Not sure if it's all accurate so double check y'all

1. 1. How has the rise of open data
contributed to the proliferation of data
journalism?
• Cheaper to make stories, effective, data evidence builds trust with
public
• Journalists- gain more trust, avoid being biased
• Public- receive quantitative evidence( can take own
conclusions),receive knowledge from investigative journalism.
• The Calais migrant article released by the guardian shows number of
refugees in each part of france and how many of them there actually
are who don’t have space in the refugee locations offered by france as
Calais camp is closing.
• Also the guardian also released an article about the European struggle
with refugees and the increasing number of asylum applicants. Bar
and line graphs show an increase in number of asylum seekers per
100,000 in each European country, Hungary , Sweden and Austria
being the highest on this list.
HOW IS THIS BAD FOR JOURNALISTS?
- They now have to also know to narrow down data
- Increasingly more responsibilities, multimedia and now data.

2. 1. How has the rise of open data contributed to the
proliferation of data journalism?
The rise of open data has contributed to the proliferation of data journalism to a large extent by doing
the following things: allowing journalists to produce believable, evidence based, quantitative content
particular ideas which may be presented. Trust between journalists and the audience could essentially
be built in that way.
For example, in The Clais migrant article produced by The Guardian, the investigative piece is shown to
be more believable when using graphs and numbers reflecting on the number of migrants in each camp
of france and the numbers which could essentially be homeless due to the lack of space and to the
closing down of the camp in Calais.
The guardian has also released an article of the European struggle with welcoming refugees due to the
high number of individuals. A line graph even shows the increase in asylum seekers per 100,000 in Each
European country with Hungary, Sweden and Austria being the highest on this list. This type of data is
more time consuming but effective and investigative. This is a good balance for today’s journalism
because there is a lot of native advertising and churnalism seen in areas such as Buzz Feed, Lad Bible
and even The independent.
What could be bad however is that Journalists can’t access all data and their responsabilities have
already changed from the idea of traditional journalism that once was what defined their job. Now they
have to narrow down data and do the math, create graphs and be investigative on a whole other level
which increases the demands and stress of a journalist.

3. 2. What is native advertising? Is it journalism?
• Native advertising is news/article/content which looks like
journalism but is in fact promoting a place, event or product.
• EXAMPLE- BUZZFEED 10 Top Places to visit for music- Trip
Advisor sponsored article.- proliferated on Social Media.
• It could be educational, could allow funding for better
journalism. The money could also be used for more investigative
content.
• Newsgroups could allocate money from n. advertising, make it
useful. In the modern world, their relationship is symbiotic.
• 15 of the best bands to come from college campuses –
sponsored by Spotify
• In a way this could be called infotainment and that it is
informative, entertaining an fun to read however is it real
journalism, does it undermined journalism or does it just mean
that the future modern journalism would have to rely on native
advertising for sponsorship as print declines increasingly more
and audiences seek free information through online platforms.

4. Native advertising is news/article/content which looks like journalism but is in fact promoting a place, event or
product. This could be seen in BUZZFEED quite a lot as it is a more independent online journalism/ media page
which offers content for free and tries to make its audience as intrigued as possible.10 Top Places to visit for
music for example was a Trip Advisor sponsored article featured on Buzzfeed a while ago- proliferated on Social
Media. This is interesting and essentially informative for some people but to an extent some could argue that it
is dishonest as all it does is It focuses on bringing more attention to the Trip advisor website. Promoting that
business. This could result in this sort of trap for audiences through clickbaits and an obsession with newsroom
metrics determining the quality of work done by a journalist through the count of likes, shares , tweets and
followers.
• 15 of the best bands to come from college campuses – sponsored by Spotify
• In a way this could be called infotainment and that it is informative, entertaining an fun to read however is it
real journalism, does it undermined journalism or does it just mean that the future modern journalism
would have to rely on native advertising for sponsorship as print declines increasingly more and audiences
seek free information through online platforms.
• Therefore Newsgroups could allocate money from n. advertising, make it useful. In the modern world, their
relationship is symbiotic.
• They could use the money towards informative news also to create a balance between native advertising
journalism and watchdog journalism which is essential for a democratic society also and a less ignorant one
too.

5. 3.Why does British Colonial history
matter for how journalists in Britain
create news today?
• The compromised and territories dominated by the British Empire. “The
British began to establish overseas colonies in the 16th century. By 1783Britain had a large
empire”.
• Democratic news, different sides
• Immigrants, wars and disputes ( there should be some more stories
discussing history and how Britain has come to the point it is at now.)
• Article by the Independent revealed that 4 in 10 Birtons viewed the
British Empire as a good thing and 1 in 5 take the opposite view.
• Teachers quoting that knowing good and bad of the coloniam history of
Britain could be essential and important in today’s society.
• The wealth of the British Empire had a lot to do with
exploiting people overseas, according to Professor Jackson.
“The basis of empire is that you rule other people, you deny
them independence, you exploit their labour and resources
• Could affect democracy positively as there has been change and
England is different now .
• Could also mean that

7. 4. How do you think the media can fulfil their role as a
“fourth esta”?
• Fourth estate is news journalism
• Changes of fourth estate- the press
is not as free as it should be
,politicians will cover up
• Advertising undermines the
meaning and ethics of journalism.
• Journalists have the power to
change things: Daniel Allsberg for
example, exposed the government
in the 60’s about the Vietnam war.

9. 5.How does the quest for
profit affect the quality and
practices of print
journalism?
• Oligopolies- a state of limited competition
market shared by smaller nr of
producers/sellers.- E.g. Murdoch can impose
own viewpoints and smaller companies under
his rule have not much to say.
• More print had to move online- public
satisfaction= churnalism which is free and
covers the need for content.
• There should be less advertising in print ,
native advertising also.
• The quest for profit is also because
investigative journalism is more expensive.
• Consequently less real news.
• Loss of values – phone hacking scandal.

11. 6.What is community
media? What are some
of the benefits and
challenges of making
community media
today?
• Group of people with a shared interest- sexuality ,
religion, region, beliefs.
• More catered news- easier to reach audiences as
journalists know exactly what they may want.
• Challenge of money as news has to be especially
catered around a specific need from the audience.
• Demographic which It may concern- E.g. Thrasher,
Climbers magazine and Writers Digest.
• Maybe profits from native advertising would also
be increasingly smaller as not all advertisers would
want to sponsor a magazine which is very specific.
E.g. A consmetics organisation is more likely to
sponsor a Fashion magazine rather than a magazine
like Thrasher whose main focus is not beauty. Also,
a travelling agency would be more likely to promote
their locations and services through a travel or
National Geographic type magazines.

13. 7.What has caused
the concentration of
ownership in news
media? What are
some of the
consequences of
media concentration?
• Ownership- E.g. Murdoch undermines independence
as al owned company share same ideas on all
different platforms. Are likely to persuade audiences
of one thing as audience sees it published in so many
different platforms.
• Disney buys Lucas Film. Disney is at the top of the
hierarchy. Film and television production company
which also contributed to the creation and
production of Star wars.
• The issue we are faced with when the concentration
of media ownership is shown in this light is that there
is a high obsession with power, companies seek
profits and sell themselves to bigger organisations
possibly for better funding or advertisement but also
for getting more paid. What they forget is that when
another company owns you they also control what
you do, what you can publish, include etc. Therefore
you detach yourself rom your own ethics.

15. 8.How has Facebook affected
news production? Do you
think this is beneficial for
journalism?
• Instant news, could proliferate news quickly+ allows public to contribute with
opinions and ideas, there are open forums, comment sections as much as sharing
options which allow people to distribute and comment on content.
• Clickbaits- are very often seen through sensationalised titles which grasp the
attention of the viewers. This Promotes online journalism and entrepreneurial
journalism ( meaning that just about anyone can do it) This could however be quite
scary as there is a chance of false news circulating on online platforms.
The positive aspects are that news could now be international and could have a global
reach. Proliferated so widely they can reach just about anyone with a social media
account despite what their social status/financial status may be.
1.79 billion monthly active users globally, this beats Instagram which is at 500 million
and twitter at 300 million.
Political impact- Donald Trump has become a sensationalised celebrity on the internet
world wide, nobody believing that he would ever become president, videos circulating
from news pages such as the Independent shared by students and parents and people
of all backgrounds, videos on Ladbible becoming jokes and memes and eventually the
free advertisement which Mr Trump received has turned him into the next president.
Could be the future of journalism, more native advertisement and infotainment taking
over but that doesn’t necessarily mean that there won’t be a balance, certainly the
techniques may remain the same, the click baits and sensationalism but there may be
investigative journalism sponsored by native advertisers.

17. 9. How might journalism in the West work to
produce news stories from Non-Western
perspectives?• Aljazeera Media for example, explores and focuses on eastern
news as well as some European news too, they give platforms to
the voiceless and they proliferate their news through various
platforms such as broadcast, and online.
• Cover more global issues-news companies should take
advantage of platforms like the internet and social media to
proliferate global news to a variety of audiences. Prioritise
global news more in the page count on print media also , page 3
is vital, so is 5 and 7 and if the right hand pages were used for
some global news more, the public would inevitably pay more
attention
• Divide news into global and local but make sure to give equally
enough space for both.
• What I have observed for example is that on the guardian web
page, the world news are located halfway on the home page,
meaning you would have to scroll down quite a bit to come to
this. There one could see news about the USA, some on Syria an
Yemen, Gambia and New Zeeland from the last search I’ve
made. This would be increasingly more effective if it came
second to british news as it is so low on the page that it comes
after Opinion and Sport.

19. 10.Why has public trust in
journalists declines in the recent
years? How might the profession
regain this trust?
• Native advertising and churnalism causes mistrust
• Also the breaching of law, such as in the case of the phone hacking in
the sun scandal, which brought the newspaper to court and
embarrassed them quite publicly
• Not the only time The sun messed up as they have done in 1989 after
the Liverpool football disaster where a news article entitled The Truth,
was released and talked about fans urinating on the dead victims and
pickpocketing them. This is entirely disturbing to those who were there
especially when this allegedly didn’t happen and when the press was
not there to see this themselves but reported on lies anyway. What has
happened is basically that Liverpool supporters and locals refuse to buy
the newspaper and this does in some way show some regional decline
in the selling of this paper, but also reflects on the mistrust of
journalists when the wrong thing is done and when no apology can
take this back.
• Misleading news/ opinion based
• The ethics of journalism has changed, journalists how almost the same
if not more power than politicians in the world today. Not as
submissive as they once were.
• Need for more investigative news
• Be on the side of the right people

21. 11.What are metrics? What are some of
the challenges that the rise of metrics
presents for “quantified journalists”
today?
• Metrics is used to analyse news journalism+ carry audience
surveys to help the publishers build more data about data
content strategies.
• Quantified data being used all the time make journalists lose
their ethics and sense of their job, the who, what , where and
when may offer a pattern but however cannot express how
audiences feel about the content exactly.
• Nr of likes, clicks, growth and followers.
• Toxicity of instant gratification in the newsroom make
journalists lose sense of the meaning of their job.- ( Metrics
in the newsroom) what happened to ethics?
• David Carr, NY Times “reporters are bad with math” it isn’t
their job to take care of this.
• Clickbaits- Buzzfeed ( future of journalism)- sensationalism for
more likes and shares.
• Source of stress for journalists.

23. 12. What are the key features
of political economy theory
as applied to media and
journalism?
• the idea that economy could influence social aspects. Political
leaders could use journalism and other platforms of news
proliferation such as the internet and social media to spin stories
in their favour, influence perception and essentially have an affect
on the spending of individuals.
• audiences will support and devote to a certain political group,
ideas or political leaders therefore will support certain
newspapers, keep buying them, sponsoring and clicking on the
articles online
• Essentially, concerning media, power and control
• this can influence perception which affects how people spend or do
• This can alter society
• Politicians could make themselves appear better to the public, using journalists to do so as they
have done in previous years
• Online platforms such as social media like Facebook also impacts the view of politicians
• Marx, the bourgeoisie and proletariat

25. 13.How does the media focus on the
process of politics over policy? What
are the consequences?
• The Downing Street Press Secretary  advisor to the Prime
minister of UK on news media and how to manage the image of
the British gov.
• That is also where journalists acquire info on politicians & the
British gov.
• Journalists may choose to spin stories in whatever way they may
wish meaning that as a result: politicians may be taken less
seriously.
• Sometimes, journalists may choose to publicly target
political leaders / during debates. An example could be
Nick Robinson V Nigel Farage May 2014 where a
journalist has taken a public interview of the political
leader asking spontaneous questions on the use of
public money.
• Both lose truthful appearance to the public.
• Media has a sensationalist/opinionated element to it which could
affect factors such as elections & political decisions of this sort. Eg.
Brexit, Trump being elected etc.

27. 14.What are some alternative economic/ ownership
structures that media outlets can develop?
• Media ownership – hierarchy
• Murdoch owns largest global media holding company
News Corporation
• 2nd worlds largest media conglomerate
• Oligopoly is dominating right now and this is
poisonous for journalism
• Community media can break away from current
economic models
• 1st I’ll say why it's necessary to have alternative
ownership structures.
• Structure at the moment shows editor, appointed by
external businessman,
• They calls most shots and determine direction of media
outlet
EXAMPLES:
-Media co-op (Canada) has a democratically elected board. Anyone can contribute, editors decide what
gets featured.
They're sustained by follower donations and a bi-monthly Magazine
YouTube and Twitch networks, Sustained by ads and sponsorships. Every 10,000 or so views nets you a
few bucks, and sponsors pay you per video, apart from fan donations.
Social movements are another type of media, Greenpeace and WITNESS usually publish videos from their
followers and are sustained by donations. Most if not all their content is done by volunteers.
Free newspapers sustained by ads and amateur (ham) radio operators are another example.
• NME is a British Music Journalism magazine , first
published in 1952.
• It’s owned by Time Inc.
• Online since 1996
• Became biggest music site with 7 million users per
month.
• Newsstand sales fell in UK magazine sector
therefore the magazine was relaunched in 2015
• Multimedia Platform organisation, radio, online,
print &TV.
• Time Inc UK called the move “the latest stage in its
evolution as an audience-first global media
business” alongside its NME.COM website.
• Mike Williams, NME editor: “With this
transformation we’ll be bigger, stronger and more
influential than ever before.”
• Money made through monthly subscriptions,
advertisements and sponsorships and merch sales.

29. 15. Is investigative journalism in
crisis? What might be done to
strengthen investigative
journalism in the future?
• Requires research and time
• Therefore less media companies
wanna do it
• Profit oriented companies rather than
focused on the actual news
• Click baits/ like and follower
obsessed, metrics in the newsrooms
and native advertisement
• To strengthen? – could use sponsors
from native advertisement towards
improving investigative journalism
• And could also use online platforms
as cheap way to share and proliferate
information and content whilst
improving the quality of information
shared

31. 16. Is “infotainment”
dumbing down public
debate/opening it up to a
wider audience?
• Infotainment is material which can entertain
and inform audience at the same time.
• Pros- public can relate and can have fun
watching or reading
• Quick and easy to understand is the future of
journalism – brings a new meaning and shows
positive change from traditional journalism to
this.
• John Oliver does this through his YouTube
channel, where he discusses news and offers
critiques and opinions through an
entertaining voice.
• BuzzFeed and Vice also do this through their
own platform which is entertaining and easy
to understand.
• Cons- people would only want infotaiment,
dumbed down articles which would be harder
to adapt into when it comes to serious news
which needs to reach the public.

32. 17. How would you describe the
current state relations between
journalism and public relations?
• Journalism- focuses on reporting, informing +
representing the public
• PR- maintains public image of a company/
organisation or famous individuals.
• Symbiotic relationship- always depended on one
another+ powerful allies
• PR= £10 billion industry -> PR generated surveys and
polls in print save journalists time and also money,
therefore PR is needed for journalism-> churnalism
reduces journalists to poorer journalism.
• More native advertisement and branded content due
to PR, is PR going a bit too far and should journalists
put their foot down more?

34. 18.What are the main components
of the Al Jazeera Effect? Do you think
that this is beneficial for journalism?
• The term “Al Jazeera effect” has been used in political science
and media studies to describe news media and media sources
on politics.
• They empower groups in society by offering them a voice and
a platform for their voice to be heard
• This is parallel to the CNN effect -> used in the context of
mainstream citizen journalism , internet, radio and satellite
broadcasting.
• Subaltern opposition to status quo and offer voice to the
voiceless as suggested by scholar Gayatri Spivak
• Aljazeera media for example, offers a platform for global news
reaching over 250 million through a few platforms like
broadcast and online but maintly online and through
proliferation on social media. Making them popular and
common for young people especially. -> good step forward.

36. 19. How can click counts and
virality shape news content?
Do you think that this is
beneficial for journalism?
• Clickbaits popularised as much as
sensationalised titles, false advertisement
and churnlised content.
• Therefore content is shaped to attract
attention, to look interesting and for
people to click on the articles.
• Shifts In journalistic ethics, has journalism
changed that much?
• The introduction of the onine phenomena
and social media has changed journalism-
metrics in the newsroom
• Positive impact may be that profits rise
along with the attention received through
social media
• Materialism, native advertisement & less
news that matter??

38. 20. What is gender equality? Do you think that Britain
deserves to be where it is on the Global Gender Gap
rankings?
• Gender equality = political , social and
economic equality between sexes.
• Britain 20th on Global Gender Gap ranking
• Iceland, Finland, Norway &Sweden -> 1st 4 in
the ranking and four of the most equal in the
entire world.
• Britain’s population was 65.1 million in 2015,
women making up one million more than
number of men. – one would think there
shouldn’t be a wage gap.
• In a BBC article, research by The Higher
Education Policy institute showed that women
are now 35% more likely to go to uni than
men.& This gap of difference separates them
every year.
• Until 1990’s-> most Secondary teachers were
male and from then to the more recent years
this profession has become increasingly
female
• Social status/ cultural background may have
an affect on this
• Do women apply for the same jobs?

40. 22. Does the news media make us cynical of
politics? What happens when people become
politically cynical?
• News media could have the power to influence our doubt
towards politics to a large extent.
• Media holds the power to direct us in whatever direction they
want.
• Politics doesn’t show a level of equality between politicians
and the public therefore public bases opinions on journalists who
are more relatable and seem more reachable.
• In a much older example a gentleman by the name of Daniel
Ellsberg, once a military analyst who exposed the government’s
secrets on the Vietnam war in the 60s. The exposure of
information betrayed politics but served the public vital
information about the decisions that they were not aware of.
This has made people cynical of politics and since then much
more curious whether they are being lied to. Depending on
Journalists to reveal the truth.

42. 23. What are pivot tables? How can
journalists use data to find leads?
• Feature on Excel which narrows down data, this is useful for
journalists because their job is to focus on using the data rather
than working out the exact numbers in data.
• Investigative journalism could access open data and use pivot
tables to narrow down the information gathered.
• They can take various angles in the stories they will produce
using the data but have the information to back them up, this
helps them find leads because they could analyze quantitatively
and come up with a conclusion to a situation.
• Difficult spreadsheets and business intelligence softwares
made easier are understandable to the wider audience, they are
likely to educate the public and explain a story much more easily.

44. 24. Does social media help maintain an informed
public sphere?
• To a large extent, we need social media to maintain a public
sphere in our modern world.
• Most interactions from socializing to job finding, interviews
and many jobs today depend a lot if not mostly on modern
technology and social media.
• The instant gratification generation that we are part of is
sustained by social media and expects quick news mostly
through their platform, most increasingly interest in reaching
the news themselves, instead the media has to come to them.
• Therefore, yes maybe the quick proliferation of news which
social media shows is keeping the public sphere informed
however one could argue that the type of information may not
always be correct, may be sensationalized, fake or in native
advertisement purposes especially platforms such as BuzzFeed
or LadBible,
which are seen circulating the web especially amongst the
young generation. Some members of general public can’t tell
the difference between advertising and news.
Social media is changing the meaning of traditional journalism
sharing platforms.

46. 25. How can media representation challenge
gender inequalities?
Media representation could challenge gender inequalities by doing the following:
-Give voices to companies or organisations which support women and / men, but also the
transgender community
-For example by giving voices to more national campaigns such as “This girl can” more
representation & advertisement opportunities, they can help shape the audience and media
altogether into a much more equal group of people.
-Often the Media, especially in tabloids such as Heat & Ok! Magazine, consistently body shame and
create news out of irrelevant information. This pushes the audience to do the same in their
everyday life and make men think it’s acceptable to body shame women. This is also seen with men
too today but less often.
Men should be represented as sensitive as much as strong so that the idea of gender doesn’t
become that women are emotional.
Magazines such as NME represent both genders very well for example. It is filled with strong men
and women who produce art, films and music and it focuses on it’s main purpose which is to pin
point their careers and celebrate them.
It is true that it is often media’s role to be critical but it’s difficult to achieve equality when there
are double standard inequalities still reoccurring within it.
-
-
-

48. 26. What role do tabloid newspapers play in a democratic
public sphere?
-Tabloid newspapers have the freedom to
sensationalise. They are usually opinionated and filled
with drama and gossip rather than investigative
journalism which non-tabloid newspapers often seek
to achieve.
Their role is to entertain and to a small extent inform
on fashion trends, possibly celebrity world and
television series. By keeping a balance of tabloids and
broadsheets, we make sure that every social group
receives something that they would be interested in
and also makes sure that the public is entertained and
that the freedom of speech is maintained. If IPSO
controlled our media even more, we would lose the
sense of democracy and the sense of voice.
Journalists are the voice of the public so no matter
what their content is or what their critiques are, it
shows free speech and it consequently frees the
public to do the same.

50. 27. How do whistleblowing and leaks impact the relationshi
between government and journalists?
• The terms describe the exposure through release of information or
content about the government or members of the government.
• Journalists may release this info if in favour of the public. However
this could be damaging to the relationship between gov and jornos.
• Shifts in power/ swap of roles, who is more powerful?
• Politicians are afraid of taking decisions publicly due to risk of
criticism and public mistrust.
• Some UKIP representation in the media was so bad that the
reputation of the party played badly amongst voters. By selecting
sides of the story, journalists control how someone in the public eye
is seen. Eg. In Scottish Record.co.uk a photograph released of a UKIP
candidate exposes evidence which point towards the fact that the
political party was/is racist.
• Journalists once served a purpose of cooperation with the
government.
• Back then journalists had secondary school/ college/ high school
qualifications therefore even socially or intellectually inferior to
politicians.
• Today, an increasing number of journalists have completed
university on courses like law, English, journalism or other writing
based subjects.
Meaning
polite
submission

52. 28. What is spin? How
might it be a problem for
democracy?
-In Politics and PR what this is, is a form of propaganda created by providing
opinionated content with a certain interpretation of a person or an event which
could be either in favour or against the person or organisation.
-Journalists hold this power to spin stories and to create their own versions of
truth.
- David Cameron on the bike, article published by the BBC is critiquing the
hypocrisy of the ex-political leader due to Daily Mirror critics who have said
he has been conning people against environment. However this article is
here to show how high environment is on the list of the Tories who also
have the slogan “Vote blue go green”
- This example shows how the story could be spun around to make someone
appear better and to promote a positive outlook on a particular situation
- BBC is known to be liberal therefore a good outlook on conservatives could
be seen as mocking and also the statements they pulled out about him
changing his car to a more eco and less polluting engine, seems mocking.
- Could affect democracy because people may be influenced to be amused
and to like the conservative party more- misleading and deceitful
- Spin being so prominent can impede other areas of law - a politicians
criticizing a law ruling gets almost as much coverage as the actual ruling
diluting the value of it. In an interview conducted by the independent which
asked the public why they voted for Conservative, most said they trusted
their economic decisions and promises, whereas Labour has lost trust over
the years.

54. 29. What are the causes of hyper-adversarialism in
political interviews? What are its consequences?
. Nick Robinson V Nigel Farage May 2014
The interviewer asks about his motto about immigrant taking our
jobs and criticises him for having a German wife who happens to
work for him. – This is an example of a journalist using the power of
intimidation to publicly interview and film the humiliation of a
politician.
- In the public interest and to an affect some become politically
cynical
- Some may even grow to support the politicians- reverse effect.
Platform for them to share their policies and beliefs + some may
see journalists as pestering and nosy individuals.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTXYlJNZ7tU
Journalists who the gov sympathises with
and who can still gather info from them
as they are trusted. Is the White common
wealth decreasing and breaking the
relationship though??

56. 30. What is the Fifth Estate? What challenges
might it pose to mainstream news and journalism?
• Bloggers, journalists publishing in non-mainstream media
outlets, and the social media or "social license"
• Makes it accessible and easy for others to become bloggers and
news reporters without having to get a degree in journalism.
encouraged entrepreneurship ( maybe even lose people
wanting to become part of the industry)
• amateurism can become a dangerous substitute in this case, no
licence needed to practice. – form, inform and build
communities. ( online platforms)
• Citizen journalism is encouraged and paid for – positive impact
as the actual journalists cannot always be on the scene.
• Wikileaks “ We open governments” – Non Profit organisation
which publishes secret information, news leaks and media
from anonymous sources. Freedom of fifth estate means that
people will find out, the government is afraid of saying or doing
things that may be leaked
• Emails exposed by WikiLeaks have determined the presidency
of the next US president, eliminating Hilary and affecting the
potential result right before the elections. Therefore the
challenges that this may pose on news and journalism is that
fifth estate may be one step ahead at all times,