Trade
Item Number)
Shrimp:
GTIN (Global Trade Item Number)
37. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 37
GS1 Company Prefix
for Identifying Smart City Resources
880 + Siheung
880 + Busan
880 + Daejeon
City Service (GTIN, Charging Service) Sharable Bike (GRAI)
Patients, Nurses (GSRN)
Bus, Metro (GIAI) Bus Stop, Hospital, City Hall, etc.(SGLN)
Vehicles Registration/Inspection(GDTI)
880 + Songpa-gu(Seoul)
38. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 38
GS1 CBV and EPCIS
Vocabularies, Documents, and Share
urn:epcglobal:cbv:bizstep:receiving (vocabulary, verb)
urn:epcglobal:cbv:disp:damaged (vocabulary, adjective)
39. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 39
GS1 EPCIS Document Example
When?
Vocabularies
Identifiers
GS1 EPCIS document (lifetime of vaccines)
What
Why?
Where?
40. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 40
GS1 Digital Link + ONS (Object Naming Service)
Remote Diagnostics
Object Name Service
(ONS)
manual
html
epcis
…
Reservations
42. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 42
[Retail]
Alibaba & Amazon mandate the use of GS1
• 2016 : Alibaba announced that it will apply GS1
standards to all its platforms:
• Recommends GTIN for products sold on Alibaba
• Participates in GS1 GDSN pool
• 2016 : Amazon starts to verify product authenticity
by utilizing GS1 codes (GTIN)
43. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 43
[Food Service]
Food Safety Systems by EU, US, and China
Incorrect Label
Disclosure / Tracking
Authenticity
Recall Service
Foods
US & EU Food Bills:
• US Bioterrorism Act
• US Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA)
• EU Food Law (EC) 178/2002
• EU Food Regulation EU 1169
• EU General Product Safety Directive (GPSD)
to be replaced soon by a new EU Product
Safety Regulation
• Safe Foods for Canadians Act
• China enacted the enhanced Food Safety Act (2015)
‐ Strict management and supervision system at all
stages including production, distribution and sales
‐ Establishment of food criminal fines and other
penal regulations
‐ Investment of dozens of trillion won in Zhuhai city
to form food cluster
• GS1-based food safety system development and
demonstration (2011-present)
‐ Auto-ID Labs, Fudan university, CFDA, National Food
Safety Institute
‐ 17 Pilot Services
‐ Food cluster business in Zhuhai city, China
‐ Scheduled to run around 2020
44. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 44
[Healthcare] Medicines and Medical Devices
• The US FDA announced in September 2013 that it would apply a global identification code
system for all medical devices.
• Accordingly, the GS1 / FDA Unique Device Identifier (UDI) identifier should be applied to all
devices of the medical device manufacturer, both human readable and in Auto-ID format.
• More than 500,000 medical device information is currently stored in GS1 / FDA's Global UDI
Database (GUDID), of which 90% use GS1 Unique Identifier (GTIN).
45. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 45
• In order to improve railway safety and logistics, European countries have begun to
apply the GS1 Railway system
(Sweden, Switzerland, Norway, Finland, ...)
(Australia, India also start to apply)
[Transport and Logistics]
Internet of Trains (GS1 Railway ETCS)
Life of a Train
46. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 46
[Transport and Logistics] Internet of Ships and
Air cargo & Traceability
✓ GS1, the world's 10
largest ports, and
global shipping
companies have
launched new
standards for port
logistics innovation.
(2016)
✓ Use GS1 format to
unify the Port Calls
and share event data
via GS1 EPCIS
Making air cargo easier,
smarter and faster
✓ GS1, IATA, and airlines
have launched a new
standard for
innovation in aviation
logistics systems
(2016)
47. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 47
6 Continents, 103 countries, 1159 Cities,
14,205 Organizations/Companies/Individuals
2020.10.21.
(2014) June 25 (Oliot 1.0)
(2016) (Oliot 1.2)
(2021) (Oliot 2.0))
Oliot Open Source Project (KAIST)
Data & Service Sharing Platform, Apache License
50. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 50
ISO TC211 WG7 (ISO 19160)
Korean project to map postal address to GS1 GLN !
Source: ISO 19160 - Addressing, Antony Cooper 2010
51. (1) Data Integration
- Identifiers of Buildings,
Parks, Places –
(2) Service Discovery and Access
- Identifiers of Buildings,
Parks, Places –
- -
Digital Twin Infrastructure for
SmartCities
Smart City
An Efficient Management of City
Resources
53. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 53
Korean Postal Address Systems
GS1 SGLN Encoding System Development
Road Name Address National Point Numbers
Road Name Address(2014)
- Street Address
National Point Numbers(2013) IoT Address(2018)
IoT Address
https://www.juso.go.kr/openEngPage.do
54. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 54
Korean Postal Address Systems
Road Name (Street) Address
Postal Address
대전광역시 유성구 대학로291번길 22, KI 빌딩 D304 (KI building D304, 22 Daehakro291bungil, Yousung,
Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Domestic Code GS1 Company Prefix: 968822(Daejeon) Class : 100 City code : 30200 Street code : 3167083)
GS1 128 format
URN format
Digital Link
format
AI: GLN
Country GS1 City Code Class
C
/
S
AI: GLN
Extension
City Code Street Code
Buil
ding
t
y
p
e
Detail code
8 8 0 9 6 8 8 2 2 1 0 0 2 3 0 2 0 0 3 1 6 7 0 8 3 2 2 c D 3 0 4
(414)8809688221002(254)30200316708322cD304
AI
GLN
CountryDaejeon City
Class
Street
address
Street
code
Bui
ldi
ng
Ty
pe
Detail
code
c/s
urn:epc:id:sgln:880.968822.100.30200316708322cD304
URN
NAME
SPACE
URN
RFC5134
CountryDaejong City
Class
Street Address
Street
Code
Build
ing
ty
pe
Detail code
https://link.onsepc.kr/gln/8809688221002/glnx/30200316708322cD304
AI: GLN AI: GLN extension
AI (Application Identifier)
55. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 55
More than 10M Address Verified and Served
(GS1GEO DB, Address/GPS/GLN mapping)
57. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 57
GS1 Smart City Services Provisioning
GS1 Digital Link GS1 ONS 2.0 (Object Name Service)
GS1 Scanner Applications (Android,
ios)
link.onsepc.kr
(GS1 Digital Link + GS1 ONS)
Digital Link encoded in QR, Data
Matrix, etc.
Provide services from single
organization
GS1 codes encoded in QR code, Barcode,
Datamatrix, RFID, Bluetooth Beacon,
WiFi AP, Video, and etc.
Digital Link to ONS hub encoded in QR,
Data Matrix, etc.
Provide services from multiple
organizations
ONS Application ONS Client
ONS Peer Roots
Federated ONS Infrastructure
(2)
(4)
(6) (7)
GS1 ID keys
AUS FQDN
FQDN Query
NAPTR Records
(3)
GS1 ID key AUS
(1)
Local caching
nameserver
(5)
AUS
(4)
Service list
Service Server
(9)
(8)
Server for
Service Type
http://link.onspec.kr/414/8800
026920137
58. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 58
Seokchon Lake Park
surrounding the Lotte World Tower in Seoul
59. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 59
Smart City Services Hub Platform
- Seokchon Lake Park, and so on
국제표준 QR
2019년 12월 서울 송파구 구축완료
KAIST GS1 Genie App. (바코드, QR, 블루투스, WiFi)
카메라앱, 카카오톡등 QR 리더 앱(QR)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0ubIUQZm2I
60. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 60
Siheung National Pilot Smart
City
25149
한국산업기술대학
25228
정왕시장/도서
관
25918
시화터미널
GS1 Genie App.
기본카메라의
QR 코드 스캔을
통해 다운로드
가능합니다.
link.onsepc.kr
link.onsepc.kr
link.onsepc.kr
link.onspec.kr QR을 스캔해보세요
64. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 64
FIWARE Collaboration
ILVO RESEARCH FARM
https://www.fiware.org/news/interoperability-of-fiware-
and-gs1-standards-boosts-innovation-in-the-iot-space
65. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 65
Web data + Industry data + Geospatial data
[schema.org + GS1 + BIM/GIS]
• TrainStation - schema.org - https://schema.org/TrainStation
• Rail Standards | GS1 - https://www.gs1.org/…/technical-industr…/rail/rail-standards
• IFC Rail - buildingSMART International - https://www.buildingsmart.org/ifc-rail-
candidate-standard-…/
Schema.org, GS1, BIM have common identifier of GS1 GLN(Global Location Number)
70. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 70
BIM towards Digital Twin
71. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 71
GS1 and bSI collaborations
76. © Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST
Slide 76
Industry Outreach
Oliot Foundation (2021)
https://autoidlab.kaist.ac.kr/
