1. AP Biology Final Exam Review Sheet
Spring Exam
 Chapter 22 (4)
o Natural Selection
o People who influenced/affected views on Natural Selection/Evolution
o Homologous/Analogous Structures
 Chapter 23 (4)
o Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
o Variation
 types of variation
 sources of variation
o Genetic Drift, Gene Flow, Diversifying/Directional/Stabilizing Selection, Sexual Selection
 Chapter 24 (3)
o Defining a species
o Speciation: general definition and causes, allopatric, sympatric.
o Reproductive Isolation
 prezygotic barriers
 postzygotic barriers
 Chapter 25 (3)
o Convergent Evolution/Divergent Evolution
o Analagous Structures/Homologous Structures
o Methods of dating fossils
o Seven levels of classification: K-P-C-O-F-G-S
 Chapter 27 (2)
o Gram Positive Bacteria/Gram Negative Bacteria
o Bacteria/Archaea/Eukarya
 Major similarities and differences
o Major Nutritional Modes
o Symbiosis involving prokaryotes
 Chapter 28 (2)
o Origin of eukaryotes
o Endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic organelles
o General characteristics of protists
 Chapter 29 (1)
o gymnosperm/angiosperm
o spore
o sporophyte/gametophyte
o xylem/phloem
 Chapter 30 (1)
o Benefit of Double Fertilization
 Chapter 31 (2)
o General Characteristics of Fungi
o Mycorrhizae
 Chapter 32 (2)
o List the three germ layers and the tissues/organs to which they give rise
o Parazoa/eumetazoa dichotomy
o radiata/bilateria dichotomy
o Protostome/Deuterostome dichotomy
o Summarize the two views on animal diversity; which is more accurate?

2.  Chapter 33 (2)
o general characteristics of
 cnidaria
 platyhelminthes
 nematode
 arthropods
 Chapter 34 (2)
o General characteristics of chordates
o General characteristics of vertebrate classes
o Number of chambers in the hearts of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds
 Chapter 35 (4)
o Types of cells found in a plant
 name
 function
 tissue/organ in which they are found
o monocots/dicots
o herbaceous/woody
o annual/perennial
o vascular tissue of plants
o meristematic tissue
 Chapter 36 (4)
o Water potential/osmosis
o xylem/phloem
o root hairs
o stomata/guard cells
o Process by which water and minerals are absorbed by roots
o Transpiration
o Casparian strip
 Chapter 37 (3)
o water flow through the plant
 how obtained
 path followed by the water
 fate of the water
o sources of the plant’s various nutrients and building blocks.
o Mycorrhizae
o Rhizobium
o Nitrogen Fixation
o Transpiration
o Characteristics of angiosperms
 Chapter 38 (4)
o Alternation of Generations
 Sequence for flowering plants
 development of various structures
 origin of each structure
 function of each structure
o perfect/imperfect flower
o unisexual/bisexual flower
o complete/incomplete flower
o pollination/fertilization

3.  Chapter 39 (3)
o Functions of the various plant hormones
o Types of tropisms
 Chapter 40 (3)
o Naming cells based on structure/arrangement: Figure 40.1
o General characteristics of:
 types of muscle
 types of tissue
o ligaments/tendons
o ectothermic/endothermic
 Chapter 41 (4)
o Difference between vitamins and minerals
o Essential/nonessential nutrients
o Four steps of food processing, what occurs at each step.
o At what location(s) are the following digested:
 carbohydrates
 protein
 fat
o Enzymes involved in digestion.
o Complete/incomplete digestive systems
o Gastrovascular cavity
 Chapter 42 (4)
o Open/closed circulatory system
 differences
 general characteristics
 organisms that possess each
o Parts of the heart and circulatory system
o SA node/AV node
o Path of blood flow through circulatory system
o Blood Pressure
o How does the heart and circulatory system differ between different groups of vertebrates.
o Describe transfer of substances between blood and interstitial fluid across capillaries.
 Source of fluid
 How is it moved into the tissue
 What is the fate of the fluid?
o Cellular Elements of Blood
o Mammalian Respiratory system and gas exchange in mammals
o Function of lymphatic vessels in the circulatory system.
 Chapter 43 (4)
o Inflammatory Reaction
o Order of events as mammalian immune system first encounters and reacts to a pathogen.
o CD4/CD9
o MHCI/MHCII
o Humoral Response
o Cell-Mediated Response
o Specific defense/Nonspecific defense
o T-cells/B-cells/NK cells
o Clonal selection

4.  Chapter 44 (4)
o Structures for osmoregulation/nitrogenous waste removal in various organisms
 Nephridium
 Malphigian tubules
 Kidney
 Flame cell
o Hormones involved in water conservation
o Functions of the mammalian kidney
o Forms of nitrogenous waste
 Chapter 45 (4)
o How can a single hormone produce different responses in different parts of an organism?
o ADH
o PTH/Calcitonin
o Oxytocin
o Testosterone
 Chapter 46 (4)
o spermatogenesis/oogenesis
 process
 differences
 similarities
o Hormones involved in reproductive system, functions of each
o sexual/asexual reproduction
 Chapter 47 (4)
o Process by which a sperm fertilizes an egg
 know sequence of stages of fertilization and early development
o acrosomal and cortical reactions
o blocks to polyspermy
o trace development from fertilization to gastrulation
o Fate of the archenteron in developing frog
 Chapter 48 (3)
o Parts of a neuron
o Membrane potential
o Action Potential
o The role of voltage-gated ion channels in the action potential (Figure 48.9)
o Role of Na/K pump in a neuron
o Propagation of Nerve Impulse
o Resting Potential
o Threshold Potential
o Repolarization
 Chapter 49 (3)
o Structure and Function of the vertebrate eye
o Accomodation
o fovea
o ciliary muscles
o retina
o sclera
o vitreous humor
o Rods and Cones

5.  Chapter 50 (3)
o biotic factors/abiotic factors
o latitude/altitude gradients
o cause of the seasons
 Chapter 51 (2)
o innate behavior
o adaptive behavior
o habituation
o classical conditioning
o operant conditioning
 Chapter 52 (3)
o characteristics of a population
o population density
o dispersion of populations
o survivorship curves
 Chapter 53 (3)
o Resource Partitioning
o Competitive Exclusion Principle
o Mullerian Mimicry
 Chapter 54 (3)
o primary, secondary, tertiary consumer
o how does the amount of biomass change as you move up tropic levels
o Gross and Net Primary Production
 Definitions
 How to calculate each
o Eutrophication
o Nitrogen Cycle
 Chapter 55 (3)
o Threats to Biodiversity
o Edges
o Keystone Species